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SoilEvaporation.cpp
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SoilEvaporation.cpp
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/*----------------------------------------------------------------
Raven Library Source Code
Copyright (c) 2008-2022 the Raven Development Team
----------------------------------------------------------------
Soil Evaporation
----------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "HydroProcessABC.h"
#include "SoilWaterMovers.h"
#include "Model.h"
/*****************************************************************
Soil Evaporation Constructor/Destructor
------------------------------------------------------------------
*****************************************************************/
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// \brief Implementation of the soil evaporation constructor
/// \param se_type [in] Model of soil evaporation selected
//
CmvSoilEvap::CmvSoilEvap(soilevap_type se_type,
CModelABC *pModel)
:CHydroProcessABC(SOIL_EVAPORATION, pModel)
{
int iAtmos;
iAtmos =pModel->GetStateVarIndex(ATMOSPHERE);
type = se_type;
if(type==SOILEVAP_GAWSER)
{
CHydroProcessABC::DynamicSpecifyConnections(4);
ExitGracefullyIf(pModel->GetNumSoilLayers()<2,
"SOILEVAP_GAWSER algorithm requires at least 2 soil layers to operate. Please use a different :SoilModel or replace this evaporation algorithm.",BAD_DATA);
iFrom[0]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,0); iTo[0]=iAtmos;
iFrom[1]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,1); iTo[1]=iAtmos;
iFrom[2]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(DEPRESSION); iTo[2]=iAtmos;
iFrom[3]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(AET); iTo[3]=iFrom[3];
}
else if((type==SOILEVAP_TOPMODEL) ||
(type==SOILEVAP_VIC) ||
(type==SOILEVAP_HBV) ||
(type==SOILEVAP_UBC) ||
(type==SOILEVAP_PDM) ||
(type==SOILEVAP_CHU) ||
(type==SOILEVAP_GR4J) ||
(type==SOILEVAP_LINEAR) ||
(type==SOILEVAP_HYMOD2) ||
(type==SOILEVAP_ALL))
{
CHydroProcessABC::DynamicSpecifyConnections(2);
iFrom[0]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,0); iTo[0]=iAtmos;
iFrom[1]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(AET); iTo[1]=iFrom[1];
}
else if (type==SOILEVAP_HYPR)
{
CHydroProcessABC::DynamicSpecifyConnections(3);
iFrom[0]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,0); iTo[0]=iAtmos;
iFrom[1]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(DEPRESSION); iTo[1]=iAtmos;
iFrom[2]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(AET); iTo[2]=iFrom[2];
}
else if((type==SOILEVAP_SEQUEN) ||
(type == SOILEVAP_ROOT) || (type == SOILEVAP_ROOT_CONSTRAIN))
{
CHydroProcessABC::DynamicSpecifyConnections(3);
ExitGracefullyIf(pModel->GetNumSoilLayers()<2,
"This soil infiltration algorithm requires at least 2 soil layers to operate. Please use a different :SoilModel or replace this evaporation algorithm.",BAD_DATA);
iFrom[0]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,0); iTo[0]=iAtmos;
iFrom[1]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,1); iTo[1]=iAtmos;
iFrom[2]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(AET); iTo[2]=iFrom[2];
}
else if((type==SOILEVAP_ROOTFRAC) ||
(type==SOILEVAP_FEDERER))
{
CHydroProcessABC::DynamicSpecifyConnections(nSoilLayers+1);
ExitGracefully("CmvSoilEvap::Constructor:SOILEVAP_FEDERER",STUB);
for(int m=0;m<nSoilLayers;m++) {
iFrom[m]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,m); iTo[m]=iAtmos;
}
iFrom[nSoilLayers]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(AET); iTo[nSoilLayers]=iFrom[nSoilLayers];
}
else if(type==SOILEVAP_SACSMA)
{
CHydroProcessABC::DynamicSpecifyConnections(7);
iFrom[0]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,0); iTo[0]=iAtmos;
iFrom[1]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,1); iTo[1]=iAtmos;
iFrom[2]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,1); iTo[2]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,0);
iFrom[3]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,2); iTo[3]=iAtmos;
iFrom[4]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,4); iTo[4]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,2);
iFrom[5]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,5); iTo[5]=iAtmos;
iFrom[6]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(AET); iTo[6]=iFrom[6];
}
else if(type==SOILEVAP_AWBM) {
CHydroProcessABC::DynamicSpecifyConnections(4);
iFrom[0]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,0); iTo[0]=iAtmos;
iFrom[1]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,1); iTo[1]=iAtmos;
iFrom[2]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,2); iTo[2]=iAtmos;
iFrom[3]=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(AET); iTo[3]=iFrom[3];
}
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// \brief Implementation of the destructor
//
CmvSoilEvap::~CmvSoilEvap()
{
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// \brief Initializes soil evaporation
//
void CmvSoilEvap::Initialize(){
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// \brief Returns participating parameter list
///
/// \param *aP [out] array of parameter names needed for soil evaporation algorithm
/// \param *aPC [out] Class type (soil, vegetation, landuse or terrain) corresponding to each parameter
/// \param &nP [out] Number of parameters required by soil evaporation algorithm (size of aP[] and aPC[])
//
void CmvSoilEvap::GetParticipatingParamList(string *aP , class_type *aPC , int &nP) const
{
if (type==SOILEVAP_VIC)
{
nP=5;
aP[0]="VIC_ALPHA"; aPC[0]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[1]="VIC_ZMAX"; aPC[1]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[2]="VIC_ZMIN"; aPC[2]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[3]="VIC_EVAP_GAMMA"; aPC[3]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[4]="POROSITY"; aPC[4]=CLASS_SOIL;
}
else if (type==SOILEVAP_GAWSER)
{
nP=1;
aP[0]="POROSITY"; aPC[0]=CLASS_SOIL;
}
else if (type==SOILEVAP_FEDERER)
{
nP=0;
}
else if (type==SOILEVAP_ROOTFRAC)
{
nP=2;
aP[0]="POROSITY"; aPC[0]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[1]="REL_ROOTDEN"; aPC[1]=CLASS_VEGETATION;
}
else if ((type==SOILEVAP_TOPMODEL) || (type==SOILEVAP_SEQUEN) || (type==SOILEVAP_ROOT) || (type == SOILEVAP_ROOT_CONSTRAIN))
{
nP=3;
aP[0]="POROSITY"; aPC[0]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[1]="FIELD_CAPACITY"; aPC[1]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[2]="SAT_WILT"; aPC[2]=CLASS_SOIL;
}
else if (type==SOILEVAP_HBV)
{
nP=4;
aP[0]="POROSITY"; aPC[0]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[1]="FIELD_CAPACITY"; aPC[1]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[2]="SAT_WILT"; aPC[2]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[3]="FOREST_COVERAGE"; aPC[3]=CLASS_LANDUSE; //JRCFLAG
}
else if(type==SOILEVAP_HYPR)
{
nP=8;
aP[0]="POROSITY"; aPC[0]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[1]="FIELD_CAPACITY"; aPC[1]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[2]="SAT_WILT"; aPC[2]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[3]="FOREST_COVERAGE"; aPC[3]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
aP[4]="MAX_DEP_AREA_FRAC"; aPC[4]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
aP[5]="PONDED_EXP"; aPC[5]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
aP[6]="DEP_MAX"; aPC[6]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
aP[7]="PDMROF_B"; aPC[7]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
}
else if (type==SOILEVAP_UBC)
{
nP=4;
aP[0]="IMPERMEABLE_FRAC"; aPC[0]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
aP[1]="UBC_EVAP_SOIL_DEF"; aPC[1]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[2]="UBC_INFIL_SOIL_DEF"; aPC[2]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[3]="POROSITY"; aPC[3]=CLASS_SOIL;
}
else if (type==SOILEVAP_CHU)
{
nP=1;
aP[0]="CHU_MATURITY"; aPC[0]=CLASS_VEGETATION;
}
else if(type==SOILEVAP_PDM)
{
nP=2;
aP[0]="PDM_B"; aPC[0]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
aP[1]="POROSITY"; aPC[1]=CLASS_SOIL;
}
else if(type==SOILEVAP_HYMOD2)
{
nP=5;
aP[0]="PDM_B"; aPC[0]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
aP[1]="POROSITY"; aPC[1]=CLASS_SOIL;
aP[2]="HYMOD2_G"; aPC[2]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
aP[3]="HYMOD2_KMAX"; aPC[3]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
aP[4]="HYMOD2_EXP"; aPC[4]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
}
else if (type==SOILEVAP_LINEAR)
{
nP=1;
aP[0]="AET_COEFF"; aPC[0]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
}
else if((type==SOILEVAP_GR4J) || (type==SOILEVAP_ALL))
{
nP=0;
}
else if(type==SOILEVAP_SACSMA)
{
nP=3;
aP[0]="MAX_SAT_AREA_FRAC"; aPC[0]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
aP[1]="IMPERMEABLE_FRAC"; aPC[1]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
aP[2]="UNAVAIL_FRAC"; aPC[2]=CLASS_SOIL;
}
else if(type==SOILEVAP_AWBM)
{
nP=2;
aP[0]="AWBM_AREAFRAC1"; aPC[0]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
aP[1]="AWBM_AREAFRAC2"; aPC[1]=CLASS_LANDUSE;
}
else
{
ExitGracefully("CmvSoilEvap::GetParticipatingParamList: undefined soil evaporation algorithm",BAD_DATA);
}
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// \brief Sets reference to participating state variables
///
/// \param se_type [in] Model of soil evaporation used
/// \param *aSV [out] Array of state variable types needed by soil evaporation algorithm
/// \param *aLev [out] Array of level of multilevel state variables (or DOESNT_EXIST, if single level)
/// \param &nSV [out] Number of state variables required by soil evaporation algorithm (size of aSV[] and aLev[] arrays)
//
void CmvSoilEvap::GetParticipatingStateVarList(soilevap_type se_type,sv_type *aSV, int *aLev, int &nSV)
{
if (se_type==SOILEVAP_GAWSER)
{
nSV=4;
aSV [0]=SOIL; aSV [1]=SOIL; aSV [2]=ATMOSPHERE; aSV [3]=DEPRESSION;
aLev[0]=0; aLev [1]=1; aLev[2]=DOESNT_EXIST; aLev[3]=DOESNT_EXIST;
}
else if ((se_type==SOILEVAP_TOPMODEL) || (se_type==SOILEVAP_VIC) || (se_type==SOILEVAP_HBV) || (se_type==SOILEVAP_LINEAR) || (se_type==SOILEVAP_ALL) || (se_type==SOILEVAP_PDM) || (se_type==SOILEVAP_HYMOD2))
{
nSV=2;
aSV [0]=SOIL; aSV [1]=ATMOSPHERE;
aLev[0]=0; aLev[1]=DOESNT_EXIST;
}
else if(se_type==SOILEVAP_HYPR)
{
nSV=3;
aSV[0]=SOIL; aSV[1]=ATMOSPHERE; aSV[2]=DEPRESSION;
aLev[0]=0; aLev[1]=DOESNT_EXIST; aLev[2]=DOESNT_EXIST;
}
else if (se_type==SOILEVAP_UBC)
{
nSV=3;
aSV [0]=SOIL; aSV [1]=ATMOSPHERE; aSV [2]=SNOW;
aLev[0]=0; aLev[1]=DOESNT_EXIST; aLev[2]=DOESNT_EXIST;
}
else if (se_type==SOILEVAP_CHU)
{
nSV=3;
aSV [0]=SOIL; aSV [1]=ATMOSPHERE; aSV[2]=CROP_HEAT_UNITS;
aLev[0]=0; aLev[1]=DOESNT_EXIST; aLev[2]=DOESNT_EXIST;
}
else if ((se_type==SOILEVAP_SEQUEN) || (se_type==SOILEVAP_ROOT) || (se_type==SOILEVAP_ROOT_CONSTRAIN))
{
nSV=3;
aSV [0]=SOIL; aLev[0]=0;
aSV [1]=SOIL; aLev[1]=1;
aSV [2]=ATMOSPHERE; aLev[2]=DOESNT_EXIST;
}
else if ((se_type==SOILEVAP_ROOTFRAC) || (se_type==SOILEVAP_FEDERER))
{
nSV=0; //multilayer/user-specified
}
else if (se_type==SOILEVAP_GR4J)
{
nSV=2;
aSV [0]=SOIL; aSV [1]=ATMOSPHERE;
aLev[0]=0; aLev[1]=DOESNT_EXIST;
}
else if(se_type==SOILEVAP_SACSMA)
{
nSV=7;
for(int m=0;m<=5;m++) {
aSV[m]=SOIL; aLev[m]=m;
}
aSV[6]=ATMOSPHERE; aLev[6]=DOESNT_EXIST;
}
else if(se_type==SOILEVAP_AWBM)
{
nSV=4;
for(int m=0;m<3;m++) {
aSV[m]=SOIL; aLev[m]=m;
}
aSV[3]=ATMOSPHERE; aLev[3]=DOESNT_EXIST;
}
nSV++;
aSV[nSV-1]=AET;
aLev[nSV-1]=DOESNT_EXIST;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// \brief Returns rates of loss from set of soil layers to atmosphere due to evapotranspiration/transpiration[mm/day]
///
/// \param *state_vars [in] Array of current state variables in HRU
/// \param *pHRU [in] Reference to pertinent HRU
/// \param &Options [in] Global model options information
/// \param &tt [in] Specified point at time at which this accessing takes place
/// \param *rates [out] Rate of loss from "from" compartment [mm/day]
//
void CmvSoilEvap::GetRatesOfChange (const double *state_vars,
const CHydroUnit *pHRU,
const optStruct &Options,
const time_struct &tt,
double *rates) const
{
if (pHRU->GetHRUType()!=HRU_STANDARD){return;}//Lake/Glacier case
double PET,PETused(0.0);
const soil_struct *pSoil;
PET=pHRU->GetForcingFunctions()->PET;
if (!Options.suppressCompetitiveET){
//competitive ET - reduce PET by AET
PET-=(state_vars[pModel->GetStateVarIndex(AET)]/Options.timestep);
PET=max(PET,0.0);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------
if (type==SOILEVAP_ROOTFRAC)
{
/// from Desborough, 1997 \cite Desborough1997MWR
double root_frac[MAX_SOILLAYERS];
double cap [MAX_SOILLAYERS];
int m,q;
double rootsum=0.0;
for (m=0;m<nSoilLayers;m++)
{
cap [m]=pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,m));
root_frac[m]=pHRU->GetVegVarProps()->rel_rootden;
rootsum+=root_frac[m];
}
for (q=0;q<_nConnections-1;q++)
{
m=q;
rates[q]=PET*(root_frac[m]/rootsum)*threshMin(1.0,state_vars[iFrom[q]]/cap[m],0.0);
PETused+=rates[q];
}
}
//------------------------------------------------------------
else if (type==SOILEVAP_LINEAR) //linear function of saturation
{
double stor = state_vars[iFrom[0]];//[mm]
double alpha =pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->AET_coeff;
rates[0] = min(alpha*stor,PET); //evaporation rate [mm/d]
PETused=rates[0];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------
else if (type==SOILEVAP_ALL)
{
rates[0] = PET; //evaporation rate [mm/d]
PETused=rates[0];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------
else if ((type==SOILEVAP_TOPMODEL) || (type==SOILEVAP_HBV) || (type==SOILEVAP_HYPR))
{
//From HBV Model (Bergstrom,1995)
double stor,tens_stor; //[mm]
stor = state_vars[iFrom[0]];
tens_stor = pHRU->GetSoilTensionStorageCapacity(0);
rates[0] = PET * min(stor/tens_stor,1.0); //evaporation rate [mm/d]
//correction for snow in non-forested areas (not in HYPR)
if (type==SOILEVAP_HBV)
{
int iSnow=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SNOW);
double Fc=pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->forest_coverage;
if ((iSnow!=DOESNT_EXIST) && (state_vars[iSnow]>REAL_SMALL)) {rates[0]=(Fc)*rates[0];}//+(1.0-Fc)*0.0; (implied)
}
PETused=rates[0];
//SOILEVAP_HYPR from
//Ahmed et al., Toward Simple Modeling Practices in the Complex Canadian Prairie Watersheds,
//Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 25(6), 04020024, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001922, 2020
if (type==SOILEVAP_HYPR)
{
int iDep=pModel->GetStateVarIndex(DEPRESSION);
double maxPondedAreaFrac=pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->max_dep_area_frac;
double n =pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->ponded_exp;
double dep_max =pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->dep_max;
double area_ponded=maxPondedAreaFrac*pow(min(state_vars[iDep]/dep_max,1.0),n);
rates[0]=(1.0-area_ponded)*rates[0]; //correct AET //SOIL->ATMOS
rates[1]=( area_ponded)*pHRU->GetForcingFunctions()->OW_PET; //DEPRESSION->ATMOS
PETused=(rates[0]+rates[1]);
}
}
//------------------------------------------------------------
else if(type==SOILEVAP_PDM)
{
double stor =state_vars[iFrom[0]];
double max_stor=pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(0);
double b=pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->PDM_b;
double c_max =(b+1)*max_stor;
double c_star=c_max*(1.0-pow(1.0-(stor/max_stor),1.0/(b+1.0)));
rates[0] = min(c_star,(c_star/c_max)*PET); //AET: SOIL->ATMOS
PETused=rates[0];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------
else if(type==SOILEVAP_HYMOD2)
{
//from Roy et al. (2017), Using satellite-based evapotranspiration estimates to improve the structure of a simple conceptual rainfall-runoff model, HESS, 21(2), 879�896, doi:10.5194/hess-21-879-2017
double stor =state_vars[iFrom[0]];
double max_stor=pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(0);
double b =pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->PDM_b;
double gp =pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->HYMOD2_G; // [0..1] ET lower resistance parameter
double Kmax=pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->HYMOD2_Kmax; // [0..1] ET resistance parameter
double ce =pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->HYMOD2_exp; // [-] ET exponent parameter
double c_max =(b+1)*max_stor;
double c_star=c_max*(1.0-pow(1.0-(stor/max_stor),1.0/(b+1.0)));
double K=Kmax*(gp+(1-gp)*pow(c_star/c_max,ce));
rates[0] = K*min(c_star,PET); //AET: SOIL->ATMOS
PETused=rates[0];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------
else if (type==SOILEVAP_CHU)
{ //Ontario Heat Crop Method: evaporation rated calculated using ratio of crop heat units to CHU maturity
double CHU;
CHU = max(state_vars[pModel->GetStateVarIndex(CROP_HEAT_UNITS)],0.0);
rates[0] = PET*min(CHU/pHRU->GetVegetationProps()->CHU_maturity,1.0); //evaporation rate [mm/d]
PETused=rates[0];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------
else if (type==SOILEVAP_UBC)
{ //From UBCWM Watershed Model (Quick, 1995)
double P0AGEN=pHRU->GetSoilProps(0)->UBC_infil_soil_def; // [mm] - soil deficit at which effective impermeable fraction depletes to 0.1
double P0EGEN=pHRU->GetSoilProps(0)->UBC_evap_soil_def; // [mm] - soil deficit at which AET depletes to =0.1*PET
double soil_deficit=max(pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(0)-state_vars[iFrom[0]],0.0);
double Fimp =pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->impermeable_frac;
//RFS Emulation - Calculate estimted soil deficit based on precip and AET from previous day
double AET =(PET)*pow(10.0,-soil_deficit/P0EGEN);
double total_precip =state_vars[pModel->GetStateVarIndex(PONDED_WATER,0)];
double soil_deficit_est=max(soil_deficit - total_precip + AET*Options.timestep,0.0);
//Calc relative impermeable fraction
double b1=0.0;
if (Fimp<1.0)
{
b1 = Fimp*pow(10.0, -soil_deficit_est / P0AGEN);
// b1=0.0; //RFS: change in soil deficit not calculated using b1
}
//rates[0]=PET*pow(10.0,-soil_deficit/P0EGEN)*(1.0-b1); //actual ET
rates[0]=(PET)*pow(10.0,-soil_deficit_est/P0EGEN)*(1.0-b1); //actual ET (RFS EMulation)
PETused=rates[0];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------
else if (type==SOILEVAP_VIC)
{/// from (Woods et al 1992)
double alpha,zmax,zmin,gamma2,Smax,Sat;
double stor=state_vars[iFrom[0]];
double stor_max;
stor_max=pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(0);
pSoil =pHRU->GetSoilProps(0);
alpha =pSoil->VIC_alpha;
zmax =pSoil->VIC_zmax;
zmin =pSoil->VIC_zmin;
gamma2=pSoil->VIC_evap_gamma;
Smax =1.0/(alpha+1.0)*(alpha*zmax+zmin);
Sat =stor/stor_max;
rates[0]=PET*(1.0-pow(1.0-Sat/Smax,gamma2));
PETused=rates[0];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------
else if (type==SOILEVAP_GAWSER)
{ //from GAWSER Manual,1996 (Hinckley et al., 1996)
double stor,stor2,dep_stor,max_stor1;
double PETremain;
stor =state_vars[iFrom[0]];
stor2 =state_vars[iFrom[1]];
dep_stor =state_vars[iFrom[3]];
max_stor1=pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(0);
PETremain=PET;
//first remove from depression storage
rates[0]=min(PET,dep_stor/Options.timestep);
PETremain-=rates[0];
//then remove from top layer if storage>0.5 capacity
rates[1]=min(PETremain,max(stor-0.5*max_stor1,0.0)/Options.timestep);
PETremain-=rates[1];
//then remove from both compartments equally
double from_top=min(0.5*PETremain,stor/Options.timestep);
rates[1]+=from_top;
rates[2]=min(0.5*PETremain,stor2/Options.timestep);
PETremain-=(from_top+rates[2]);
//then just from bottom storage
rates[2]=min(PETremain,stor2/Options.timestep);
PETused=rates[0]+rates[1]+rates[2];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------
else if (type==SOILEVAP_FEDERER)
{
/// Adapted from Brook90 routine TBYLAYER based on model of Federer 1979, [A soil-plant-atmosphere model for transpiration and availability of soil water. Water Resour Res 15:555-562.]
ExitGracefully("FedererSoilEvap::Not tested!",STUB);
//FedererSoilEvap(PET,state_vars,pHRU,Options,tt,rates);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------
else if (type==SOILEVAP_SEQUEN)
{
double stor_u,stor_l; //upper/lower soil layer storage
double tens_stor_u,tens_stor_l;//maximum tension storage in soil layers [mm]
stor_u = max(state_vars[iFrom[0]],0.0);
stor_l = max(state_vars[iFrom[1]],0.0);
tens_stor_u= pHRU->GetSoilTensionStorageCapacity(0);
tens_stor_l= pHRU->GetSoilTensionStorageCapacity(1);
rates[0] = (PET )*min(stor_u/tens_stor_u,1.0); //upper layer evaporation rate [mm/d]
rates[1] = (PET - rates[0])*min(stor_l/tens_stor_l,1.0); //lower layer evaporation rate [mm/d]
// if (rates[0]<-REAL_SMALL){ cout << stor_u << " " << tens_stor_u << " "<<PET<<endl; }
PETused=rates[0]+rates[1];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------
else if (type==SOILEVAP_ROOT)
{
double stor_u,stor_l; //soil layer storage [mm]
double tens_stor_u,tens_stor_l; //maximum layer tension storage [mm]
double rootfrac_u,rootfrac_l; //relative root fraction soil layers [unitless]
rootfrac_u = 0.7;//pRootVar->rootfrac;
rootfrac_l = 1.0 - rootfrac_u;
stor_u = state_vars[iFrom[0]];
tens_stor_u = pHRU->GetSoilTensionStorageCapacity(0);
tens_stor_u=max(0.0001,tens_stor_u);
rates[0] = PET * rootfrac_u * min(stor_u/tens_stor_u,1.0); //upper layer evaporation rate [mm/d]
stor_l = state_vars[iFrom[1]];
tens_stor_l = pHRU->GetSoilTensionStorageCapacity(1);
tens_stor_l=max(0.0001,tens_stor_l);
rates[1] = PET * rootfrac_l * min(stor_l/tens_stor_l,1.0); //upper layer evaporation rate [mm/d]
//cout<<rates[0]<<" "<<rates[1]<<" "<<PET<<" "<<stor_u<<" "<<" "<<tens_stor_u<<" "<<stor_l<<" "<<" "<<tens_stor_l<<endl;
PETused=rates[0]+rates[1];
//fix calculation of lower and upper - ITS WRONG SOMEWHERE (either ridiculously high or ridiculously low)!!!!
//cout<<"PET: "<<PET<<" root_frac: "<<rel_rootfrac_upper<<" tension_stor: "<<tension_stor_upper<<" max_ten: "<<max_tension_stor_upper<<endl;
//cout<<" s_evap rate 0: "<<rates[0]<<" s_evap rate 1: "<<rates[1]<<endl;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------
else if (type == SOILEVAP_ROOT_CONSTRAIN)
{
double stor_u, stor_l; //soil layer storage [mm]
double tens_stor_u, tens_stor_l; //maximum layer tension storage [mm]
double rootfrac_u, rootfrac_l; //relative root fraction soil layers [unitless]
double stor_wilt;
rootfrac_u = 0.7;//pRootVar->rootfrac;
stor_u = state_vars[iFrom[0]];
tens_stor_u = pHRU->GetSoilTensionStorageCapacity(0);
stor_wilt = pHRU->GetSoilProps(0)->sat_wilt*pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(0);
rates[0] = PET * rootfrac_u * min(stor_u / tens_stor_u, 1.0); //upper layer evaporation rate [mm/d]
if (rates[0] > max(stor_u - stor_wilt, 0.0))
{
rates[0] = max(stor_u - stor_wilt, 0.0);
}
rootfrac_l = 1.0 - rootfrac_u;
stor_l = state_vars[iFrom[1]];
tens_stor_l = pHRU->GetSoilTensionStorageCapacity(1);
rates[1] = PET * rootfrac_l * 1;// min(stor_l / tens_stor_l, 1.0); //upper layer evaporation rate [mm/d]
PETused=rates[0]+rates[1];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------
/*else if (type==SOILEVAP_POWERLAW)
{ //similar to Watflood (n=1/2), except in watflood max_stor here could be between field capacity and max_stor
double factor;
double n;
double stor,max_stor,wilting_pt;
pSoil =pHRU->GetSoilProps(0);
n =0.5;//pSoil->soilevap_n;
max_stor =pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(0);
wilting_pt=(pSoil->sat_wilt*max_stor);
factor=max(min((stor-wilting_pt)/(max_stor-wilting_pt),1.0),0.0);
rates[0]=PET*pow(factor,n);
PETused=rates[0];
}*/
//------------------------------------------------------------------
else if (type==SOILEVAP_GR4J)
{ //from GR4J model (Perrin et al., 2003)
double max_stor=pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(0);
double stor =state_vars[iFrom[0]];
double sat =stor/max_stor;
double tmp=tanh(max(PET,0.0)/max_stor);
rates[0]=stor*(2.0-sat)*tmp/(1.0+(1.0-sat)*tmp);
PETused=rates[0];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------
else if(type==SOILEVAP_SACSMA)
{ //From Sacramento Soil Accounting Model
double red; // [mm] residual evap demand
double e1,e2,e3,e5; // [mm] different ETs from different regions
double Adimp =pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->max_sat_area_frac; //ADIMP
double Aimp =pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->impermeable_frac; //AIMP
double rserv =pHRU->GetSoilProps(3)->unavail_frac; //RSERV
double Aperv = 1.0 - Adimp - Aimp;
double uzt_stor_max =pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(0); //UZTM
double uzf_stor_max =pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(1); //UZFM
double lzt_stor_max =pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(2); //LZTM
double lzfp_stor_max=pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(3); //LZFPM
double lzfs_stor_max=pHRU->GetSoilCapacity(4); //LZFSM
double uzt_stor =state_vars[pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,0)]/Aperv;
double uzf_stor =state_vars[pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,1)]/Aperv;
double lzt_stor =state_vars[pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,2)]/Aperv;
double lzfp_stor =state_vars[pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,3)]/Aperv;
double lzfs_stor =state_vars[pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,4)]/Aperv;
double adimc_stor=state_vars[pModel->GetStateVarIndex(SOIL,5)]/Adimp;
if(Adimp==0) { adimc_stor=0; }
e1 = min(PET * (uzt_stor/uzt_stor_max),uzt_stor);
red = PET - e1;
uzt_stor -= e1;
rates[0]=e1*Aperv/Options.timestep; //UZT SOIL[0]->ATMOSPHERE
e2=min(red,uzf_stor);
red-=e2;
uzf_stor-=e2;
rates[1]=e2*Aperv/Options.timestep; //UZF SOIL[1]->ATMOSPHERE
// equilibrate storage ratios in upper zone
if((uzt_stor/uzt_stor_max) < (uzf_stor/uzf_stor_max))
{
double delta= uzt_stor_max*(uzt_stor + uzf_stor) / (uzt_stor_max + uzf_stor_max)-uzt_stor;
//cout<<"uzf_stor "<<uzt_stor/uzt_stor_max<<" "<<uzf_stor/uzf_stor_max<<" "<<uzf_stor<<" "<<delta<<endl;
uzt_stor += delta;
uzf_stor -= delta;
rates[2] = delta*Aperv/Options.timestep; //UZF SOIL[1]-> UZT SOIL[0]
}
e3 = min(red * (lzt_stor/(uzt_stor_max + lzt_stor_max)),lzt_stor);
lzt_stor -= e3;
rates[3]=e3*Aperv/Options.timestep; //LZT SOIL[2]->ATMOSPHERE
double ratlzt = lzt_stor/lzt_stor_max;
double saved = rserv * (lzfp_stor_max + lzfs_stor_max);
double ratlz = (lzt_stor+lzfp_stor+lzfs_stor-saved)/(lzt_stor_max+lzfp_stor_max+lzfs_stor_max-saved);
if(ratlzt < ratlz)
{ // resupply lower zone tension water from lower zone free water if more water available there
double del = min((ratlz - ratlzt) * lzt_stor_max,lzfs_stor);
lzt_stor += del;
lzfs_stor -= del;
//rates[4]=del*Aperv/Options.timestep; //LZFS SOIL[4]->LZT SOIL[2]
}
// adjust adimc,additional impervious area storage, for evaporation
e5 = min(e1 + (red+e2) * (adimc_stor-uzt_stor-e1) / (uzt_stor_max+lzt_stor_max),adimc_stor);
adimc_stor -= e5;
rates[5]=e5*Adimp/Options.timestep; //ADIMC (SOIL[5])->ATMOS
PETused=(e1+e2+e3)*Aperv+e5*Adimp;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------
else if(type==SOILEVAP_AWBM)
{//Boughton2004
double a1 =pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->AWBM_areafrac1;
double a2 =pHRU->GetSurfaceProps()->AWBM_areafrac2;
double a3=1.0-a1-a2;
rates[0] =min(a1*PET,state_vars[iFrom[0]]/Options.timestep);
rates[1] =min(a2*PET,state_vars[iFrom[1]]/Options.timestep);
rates[2] =min(a3*PET,state_vars[iFrom[2]]/Options.timestep);
PETused=rates[0]+rates[1]+rates[2];
}
else
{
ExitGracefully("CmvSoilEvaporation::GetRatesOfChange: undefined soil evaporation type",BAD_DATA);
}//end soil_evap type select
//updated used PET
rates[_nConnections-1]=PETused;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// \brief Corrects rates of change (*rates) returned from RatesOfChange function
/// \details Ensures that the rate of flow cannot drain "from" compartment over timestep
///
/// \param *state_vars [in] Array of current state variables in HRU
/// \param *pHRU [in] Reference to pertinent HRU
/// \param &Options [in] Global model options information
/// \param &tt [in] Specified point at time at which this accessing takes place
/// \param *rates [out] Rate of loss from "from" compartment [mm/day]
//
void CmvSoilEvap::ApplyConstraints( const double *state_vars,
const CHydroUnit *pHRU,
const optStruct &Options,
const time_struct &tt,
double *rates) const
{
if (pHRU->GetHRUType()!=HRU_STANDARD){return;}//Lake/Glacier case
double corr=0,oldrate=0.0;
for (int q=0;q<_nConnections-1;q++){
oldrate=rates[q];
//cant remove more than is there
rates[q]=threshMin(rates[q],state_vars[iFrom[q]]/Options.timestep,0.0); //presumes these are all water storage
corr+=oldrate-rates[q];
}
rates[_nConnections-1]-=corr;
}