From 487a445f8d87c756495c143d2fb510e64a791434 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Greg Lucas <greg.m.lucas@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Jan 2022 13:27:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] MNT: Fixing flake8 E402 module imports

---
 lib/cartopy/__init__.py | 6 +++---
 setup.cfg               | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/cartopy/__init__.py b/lib/cartopy/__init__.py
index d6c4bcd70..d2bd7e8c2 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/__init__.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/__init__.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # Configuration
 import os.path
 
+
 # for the writable data directory (i.e. the one where new data goes), follow
 # the XDG guidelines found at
 # https://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html
@@ -101,8 +102,7 @@
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
-
 # Commonly used sub-modules. Imported here to provide end-user
 # convenience.
-import cartopy.crs
-import cartopy.feature  # noqa: F401  (flake8 = unused import)
+import cartopy.crs  # noqa: E402  module-level imports
+import cartopy.feature  # noqa: E402,F401  (unused import)
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
index 1433c16c6..2eb60e062 100644
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 [flake8]
-ignore = E402,\ # Due to conditional imports
-         E226,\ # Due to whitespace around operators (e.g. 2*x + 3)
+ignore = E226,\ # Due to whitespace around operators (e.g. 2*x + 3)
          E241,\ # Due to multiple spaces after comma
          W504   # Line break after binary operator
 exclude = \

From 9c3d92e963eab38446e5d41dc6bae35a8dda29e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Greg Lucas <greg.m.lucas@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Jan 2022 13:31:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] MNT: Fixing flake8 E241 multiple spaces after comma

---
 lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_azimuthal_equidistant.py | 4 ++--
 lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_lambert_conformal.py     | 2 +-
 lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_utm.py                   | 4 ++--
 lib/cartopy/tests/test_crs.py                       | 4 ++--
 setup.cfg                                           | 1 -
 5 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_azimuthal_equidistant.py b/lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_azimuthal_equidistant.py
index f8c4ce96f..1d93819c0 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_azimuthal_equidistant.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_azimuthal_equidistant.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def test_default(self):
         assert_almost_equal(np.array(aeqd.x_limits),
                             [-20037508.34278924, 20037508.34278924], decimal=6)
         assert_almost_equal(np.array(aeqd.y_limits),
-                            [-19970326.371123,  19970326.371123], decimal=6)
+                            [-19970326.371123, 19970326.371123], decimal=6)
 
     def test_eccentric_globe(self):
         globe = ccrs.Globe(semimajor_axis=1000, semiminor_axis=500,
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def test_eastings(self):
         assert_almost_equal(np.array(aeqd_offset.x_limits),
                             [-20036274.34278924, 20038742.34278924], decimal=6)
         assert_almost_equal(np.array(aeqd_offset.y_limits),
-                            [-19974647.371123,  19966005.371123], decimal=6)
+                            [-19974647.371123, 19966005.371123], decimal=6)
 
     def test_grid(self):
         # USGS Professional Paper 1395, pp 196--197, Table 30
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_lambert_conformal.py b/lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_lambert_conformal.py
index bf7d55d04..6032d2e5c 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_lambert_conformal.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_lambert_conformal.py
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def test_single_spole(self):
     def test_single_npole(self):
         n_pole_crs = ccrs.LambertConformal(standard_parallels=[1.])
         assert_array_almost_equal(n_pole_crs.x_limits,
-                                  (-20130569,  20130569),
+                                  (-20130569, 20130569),
                                   decimal=0)
         assert_array_almost_equal(n_pole_crs.y_limits,
                                   (-8170229, 726200683),
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_utm.py b/lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_utm.py
index 7c82f1eee..13dcd412a 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_utm.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/tests/crs/test_utm.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def test_default(south):
     assert_almost_equal(np.array(utm.x_limits),
                         [-250000, 1250000])
     assert_almost_equal(np.array(utm.y_limits),
-                        [-10000000,  25000000])
+                        [-10000000, 25000000])
 
 
 def test_ellipsoid_transform():
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def test_ellipsoid_transform():
     assert_almost_equal(np.array(utm.x_limits),
                         [-250000, 1250000])
     assert_almost_equal(np.array(utm.y_limits),
-                        [-10000000,  25000000])
+                        [-10000000, 25000000])
 
     result = utm.transform_point(-73.5, 40.5, geodetic)
     assert_almost_equal(result, np.array([127106.5 + 500000, 4484124.4]),
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/tests/test_crs.py b/lib/cartopy/tests/test_crs.py
index 43384ccd7..977494f58 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/tests/test_crs.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/tests/test_crs.py
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def _check_osgb(self, osgb):
 
         # results obtained by streetmap.co.uk.
         lat, lon = np.array([50.462023, -3.478831], dtype=np.double)
-        east, north = np.array([295132.1,  63512.6], dtype=np.double)
+        east, north = np.array([295132.1, 63512.6], dtype=np.double)
 
         # note the handling of precision here...
         assert_almost_equal(osgb.transform_point(lon, lat, ll), [east, north],
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def test_osgb(self, approx):
     def test_epsg(self):
         uk = ccrs.epsg(27700)
         assert uk.epsg_code == 27700
-        assert_almost_equal(uk.x_limits, (-104009.357,  688806.007), decimal=3)
+        assert_almost_equal(uk.x_limits, (-104009.357, 688806.007), decimal=3)
         assert_almost_equal(uk.y_limits, (-8908.37, 1256558.45), decimal=2)
         assert_almost_equal(uk.threshold, 7928.15, decimal=2)
         self._check_osgb(uk)
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
index 2eb60e062..5f0acda70 100644
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 [flake8]
 ignore = E226,\ # Due to whitespace around operators (e.g. 2*x + 3)
-         E241,\ # Due to multiple spaces after comma
          W504   # Line break after binary operator
 exclude = \
     build, \

From 91db58800ff29b75e3d5321efab0f3efa8f36d0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Greg Lucas <greg.m.lucas@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Jan 2022 13:42:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] MNT: Fixing flake8 E225/E226 spaces after binary
 operators

---
 lib/cartopy/crs.py                            | 23 ++++++----
 lib/cartopy/feature/__init__.py               |  6 +++
 lib/cartopy/feature/nightshade.py             | 34 +++++++--------
 lib/cartopy/geodesic.py                       |  2 +-
 lib/cartopy/io/__init__.py                    |  3 ++
 lib/cartopy/io/img_nest.py                    | 12 +++---
 lib/cartopy/io/img_tiles.py                   |  5 +++
 lib/cartopy/io/shapereader.py                 |  4 ++
 lib/cartopy/io/srtm.py                        | 12 ++++--
 lib/cartopy/mpl/feature_artist.py             |  1 +
 lib/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py                    |  6 +--
 lib/cartopy/mpl/slippy_image_artist.py        |  1 +
 lib/cartopy/tests/feature/test_nightshade.py  |  8 ++--
 lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_gridliner.py       |  2 +-
 lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_images.py          |  7 ++--
 lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_mpl_integration.py |  4 +-
 lib/cartopy/tests/test_util.py                | 42 +++++++++----------
 setup.cfg                                     |  2 -
 18 files changed, 102 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/cartopy/crs.py b/lib/cartopy/crs.py
index f1ae00cbe..90a145bf7 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/crs.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/crs.py
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ class Globe(object):
     Define an ellipsoid and, optionally, how to relate it to the real world.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, datum=None, ellipse='WGS84',
                  semimajor_axis=None, semiminor_axis=None,
                  flattening=None, inverse_flattening=None,
@@ -501,8 +502,8 @@ def transform_vectors(self, src_proj, x, y, u, v):
         #    perturbation to fix this.
         eps = 1e-9
         invalid_x = np.logical_or(
-            source_x + x_perturbations < src_proj.x_limits[0]-eps,
-            source_x + x_perturbations > src_proj.x_limits[1]+eps)
+            source_x + x_perturbations < src_proj.x_limits[0] - eps,
+            source_x + x_perturbations > src_proj.x_limits[1] + eps)
         if invalid_x.any():
             x_perturbations[invalid_x] *= -1
             y_perturbations[invalid_x] *= -1
@@ -511,8 +512,8 @@ def transform_vectors(self, src_proj, x, y, u, v):
         #    that will be outside the x-domain when the perturbation is
         #    applied.
         invalid_y = np.logical_or(
-            source_y + y_perturbations < src_proj.y_limits[0]-eps,
-            source_y + y_perturbations > src_proj.y_limits[1]+eps)
+            source_y + y_perturbations < src_proj.y_limits[0] - eps,
+            source_y + y_perturbations > src_proj.y_limits[1] + eps)
         if invalid_y.any():
             x_perturbations[invalid_y] *= -1
             y_perturbations[invalid_y] *= -1
@@ -523,8 +524,8 @@ def transform_vectors(self, src_proj, x, y, u, v):
         #    of the perturbation to get the perturbed point within the valid
         #    domain of the projection, and issue a warning if there are.
         problem_points = np.logical_or(
-            source_x + x_perturbations < src_proj.x_limits[0]-eps,
-            source_x + x_perturbations > src_proj.x_limits[1]+eps)
+            source_x + x_perturbations < src_proj.x_limits[0] - eps,
+            source_x + x_perturbations > src_proj.x_limits[1] + eps)
         if problem_points.any():
             warnings.warn('Some vectors at source domain corners '
                           'may not have been transformed correctly')
@@ -554,6 +555,7 @@ class Geodetic(CRS):
     geographical distance and coordinates are measured in degrees.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, globe=None):
         """
         Parameters
@@ -577,6 +579,7 @@ class Geocentric(CRS):
     coordinates from the center of the Earth.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, globe=None):
         """
         Parameters
@@ -606,6 +609,7 @@ class RotatedGeodetic(CRS):
     central_rotated_longitude value.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, pole_longitude, pole_latitude,
                  central_rotated_longitude=0.0, globe=None):
         """
@@ -1507,6 +1511,7 @@ class UTM(Projection):
     Universal Transverse Mercator projection.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, zone, southern_hemisphere=False, globe=None):
         """
         Parameters
@@ -1541,13 +1546,13 @@ def boundary(self):
     def x_limits(self):
         easting = 5e5
         # allow 50% overflow
-        return (0 - easting/2, 2 * easting + easting/2)
+        return (0 - easting / 2, 2 * easting + easting / 2)
 
     @property
     def y_limits(self):
         northing = 1e7
         # allow 50% overflow
-        return (0 - northing, 2 * northing + northing/2)
+        return (0 - northing, 2 * northing + northing / 2)
 
 
 class EuroPP(UTM):
@@ -1557,6 +1562,7 @@ class EuroPP(UTM):
     Ellipsoid is International 1924, Datum is ED50.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self):
         globe = Globe(ellipse='intl')
         super().__init__(32, globe=globe)
@@ -2563,6 +2569,7 @@ class Geostationary(_Satellite):
     the satellite.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, central_longitude=0.0, satellite_height=35785831,
                  false_easting=0, false_northing=0, globe=None,
                  sweep_axis='y'):
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/feature/__init__.py b/lib/cartopy/feature/__init__.py
index e7685522e..41f96bcc0 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/feature/__init__.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/feature/__init__.py
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ class Scaler:
     """
     General object for handling the scale of the geometries used in a Feature.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, scale):
         self._scale = scale
 
@@ -140,6 +141,7 @@ class AdaptiveScaler(Scaler):
     """
     Automatically select scale of geometries based on extent of plotted axes.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, default_scale, limits):
         """
         Parameters
@@ -198,6 +200,7 @@ class ShapelyFeature(Feature):
     shapely geometries.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, geometries, crs, **kwargs):
         """
         Parameters
@@ -227,6 +230,7 @@ class NaturalEarthFeature(Feature):
     See https://www.naturalearthdata.com/
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, category, name, scale, **kwargs):
         """
         Parameters
@@ -345,6 +349,7 @@ class GSHHSFeature(Feature):
     instantiating multiple GSHHS artists, by reducing repeated file IO.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, scale='auto', levels=None, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(cartopy.crs.PlateCarree(), **kwargs)
 
@@ -424,6 +429,7 @@ class WFSFeature(Feature):
     This feature requires additional dependencies. If installed via pip,
     try ``pip install cartopy[ows]``.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, wfs, features, **kwargs):
         """
         Parameters
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/feature/nightshade.py b/lib/cartopy/feature/nightshade.py
index 8a8f28858..7873a7f9e 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/feature/nightshade.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/feature/nightshade.py
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ def __init__(self, date=None, delta=0.1, refraction=-0.83,
                                         pole_longitude=pole_lon,
                                         central_rotated_longitude=central_lon)
 
-        npts = int(180/delta)
-        x = np.empty(npts*2)
-        y = np.empty(npts*2)
+        npts = int(180 / delta)
+        x = np.empty(npts * 2)
+        y = np.empty(npts * 2)
 
         # Solve the equation for sunrise/sunset:
         # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_equation#Generalized_equation
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def __init__(self, date=None, delta=0.1, refraction=-0.83,
         #       Therefore, the max/min latitude is +/- (90+refraction)
 
         # Fill latitudes up and then down
-        y[:npts] = np.linspace(-(90+refraction), 90+refraction, npts)
+        y[:npts] = np.linspace(-(90 + refraction), 90 + refraction, npts)
         y[npts:] = y[:npts][::-1]
 
         # Solve the generalized equation for omega0, which is the
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ def _julian_day(date):
         year -= 1
 
     B = 2 - year // 100 + (year // 100) // 4
-    C = ((second/60 + minute)/60 + hour)/24
+    C = ((second / 60 + minute) / 60 + hour) / 24
 
-    JD = (int(365.25*(year + 4716)) + int(30.6001*(month+1)) +
+    JD = (int(365.25 * (year + 4716)) + int(30.6001 * (month + 1)) +
           day + B - 1524.5 + C)
     return JD
 
@@ -162,20 +162,20 @@ def _solar_position(date):
     #       so we need to convert the values from deg2rad when taking sin/cos
 
     # Centuries from J2000
-    T_UT1 = (_julian_day(date) - 2451545.0)/36525
+    T_UT1 = (_julian_day(date) - 2451545.0) / 36525
 
     # solar longitude (deg)
-    lambda_M_sun = (280.460 + 36000.771*T_UT1) % 360
+    lambda_M_sun = (280.460 + 36000.771 * T_UT1) % 360
 
     # solar anomaly (deg)
-    M_sun = (357.5277233 + 35999.05034*T_UT1) % 360
+    M_sun = (357.5277233 + 35999.05034 * T_UT1) % 360
 
     # ecliptic longitude
-    lambda_ecliptic = (lambda_M_sun + 1.914666471*np.sin(np.deg2rad(M_sun)) +
-                       0.019994643*np.sin(np.deg2rad(2*M_sun)))
+    lambda_ecliptic = (lambda_M_sun + 1.914666471 * np.sin(np.deg2rad(M_sun)) +
+                       0.019994643 * np.sin(np.deg2rad(2 * M_sun)))
 
     # obliquity of the ecliptic (epsilon in Vallado's notation)
-    epsilon = 23.439291 - 0.0130042*T_UT1
+    epsilon = 23.439291 - 0.0130042 * T_UT1
 
     # declination of the sun
     delta_sun = np.rad2deg(np.arcsin(np.sin(np.deg2rad(epsilon)) *
@@ -183,11 +183,11 @@ def _solar_position(date):
 
     # Greenwich mean sidereal time (seconds)
     theta_GMST = (67310.54841 +
-                  (876600*3600 + 8640184.812866)*T_UT1 +
-                  0.093104*T_UT1**2 -
-                  6.2e-6*T_UT1**3)
+                  (876600 * 3600 + 8640184.812866) * T_UT1 +
+                  0.093104 * T_UT1**2 -
+                  6.2e-6 * T_UT1**3)
     # Convert to degrees
-    theta_GMST = (theta_GMST % 86400)/240
+    theta_GMST = (theta_GMST % 86400) / 240
 
     # Right ascension calculations
     numerator = (np.cos(np.deg2rad(epsilon)) *
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ def _solar_position(date):
 
     # longitude is opposite of Greenwich Hour Angle (GHA)
     # GHA == theta_GMST - alpha_sun
-    lon = -(theta_GMST-alpha_sun)
+    lon = -(theta_GMST - alpha_sun)
     if lon < -180:
         lon += 360
 
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/geodesic.py b/lib/cartopy/geodesic.py
index 4cc99a611..6afa9c098 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/geodesic.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/geodesic.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class Geodesic:
 
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, radius=6378137.0, flattening=1/298.257223563):
+    def __init__(self, radius=6378137.0, flattening=1 / 298.257223563):
         """
         Parameters
         ----------
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/io/__init__.py b/lib/cartopy/io/__init__.py
index fe11c9a96..d00dee4f3 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/io/__init__.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/io/__init__.py
@@ -323,6 +323,7 @@ class RasterSource:
     .. _raster-source-interface:
 
     """
+
     def validate_projection(self, projection):
         """
         Raise an error if this raster source cannot provide images in the
@@ -370,6 +371,7 @@ class RasterSourceContainer(RasterSource):
     contained :class:`RasterSource`.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, contained_source):
         """
         Parameters
@@ -394,6 +396,7 @@ class PostprocessedRasterSource(RasterSourceContainer):
     post-processing step on the raster fetched from the contained source.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, contained_source, img_post_process):
         """
         Parameters
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/io/img_nest.py b/lib/cartopy/io/img_nest.py
index ecef0727f..c1ca9dfbb 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/io/img_nest.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/io/img_nest.py
@@ -176,12 +176,12 @@ def world_file_extent(worldfile_handle, im_shape):
                              'supported.')
         ul_corner = (float(lines[4]), float(lines[5]))
 
-        min_x, max_x = (ul_corner[0] - pix_size[0]/2.,
-                        ul_corner[0] + pix_size[0]*im_shape[0] -
-                        pix_size[0]/2.)
-        min_y, max_y = (ul_corner[1] - pix_size[1]/2.,
-                        ul_corner[1] + pix_size[1]*im_shape[1] -
-                        pix_size[1]/2.)
+        min_x, max_x = (ul_corner[0] - pix_size[0] / 2.,
+                        ul_corner[0] + pix_size[0] * im_shape[0] -
+                        pix_size[0] / 2.)
+        min_y, max_y = (ul_corner[1] - pix_size[1] / 2.,
+                        ul_corner[1] + pix_size[1] * im_shape[1] -
+                        pix_size[1] / 2.)
         return (min_x, max_x, min_y, max_y), pix_size
 
 
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/io/img_tiles.py b/lib/cartopy/io/img_tiles.py
index 0039d4896..82129d63e 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/io/img_tiles.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/io/img_tiles.py
@@ -355,6 +355,7 @@ class Stamen(GoogleWTS):
      * https://github.com/migurski/DEM-Tools
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, style='toner',
                  desired_tile_form='RGB', cache=False):
         super().__init__(desired_tile_form=desired_tile_form,
@@ -373,6 +374,7 @@ class MapboxTiles(GoogleWTS):
     For terms of service, see https://www.mapbox.com/tos/.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, access_token, map_id, cache=False):
         """
         Set up a new Mapbox tiles instance.
@@ -416,6 +418,7 @@ class MapboxStyleTiles(GoogleWTS):
     For terms of service, see https://www.mapbox.com/tos/.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, access_token, username, map_id, cache=False):
         """
         Set up a new instance to retrieve tiles from a Mapbox style.
@@ -457,6 +460,7 @@ class QuadtreeTiles(GoogleWTS):
     where the length of the quatree is the zoom level in Google Tile terms.
 
     """
+
     def _image_url(self, tile):
         return ('http://ecn.dynamic.t1.tiles.virtualearth.net/comp/'
                 f'CompositionHandler/{tile}?mkt=en-'
@@ -548,6 +552,7 @@ class OrdnanceSurvey(GoogleWTS):
     https://developer.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/os-api-framework-agreement.
     """
     # API Documentation: https://apidocs.os.uk/docs/os-maps-wmts
+
     def __init__(self,
                  apikey,
                  layer='Road',
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/io/shapereader.py b/lib/cartopy/io/shapereader.py
index ae063b171..7398db9bb 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/io/shapereader.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/io/shapereader.py
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ class Record:
     their associated geometry.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, shape, attributes, fields):
         self._shape = shape
 
@@ -108,6 +109,7 @@ class FionaRecord(Record):
     with the FionaReader.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, geometry, attributes):
         self._geometry = geometry
         self.attributes = attributes
@@ -122,6 +124,7 @@ class BasicReader:
     :meth:`~Reader.records` and :meth:`~Reader.geometries`.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, filename):
         # Validate the filename/shapefile
         self._reader = reader = shapefile.Reader(filename)
@@ -175,6 +178,7 @@ class FionaReader:
     :meth:`~Reader.records` and :meth:`~Reader.geometries`.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, filename, bbox=None):
         self._data = []
 
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/io/srtm.py b/lib/cartopy/io/srtm.py
index b2b92e0d1..cfa99b814 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/io/srtm.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/io/srtm.py
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ class _SRTMSource(RasterSource):
     interface <raster-source-interface>`.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, resolution, downloader, max_nx, max_ny):
         """
         Parameters
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ class SRTM3Source(_SRTMSource):
     interface <raster-source-interface>`.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, downloader=None, max_nx=3, max_ny=3):
         """
         Parameters
@@ -199,6 +201,7 @@ class SRTM1Source(_SRTMSource):
     interface <raster-source-interface>`.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, downloader=None, max_nx=3, max_ny=3):
         """
         Parameters
@@ -238,12 +241,12 @@ def add_shading(elevation, azimuth, altitude):
     azimuth = np.deg2rad(azimuth)
     altitude = np.deg2rad(altitude)
     x, y = np.gradient(elevation)
-    slope = np.pi/2. - np.arctan(np.sqrt(x*x + y*y))
+    slope = np.pi / 2 - np.arctan(np.sqrt(x * x + y * y))
     # -x here because of pixel orders in the SRTM tile
     aspect = np.arctan2(-x, y)
-    shaded = np.sin(altitude) * np.sin(slope)\
-        + np.cos(altitude) * np.cos(slope)\
-        * np.cos((azimuth - np.pi/2.) - aspect)
+    shaded = np.sin(altitude) * np.sin(slope) \
+        + np.cos(altitude) * np.cos(slope) \
+        * np.cos((azimuth - np.pi / 2) - aspect)
     return shaded
 
 
@@ -319,6 +322,7 @@ class SRTMDownloader(Downloader):
     available to download.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self,
                  target_path_template,
                  pre_downloaded_path_template='',
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/mpl/feature_artist.py b/lib/cartopy/mpl/feature_artist.py
index bf0f823e4..6a84d7e12 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/mpl/feature_artist.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/mpl/feature_artist.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ class _GeomKey:
     A workaround for Shapely polygons no longer being hashable as of 1.5.13.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, geom):
         self._id = id(geom)
 
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py b/lib/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py
index f0b2cfd66..85169bce5 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ def tissot(self, rad_km=500, lons=None, lats=None, n_samples=80, **kwargs):
             raise ValueError('lons and lats must have the same shape.')
 
         for lon, lat in zip(lons, lats):
-            circle = geod.circle(lon, lat, rad_km*1e3, n_samples=n_samples)
+            circle = geod.circle(lon, lat, rad_km * 1e3, n_samples=n_samples)
             geoms.append(sgeom.Polygon(circle))
 
         feature = cartopy.feature.ShapelyFeature(geoms, ccrs.Geodetic(),
@@ -1767,8 +1767,8 @@ def _interp_grid(X, wrap=0):
                 dX = np.diff(X, axis=1)
                 # account for the wrap
                 if wrap:
-                    dX = (dX + wrap/2) % wrap - wrap/2
-                dX = dX/2
+                    dX = (dX + wrap / 2) % wrap - wrap / 2
+                dX = dX / 2
                 X = np.hstack((X[:, [0]] - dX[:, [0]],
                                X[:, :-1] + dX,
                                X[:, [-1]] + dX[:, [-1]]))
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/mpl/slippy_image_artist.py b/lib/cartopy/mpl/slippy_image_artist.py
index 0b3088c68..4fa9d6480 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/mpl/slippy_image_artist.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/mpl/slippy_image_artist.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ class SlippyImageArtist(AxesImage):
     Kwargs are passed to the AxesImage constructor.
 
     """
+
     def __init__(self, ax, raster_source, **kwargs):
         self.raster_source = raster_source
         # This artist fills the Axes, so should not influence layout.
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/tests/feature/test_nightshade.py b/lib/cartopy/tests/feature/test_nightshade.py
index 062f91eab..753d193ac 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/tests/feature/test_nightshade.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/tests/feature/test_nightshade.py
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ def test_julian_day():
 #    ?month=6&day=21&year=2030&hour=0&min=0&sec=0&n=&ntxt=&earth=0
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('dt, true_lat, true_lon', [
-    (datetime(2018, 9, 29, 0, 0), -(2 + 18/60), (177 + 37/60)),
-    (datetime(2018, 9, 29, 14, 0), -(2 + 32/60), -(32 + 25/60)),
-    (datetime(1992, 2, 14, 0, 0), -(13 + 20/60), -(176 + 26/60)),
-    (datetime(2030, 6, 21, 0, 0), (23 + 26/60), -(179 + 34/60))
+    (datetime(2018, 9, 29, 0, 0), -(2 + 18 / 60), (177 + 37 / 60)),
+    (datetime(2018, 9, 29, 14, 0), -(2 + 32 / 60), -(32 + 25 / 60)),
+    (datetime(1992, 2, 14, 0, 0), -(13 + 20 / 60), -(176 + 26 / 60)),
+    (datetime(2030, 6, 21, 0, 0), (23 + 26 / 60), -(179 + 34 / 60))
 ])
 def test_solar_position(dt, true_lat, true_lon):
     lat, lon = _solar_position(dt)
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_gridliner.py b/lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_gridliner.py
index fae19e4f8..ba1614f95 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_gridliner.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_gridliner.py
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ def test_gridliner_draw_labels_param(draw_labels, result):
     fig.canvas.draw()
     res = {}
     for loc in 'left', 'right', 'top', 'bottom':
-        artists = getattr(gl, loc+'_label_artists')
+        artists = getattr(gl, f'{loc}_label_artists')
         res[loc] = [a.get_text() for a in artists if a.get_visible()]
     assert res == result
 
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_images.py b/lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_images.py
index c46c4ef27..b424708c3 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_images.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_images.py
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def test_imshow_wrapping():
 def test_imshow_rgba():
     # tests that the alpha of a RGBA array passed to imshow is set to 0
     # instead of masked
-    z = np.ones((100, 100))*0.5
+    z = np.full((100, 100), 0.5)
     cmap = cm.get_cmap()
     norm = colors.Normalize(vmin=0, vmax=1)
     z1 = cmap(norm(z))
@@ -161,7 +161,8 @@ def test_imshow_rgba_alpha():
     ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.Orthographic(-120, 45))
 
     # Create RGBA Image with random data and linspace alpha
-    RGBA = np.linspace(0, 255*31, dx*dy*4, dtype=np.uint8).reshape((dy, dx, 4))
+    RGBA = np.linspace(0, 255 * 31, dx * dy * 4,
+                       dtype=np.uint8).reshape((dy, dx, 4))
 
     alpha = np.array([0, 85, 170, 255])
     RGBA[:, :, 3] = alpha
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ def test_imshow_rgba_alpha():
 def test_imshow_rgb():
     # tests that the alpha of a RGB array passed to imshow is set to 0
     # instead of masked
-    z = np.ones((100, 100, 3))*0.5
+    z = np.full((100, 100, 3), 0.5)
     plt_crs = ccrs.LambertAzimuthalEqualArea()
     latlon_crs = ccrs.PlateCarree()
     ax = plt.axes(projection=plt_crs)
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_mpl_integration.py b/lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_mpl_integration.py
index 367d46323..a47193871 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_mpl_integration.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/test_mpl_integration.py
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def test_global_hexbin_wrap_transform():
     ax.coastlines(zorder=2)
     x, y = np.meshgrid(np.arange(0, 360), np.arange(-90, 91))
     # wrap values so to match x values from test_global_hexbin_wrap
-    x_wrap = np.where(x >= 180, x-360, x)
+    x_wrap = np.where(x >= 180, x - 360, x)
     data = np.sin(np.sqrt(x_wrap**2 + y**2))
     ax.hexbin(
         x.flatten(),
@@ -859,5 +859,5 @@ def test_streamplot():
     ax.set_extent(plot_extent, crs=ccrs.PlateCarree())
     ax.coastlines()
     ax.streamplot(x, y, u, v, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(),
-                  density=(1.5, 2), color=mag, linewidth=2*mag)
+                  density=(1.5, 2), color=mag, linewidth=2 * mag)
     return fig
diff --git a/lib/cartopy/tests/test_util.py b/lib/cartopy/tests/test_util.py
index 2ba6fab5b..c6a807f89 100644
--- a/lib/cartopy/tests/test_util.py
+++ b/lib/cartopy/tests/test_util.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def test_data_only(self):
     def test_data_and_coord(self):
         c_data, c_lons = add_cyclic_point(self.data2d, coord=self.lons)
         r_data = np.concatenate((self.data2d, self.data2d[:, :1]), axis=1)
-        r_lons = np.concatenate((self.lons, np.array([360.])))
+        r_lons = np.concatenate((self.lons, np.array([360])))
         assert_array_equal(c_data, r_data)
         assert_array_equal(c_lons, r_lons)
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def test_data_only_with_axis(self):
     def test_data_and_coord_with_axis(self):
         c_data, c_lons = add_cyclic_point(self.data4d, coord=self.lons, axis=1)
         r_data = np.concatenate((self.data4d, self.data4d[:, :1]), axis=1)
-        r_lons = np.concatenate((self.lons, np.array([360.])))
+        r_lons = np.concatenate((self.lons, np.array([360])))
         assert_array_equal(c_data, r_data)
         assert_array_equal(c_lons, r_lons)
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ def setup_class(cls):
         # len(lat) != data.shape[0]
         # len(lon) == data.shape[1]
         cls.lons = np.arange(0, 360, 60)
-        cls.lats = np.arange(-90, 90, 180/5)
+        cls.lats = np.arange(-90, 90, 180 / 5)
         # 2d lat and lon
         cls.lon2d, cls.lat2d = np.meshgrid(cls.lons, cls.lats)
         # 3d lat and lon but with different 3rd dimension (4) as 4d data (2)
@@ -95,13 +95,13 @@ def setup_class(cls):
         # cyclic data, lon, lat
         cls.c_data2d = np.concatenate((cls.data2d, cls.data2d[:, :1]), axis=1)
         cls.c_data4d = np.concatenate((cls.data4d, cls.data4d[:, :1]), axis=1)
-        cls.c_lons = np.concatenate((cls.lons, np.array([360.])))
+        cls.c_lons = np.concatenate((cls.lons, np.array([360])))
         cls.c_lon2d = np.concatenate(
-            (cls.lon2d, np.full((cls.lon2d.shape[0], 1), 360.)),
+            (cls.lon2d, np.full((cls.lon2d.shape[0], 1), 360)),
             axis=1)
         cls.c_lon3d = np.concatenate(
             (cls.lon3d,
-             np.full((cls.lon3d.shape[0], 1, cls.lon3d.shape[2]), 360.)),
+             np.full((cls.lon3d.shape[0], 1, cls.lon3d.shape[2]), 360)),
             axis=1)
         cls.c_lats = cls.lats
         cls.c_lat2d = np.concatenate((cls.lat2d, cls.lat2d[:, -1:]), axis=1)
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def test_masked_data_and_x_y_2d(self):
                                             y=self.lat2d)
         r_data = ma.concatenate((self.data2d, self.data2d[:, :1]), axis=1)
         r_lons = np.concatenate((self.lon2d,
-                                 np.full((self.lon2d.shape[0], 1), 360.)),
+                                 np.full((self.lon2d.shape[0], 1), 360)),
                                 axis=1)
         assert_array_equal(c_data, r_data)
         assert_array_equal(c_lons, r_lons)
@@ -261,11 +261,11 @@ def test_cyclic(self):
         new_lats = np.deg2rad(self.lat2d)
         c_data, c_lons, c_lats = add_cyclic(self.data4d, x=new_lons,
                                             y=new_lats, axis=1,
-                                            cyclic=np.deg2rad(360.))
+                                            cyclic=np.deg2rad(360))
         r_lons = np.concatenate(
             (new_lons,
              np.full((new_lons.shape[0], 1, new_lons.shape[2]),
-                     np.deg2rad(360.))),
+                     np.deg2rad(360))),
             axis=1)
         r_lats = np.concatenate((new_lats, new_lats[:, -1:]), axis=1)
         assert_array_equal(c_data, self.c_data4d)
@@ -279,13 +279,13 @@ def test_cyclic_has_cyclic(self):
         r_data = np.concatenate((self.data2d, self.data2d[:, :1]), axis=1)
         r_lons = np.concatenate(
             (new_lons,
-             np.full((new_lons.shape[0], 1), np.deg2rad(360.))),
+             np.full((new_lons.shape[0], 1), np.deg2rad(360))),
             axis=1)
         r_lats = np.concatenate((new_lats, new_lats[:, -1:]), axis=1)
         c_data, c_lons, c_lats = add_cyclic(r_data, x=r_lons,
                                             y=r_lats,
 
-                                            cyclic=np.deg2rad(360.))
+                                            cyclic=np.deg2rad(360))
         assert_array_equal(c_data, self.c_data2d)
         assert_array_equal(c_lons, r_lons)
         assert_array_equal(c_lats, r_lats)
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ def test_cyclic_has_cyclic(self):
     def test_precision_has_cyclic(self):
         '''Test precision keyword detecting cyclic point'''
         r_data = np.concatenate((self.data2d, self.data2d[:, :1]), axis=1)
-        r_lons = np.concatenate((self.lons, np.array([360.+1e-3])))
+        r_lons = np.concatenate((self.lons, np.array([360 + 1e-3])))
         c_data, c_lons = add_cyclic(r_data, x=r_lons, precision=1e-2)
         assert_array_equal(c_data, r_data)
         assert_array_equal(c_lons, r_lons)
@@ -301,10 +301,10 @@ def test_precision_has_cyclic(self):
     def test_precision_has_cyclic_no(self):
         '''Test precision keyword detecting no cyclic point'''
         new_data = np.concatenate((self.data2d, self.data2d[:, :1]), axis=1)
-        new_lons = np.concatenate((self.lons, np.array([360.+1e-3])))
+        new_lons = np.concatenate((self.lons, np.array([360. + 1e-3])))
         c_data, c_lons = add_cyclic(new_data, x=new_lons, precision=2e-4)
         r_data = np.concatenate((new_data, new_data[:, :1]), axis=1)
-        r_lons = np.concatenate((new_lons, np.array([360.])))
+        r_lons = np.concatenate((new_lons, np.array([360])))
         assert_array_equal(c_data, r_data)
         assert_array_equal(c_lons, r_lons)
 
@@ -360,20 +360,20 @@ class TestHasCyclic:
 
     # 1d lon (6), lat (5)
     lons = np.arange(0, 360, 60)
-    lats = np.arange(-90, 90, 180/5)
+    lats = np.arange(-90, 90, 180 / 5)
     # 2d lon, lat
     lon2d, lat2d = np.meshgrid(lons, lats)
     # 3d lon
     lon3d = np.repeat(lon2d, 4).reshape((*lon2d.shape, 4))
     # cyclic lon 1d, 2d, 3d
-    c_lons = np.concatenate((lons, np.array([360.])))
+    c_lons = np.concatenate((lons, np.array([360])))
     c_lon2d = np.concatenate(
         (lon2d,
-         np.full((lon2d.shape[0], 1), 360.)),
+         np.full((lon2d.shape[0], 1), 360)),
         axis=1)
     c_lon3d = np.concatenate(
         (lon3d,
-         np.full((lon3d.shape[0], 1, lon3d.shape[2]), 360.)),
+         np.full((lon3d.shape[0], 1, lon3d.shape[2]), 360)),
         axis=1)
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -406,11 +406,11 @@ def test_3d_axis_cyclic(self):
         '''Test 3d with axis and cyclic keywords'''
         new_clons = np.deg2rad(self.c_lon3d)
         new_lons = np.deg2rad(self.lon3d)
-        assert has_cyclic(new_clons, axis=1, cyclic=np.deg2rad(360.))
-        assert not has_cyclic(new_lons, axis=1, cyclic=np.deg2rad(360.))
+        assert has_cyclic(new_clons, axis=1, cyclic=np.deg2rad(360))
+        assert not has_cyclic(new_lons, axis=1, cyclic=np.deg2rad(360))
 
     def test_1d_precision(self):
         '''Test 1d with precision keyword'''
-        new_clons = np.concatenate((self.lons, np.array([360.+1e-3])))
+        new_clons = np.concatenate((self.lons, np.array([360 + 1e-3])))
         assert has_cyclic(new_clons, precision=1e-2)
         assert not has_cyclic(new_clons, precision=2e-4)
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
index 5f0acda70..54cb6aa0b 100644
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 [flake8]
-ignore = E226,\ # Due to whitespace around operators (e.g. 2*x + 3)
-         W504   # Line break after binary operator
 exclude = \
     build, \
     setup.py, \