slide/RBasic-DataStructure.html

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    <h1>R 的資料結構</h1>
    <h2></h2>
    <p>Wush Wu<br/>國立台灣大學</p>
  </hgroup>
  <article></article>  
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  <hgroup>
    <h2>分析的資料型態：數值系統</h2>
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  <article data-timings="">
    
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<hgroup>
  <h2>數值系統的分類</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>名目資料(nomial)</li>
<li>順序資料(ordinal)</li>
<li>區間資料(interval)</li>
<li>比例資料(ratio)</li>
</ul>

</article>
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<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-3" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>名目資料</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>性別</li>
<li>Domain</li>
<li>屬性的有無</li>
</ul>

<p><img src="./assets/fig/rbasic-datastructure-unnamed-chunk-1-1.png" alt="plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-1"></p>

</article>
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<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-4" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>順序資料</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>硬度表</li>
<li>名次</li>
<li>排序表</li>
</ul>

<pre><code>[1] Qn1 Qn1 Qn1 Qn1 Qn1 Qn1
12 Levels: Qn1 &lt; Qn2 &lt; Qn3 &lt; Qc1 &lt; Qc3 &lt; Qc2 &lt; Mn3 &lt; Mn2 &lt; Mn1 &lt; ... &lt; Mc1
</code></pre>

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<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-5" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>區間資料</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>溫度</li>
<li>時間</li>
</ul>

<p><img src="./assets/fig/rbasic-datastructure-unnamed-chunk-3-1.png" alt="plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-3"></p>

</article>
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<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-6" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>比值資料</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>營收</li>
<li>股價</li>
</ul>

<p><img src="./assets/fig/rbasic-datastructure-unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" alt="plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-4"></p>

</article>
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<slide class="dark segue" id="slide-7" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;">
  <hgroup>
    <h2>R 的資料型態</h2>
  </hgroup>
  <article data-timings="">
    
  </article>
  <!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-8" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的資料結構概論</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>R 是一種程式語言，程式語言都有對應的資料結構</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/wch/r-source/blob/trunk/src/include/Rinternals.h#L102">Rinternals.h</a>:</li>
</ul>

<pre><code class="c">typedef unsigned int SEXPTYPE;

#define NILSXP       0    /* nil = NULL */
#define SYMSXP       1    /* symbols */
#define LISTSXP      2    /* lists of dotted pairs */
#define CLOSXP       3    /* closures */
#define ENVSXP       4    /* environments */
...
</code></pre>

</article>
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<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-9" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的資料結構</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>所有的東西都是一種「R 物件」

<ul>
<li><strong>資料</strong></li>
<li>函數</li>
<li>環境</li>
<li>外部指標</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>

</article>
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<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-10" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的物件結構</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>複雜的R 物件們都是由基礎的R 物件所組合的</li>
</ul>

<pre><code class="r">g &lt;- lm(dist ~ speed, cars)
str(head(g))
</code></pre>

<pre><code>List of 6
 $ coefficients : Named num [1:2] -17.58 3.93
  ..- attr(*, &quot;names&quot;)= chr [1:2] &quot;(Intercept)&quot; &quot;speed&quot;
 $ residuals    : Named num [1:50] 3.85 11.85 -5.95 12.05 2.12 ...
  ..- attr(*, &quot;names&quot;)= chr [1:50] &quot;1&quot; &quot;2&quot; &quot;3&quot; &quot;4&quot; ...
 $ effects      : Named num [1:50] -303.914 145.552 -8.115 9.885 0.194 ...
  ..- attr(*, &quot;names&quot;)= chr [1:50] &quot;(Intercept)&quot; &quot;speed&quot; &quot;&quot; &quot;&quot; ...
 $ rank         : int 2
 $ fitted.values: Named num [1:50] -1.85 -1.85 9.95 9.95 13.88 ...
  ..- attr(*, &quot;names&quot;)= chr [1:50] &quot;1&quot; &quot;2&quot; &quot;3&quot; &quot;4&quot; ...
 $ assign       : int [1:2] 0 1
</code></pre>

</article>
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<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-11" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的物件結構</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<p><center><img src='assets/img/R-attributes.png' style='width: 100%'></img></center></p>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-12" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 中常見的原子物件</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>邏輯向量</li>
<li>整數向量</li>
<li>數值向量</li>
<li>字串向量</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-13" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的所有設計都是為了分析資料而生</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>資料的最小單位是「向量」</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-14" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>邏輯向量</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>用於作布林運算、流程控制</li>
</ul>

<pre><code class="r">c(T, F, TRUE, FALSE)
</code></pre>

<pre><code>[1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE
</code></pre>

</article>
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</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-15" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>整數向量</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>每個整數佔用4 bytes</li>
</ul>

<pre><code class="r">c(1L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 0xaL)
</code></pre>

<pre><code>[1]  1  2  3  4 10
</code></pre>

</article>
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</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-16" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>數值向量</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>每個數值佔用8 bytes（雙精確浮點數）</li>
</ul>

<pre><code class="r">c(1.0, .1, 1e-2, 1e2, 1.2e2)
</code></pre>

<pre><code>[1]   1.00   0.10   0.01 100.00 120.00
</code></pre>

</article>
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</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-17" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>字串向量</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>NULL結尾的字串向量</li>
</ul>

<pre><code class="r">c(&quot;1&quot;, &quot;a&quot;, &quot;中文&quot;)
</code></pre>

<pre><code>[1] &quot;1&quot;    &quot;a&quot;    &quot;中文&quot;
</code></pre>

<pre><code class="r">c(&quot;a\0b&quot;)
</code></pre>

<p><font color="red">Error: nul character not allowed (line 1)</font></p>

</article>
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<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-18" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>數值系統與原子資料結構</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>名目資料(nomial): 字串向量、邏輯向量</li>
<li>順序資料(ordinal): 無</li>
<li>區間資料(interval): 整數向量、數值向量</li>
<li>比例資料(ratio): 整數向量、數值向量</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-19" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>習題時間</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li><p>請同學完成以下的swirl課程，練習操作上述介紹的R 物件</p></li>
<li><p>RBasic-02-Data-Structure-Vectors</p></li>
<li><p>RBasic-03-Data-Structure-Object</p></li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="dark segue" id="slide-20" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;">
  <hgroup>
    <h2>R 的factor</h2>
  </hgroup>
  <article data-timings="">
    
  </article>
  <!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-21" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的物件結構</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<p><center><img src='assets/img/R-attributes.png' style='width: 100%'></img></center></p>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-22" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>內建的<code>factor</code>範例</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">head(CO2$Type)
</code></pre>

<pre><code>[1] Quebec Quebec Quebec Quebec Quebec Quebec
Levels: Quebec Mississippi
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-23" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2><code>factor</code>的真相</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">dput(CO2$Type)
</code></pre>

<pre><code>structure(c(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 
2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 
2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 
2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L), .Label = c(&quot;Quebec&quot;, &quot;Mississippi&quot;
), class = &quot;factor&quot;)
</code></pre>

</article>
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</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-24" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2><code>factor</code>的真相</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">attributes(CO2$Type)
</code></pre>

<pre><code>$levels
[1] &quot;Quebec&quot;      &quot;Mississippi&quot;

$class
[1] &quot;factor&quot;
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-25" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的歷史包袱</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li><code>dput</code>函數會輸出如<code>.Label</code>這種標籤，但是並不是真正的屬性標籤</li>
<li><p>以下內容擷取自<code>structure</code>的說明文件：</p>

<p>Adding a class &quot;factor&quot; will ensure that numeric codes are given integer storage mode.</p>

<p>For historical reasons (these names are used when deparsing), attributes &quot;.Dim&quot;, &quot;.Dimnames&quot;, &quot;.Names&quot;, &quot;.Tsp&quot; and &quot;.Label&quot; are renamed to &quot;dim&quot;, &quot;dimnames&quot;, &quot;names&quot;, &quot;tsp&quot; and &quot;levels&quot;.</p></li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-26" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>數值系統與資料結構</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>名目資料(nomial): 字串向量、邏輯向量、<em>factor</em></li>
<li>順序資料(ordinal): <em>factor</em></li>
<li>區間資料(interval): 整數向量、數值向量</li>
<li>比例資料(ratio): 整數向量、數值向量</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-27" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>習題時間</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>請同學完成<code>RBasic-04-Factors</code>，練習操作R 的factor物件</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="dark segue" id="slide-28" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;">
  <hgroup>
    <h2>R 的Matrix與array</h2>
  </hgroup>
  <article data-timings="">
    
  </article>
  <!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-29" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的Matrix</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">&gt; x &lt;- matrix(1:4, 2, 2)
&gt; x
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    3
[2,]    2    4
&gt; class(x)
[1] &quot;matrix&quot;
</code></pre>

</article>
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</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-30" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的Matrix與Attributes</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">&gt; attributes(x)
$dim
[1] 2 2
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-31" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的Matrix與Attributes</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">&gt; attributes(x) &lt;- NULL
&gt; x # 同 1:4
[1] 1 2 3 4
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-32" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的Matrix與Attributes</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<p><center><img src='assets/img/Matrix.png' style='width: 100%'></img></center></p>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-33" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的Array與Attributes</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">&gt; attr(x, &quot;dim&quot;) &lt;- c(2, 2, 1)
&gt; x # 同 1:4
, , 1

     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    3
[2,]    2    4
&gt; class(x)
[1] &quot;array&quot;
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-34" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>為什麼要使用R 的Matrix?</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>各種方便操作的API</li>
<li>優化過的運算效能(BLAS)</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-35" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>習題時間</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>請同學完成<code>RBasic-05-Arrays-Matrices</code>，練習操作R 的matrix和array物件</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="dark segue" id="slide-36" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;">
  <hgroup>
    <h2>List: R 物件的向量</h2>
  </hgroup>
  <article data-timings="">
    
  </article>
  <!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-37" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>原子物件向量，具備有同質性</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>牽一髮而動全身</li>
</ul>

<pre><code class="r">&gt; x &lt;- 1:10
&gt; class(x)
[1] &quot;integer&quot;
&gt; x[1] &lt;- &quot;1&quot;
&gt; class(x)
[1] &quot;character&quot;
&gt; x
 [1] &quot;1&quot;  &quot;2&quot;  &quot;3&quot;  &quot;4&quot;  &quot;5&quot;  &quot;6&quot;  &quot;7&quot;  &quot;8&quot;  &quot;9&quot;  &quot;10&quot;
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-38" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>實務的資料不只是單一型態</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>R 物件可以是任何型態的向量</li>
<li>R 物件的向量就是處理相異型態的工具</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-39" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>整數向量</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">1:5
</code></pre>

<p><center><img src='assets/img/IntegerVector.png' style='width: 100%'></img></center></p>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-40" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>List</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">x &lt;- list(1:5, c(&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;))
</code></pre>

<p><center><img src='assets/img/List.png' style='width: 100%'></img></center></p>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-41" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2><code>[</code></h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">x[1]
</code></pre>

<p><center><img src='assets/img/List[1].png' style='width: 100%'></img></center></p>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-42" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2><code>[[</code></h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">x[[1]]
</code></pre>

<p><center><img src='assets/img/List[[1]].png' style='width: 100%'></img></center></p>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-43" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>List and <code>names</code></h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">&gt; x &lt;- list(1:5, c(&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;))
&gt; x
[[1]]
[1] 1 2 3 4 5

[[2]]
[1] &quot;a&quot; &quot;b&quot;

&gt; attributes(x)
NULL
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-44" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>List and <code>names</code></h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">&gt; x &lt;- list(a = 1:5, b = c(&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;))
&gt; x
$a
[1] 1 2 3 4 5

$b
[1] &quot;a&quot; &quot;b&quot;

&gt; attributes(x)
$names
[1] &quot;a&quot; &quot;b&quot;
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-45" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2><code>$</code></h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>取出對應名稱的元素</li>
</ul>

<pre><code class="r">&gt; x &lt;- list(a = 1:5, b = c(&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;))
&gt; x$a
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
&gt; x$b
[1] &quot;a&quot; &quot;b&quot;
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-46" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>從List到<code>data.frame</code></h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>List提供了處理異質資料的工具</li>
<li>List非常的泛用，甚至延生出R 的S3物件導向系統</li>
<li>但是對於結構化的資料，List不夠方便阿...

<ul>
<li>看看矩陣</li>
</ul></li>
<li><code>data.frame</code>是R 為了解決結構化資料所提出的解決方案</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="dark segue" id="slide-47" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;">
  <hgroup>
    <h2>R 的 Data Frame</h2>
  </hgroup>
  <article data-timings="">
    
  </article>
  <!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-48" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的Data Frame</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li><p>已經成為處理「結構化資料」的典範</p>

<p>The main driver for Distributed DataFrame is to have a cluster-based, big data representation that’s friendly to the RDBMSs and data science community. <strong>Specifically we leverage SQL’s table and R’s data.frame concepts, taking advantage of 30 years of SQL development and R’s accumulated data science wisdom</strong>.    </p></li>
</ul>

<p><center>Source: <a href="http://ddf.io/design.html">http://ddf.io/design.html</a></center></p>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-49" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的Data Frame</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">&gt; head(iris)
  Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
1          5.1         3.5          1.4         0.2  setosa
2          4.9         3.0          1.4         0.2  setosa
3          4.7         3.2          1.3         0.2  setosa
4          4.6         3.1          1.5         0.2  setosa
5          5.0         3.6          1.4         0.2  setosa
6          5.4         3.9          1.7         0.4  setosa
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-50" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>Data Frame是一種List</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">&gt; class(iris)
[1] &quot;data.frame&quot;
&gt; is.list(iris)
[1] TRUE
&gt; head(iris[[1]])
[1] 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.0 5.4
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-51" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>Data Frame 提供了類似矩陣的API</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">&gt; iris[1,]
  Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
1          5.1         3.5          1.4         0.2  setosa
&gt; iris[1,1]
[1] 5.1
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-52" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>習題時間</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>請同學完成<code>RBasic-06-List-DataFrame</code>的課程，實際操作List和Data.Frame</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="dark segue" id="slide-53" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;">
  <hgroup>
    <h2>實務經驗</h2>
  </hgroup>
  <article data-timings="">
    
  </article>
  <!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-54" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>記憶體問題</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>R 是一個以記憶體為主的分析工具

<ul>
<li>R 假設你的記憶體是足夠的</li>
</ul></li>
<li>R 跑得很慢

<ul>
<li>CPU 不夠快（計算量太大）</li>
<li>記憶體不夠大（資料太大）</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-55" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>如何估計記憶體的使用量？</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>向量就是陣列，加上一些其它的metadata（型態、attributes、...）</li>
<li>邏輯向量、整數向量和數值向量的空間大約為：\(長度 \times 單位空間\)</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-56" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2><code>object.size</code></h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">object.size(logical(0))
</code></pre>

<pre><code>40 bytes
</code></pre>

<pre><code class="r">object.size(rep(TRUE, 1000))
</code></pre>

<pre><code>4040 bytes
</code></pre>

<pre><code class="r">object.size(rep(TRUE, 1e6))
</code></pre>

<pre><code>4000040 bytes
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-57" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2><code>object.size</code></h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">object.size(integer(0))
</code></pre>

<pre><code>40 bytes
</code></pre>

<pre><code class="r">object.size(seq(1L, by = 1L, length = 1e3))
</code></pre>

<pre><code>4040 bytes
</code></pre>

<pre><code class="r">object.size(seq(1L, by = 1L, length = 1e6))
</code></pre>

<pre><code>4000040 bytes
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-58" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2><code>object.size</code></h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">object.size(numeric(0))
</code></pre>

<pre><code>40 bytes
</code></pre>

<pre><code class="r">object.size(seq(0, by = 1, length = 1000))
</code></pre>

<pre><code>8040 bytes
</code></pre>

<pre><code class="r">object.size(seq(0, by = 1, length = 1e6))
</code></pre>

<pre><code>8000040 bytes
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-59" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>字串向量的記憶體用量不容易估計</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">speaker &lt;- readLines(&quot;speaker.txt&quot;)
speaker[2]
</code></pre>

<pre><code>[1] &quot;年會總召, 中央研究院資訊科學研究所/ 研究員&quot;
</code></pre>

<pre><code class="r">length(speaker)
</code></pre>

<pre><code>[1] 216
</code></pre>

<pre><code class="r">file.size(&quot;speaker.txt&quot;)
</code></pre>

<pre><code>[1] 18464
</code></pre>

<pre><code class="r">object.size(speaker)
</code></pre>

<pre><code>24664 bytes
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-60" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>關於記憶體</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>事前估計需要的記憶體用量

<ul>
<li>抓&quot;0&quot;的個數即可</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-61" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>R 的記憶體處理機制</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>垃圾回收（<code>gc()</code>）</li>
<li>Pass By Value</li>
<li>Copy on Write</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-62" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2><code>gc</code>會進行以下動作：</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>釋放不使用的記憶體</li>
<li>關閉不使用的檔案連線</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-63" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>Pass By Value</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>在R 的函數中對物件作修改，外部物件是不會被更改的

<ul>
<li>物件被複製了！</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-64" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>Copy on Write</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<ul>
<li>只有在修改物件的時候，才會複製記憶體</li>
</ul>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-65" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2><code>tracemem</code></h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>
<pre><code class="r">&gt; x &lt;- c(1, 2, 3)
&gt; tracemem(x)
[1] &quot;&lt;0x8de5838&gt;&quot;
&gt; y &lt;- x
&gt; y[2] &lt;- 3
tracemem[0x8de5838 -&gt; 0x7f99070]
</code></pre>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
<slide class="largecontent" id="slide-66" style="background-image: url('libraries/frameworks/io2012-wush/images/background.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: 100% 100%;" >
<hgroup>
  <h2>Q&amp;A</h2>
</hgroup>
<article class = 'flexbox vcenter'>

</article>
<!-- Presenter Notes -->
</slide>
    <slide class="backdrop"></slide>
  </slides>
  <div class="pagination pagination-small" id='io2012-ptoc' style="display:none;">
    <ul>
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      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
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    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=16 title='數值向量'>
         16
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=17 title='字串向量'>
         17
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=18 title='數值系統與原子資料結構'>
         18
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=19 title='習題時間'>
         19
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=20 title='R 的factor'>
         20
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=21 title='R 的物件結構'>
         21
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=22 title='內建的<code>factor</code>範例'>
         22
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=23 title='<code>factor</code>的真相'>
         23
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=24 title='<code>factor</code>的真相'>
         24
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=25 title='R 的歷史包袱'>
         25
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=26 title='數值系統與資料結構'>
         26
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      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=27 title='習題時間'>
         27
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=28 title='R 的Matrix與array'>
         28
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=29 title='R 的Matrix'>
         29
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    </li>
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      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=30 title='R 的Matrix與Attributes'>
         30
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=31 title='R 的Matrix與Attributes'>
         31
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    </li>
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      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=32 title='R 的Matrix與Attributes'>
         32
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=33 title='R 的Array與Attributes'>
         33
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=34 title='為什麼要使用R 的Matrix?'>
         34
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    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=35 title='習題時間'>
         35
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=36 title='List: R 物件的向量'>
         36
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=37 title='原子物件向量，具備有同質性'>
         37
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=38 title='實務的資料不只是單一型態'>
         38
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    </li>
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      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=39 title='整數向量'>
         39
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=40 title='List'>
         40
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=41 title='<code>[</code>'>
         41
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=42 title='<code>[[</code>'>
         42
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=43 title='List and <code>names</code>'>
         43
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=44 title='List and <code>names</code>'>
         44
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    </li>
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      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=45 title='<code>$</code>'>
         45
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    </li>
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      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=46 title='從List到<code>data.frame</code>'>
         46
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=47 title='R 的 Data Frame'>
         47
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=48 title='R 的Data Frame'>
         48
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=49 title='R 的Data Frame'>
         49
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=50 title='Data Frame是一種List'>
         50
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=51 title='Data Frame 提供了類似矩陣的API'>
         51
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=52 title='習題時間'>
         52
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=53 title='實務經驗'>
         53
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=54 title='記憶體問題'>
         54
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=55 title='如何估計記憶體的使用量？'>
         55
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=56 title='<code>object.size</code>'>
         56
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=57 title='<code>object.size</code>'>
         57
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=58 title='<code>object.size</code>'>
         58
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=59 title='字串向量的記憶體用量不容易估計'>
         59
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=60 title='關於記憶體'>
         60
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=61 title='R 的記憶體處理機制'>
         61
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=62 title='<code>gc</code>會進行以下動作：'>
         62
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    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=63 title='Pass By Value'>
         63
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=64 title='Copy on Write'>
         64
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=65 title='<code>tracemem</code>'>
         65
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="#" target="_self" rel='tooltip' 
        data-slide=66 title='Q&amp;A'>
         66
      </a>
    </li>
  </ul>
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