#Lesson 4

.env file is a place where you should keep your keys, API keys etc.
php artican migrate runs all the migrations from database/migrations creating all the necessary tables in configured schema. It also creates migrations table to keep records of all the runned migrations

#Lesson 5

You can retrieve data passed do view via <?= $name ?> or {{ $name }}
Pass data using second argument after view name or using with(argument, value) method
Passing data as second argument you can either create new array or use compact(parameter1, parameter2) function
In templates use blade directives (eg. @foreach($tasks as $task) {{ $task }} @endforeach) instead of php structures

#Lesson 6

To display all the possible artisan commands use php artisan
php artisan help [commands] displays help
To create new migration use eg. php artisan make:migration create_tasks_table. It's not going to create new table
To create new table in migration add --create=[tableName] option
When you delete migration and receive an error try update the autoloader composer dump-autoload
Methods creating column names correspond to the data type. You can get more information from documentation or reading source code of Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint
- increments
- integer
- string
- text
- timestamps
To run migrations use php artisan migrate. You can refresh them using subtask :refresh
Returned entities are automatically converted into JSON response
dd($someVariable) allows us to show the variable value

Passing data to url

You can pass parameters to url using eg. Route::get('/tasks/{task}', function ($id)
When id corresponds to some real entity you can populate it passing entity in method: Route::get('/tasks/{task}', function (Task $task)

Lesson 7

Create model with php artisan make:model Task

Tinker

To play with php and eloquent use php artisan tinker
App\Task::all()) - get all entities
You can use conditionals like App\Task::where('id', '>', 2)->get();
If you don't use get method you'll receive `Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder object
To get only one field from all records use App\Task::pluck('body')
The result is Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection. It contains methods like first
Upon creating new entity via $task = new App\Task; and setting values using $task->body = 'Go to the market'; you can save it invoking $task->save();
php artisan migrate:reset rolls back all the migrations
To automatically create migration while creating model use php artisan make:model Task --migration
If you want to specify default value for entity use $table->boolean('completed')->default(false);
You can use static function to facilitate fetching data from database

public static function incomplete()
{
    return static::where('completed', 0)->get();
}

When we want to make constructions like App\Task::incomplete()->get()->where('id', '>', 1) we have to resort to local scopes like in

public function scopeIncomplete($query)
{
    return $query->where('completed', 0);
}

Lesson 8

The method returning all the items is often called index
New controllers are created with php artisan make:controller TasksController

Lesson 9

Route model binding is the ability to bind model when its id is passed in url. The route name must match parameter name. The laravel will perform Task::find(id) and use primary key to find entity

Route::get('/tasks/{task}', 'TasksController@show');

public function show (Task $task) {
    return view('tasks.show', compact('task'));
}

Lesson 10

To specify place where content should be inserted use directive @yield('content')
Instead creating separately model, controller and migration, use make:model flags -m -c
To use layout utilize @section and @extends directives:

@extends('layout)
@section('content')

@endsection

To include some content use @include('layouts.nav')
There is a convention to keep your layout partials in layout directory and name the main layout file master

Lesson 11

REST review

GET /posts - displays all the posts
GET /posts/create - displays form for adding new form
POST /posts - adds new form
GET /posts/{id}/edit - displays form to edit post with specified id
GET /posts/{id} - shows the post
PATCH /posts/{id} - updated the post
DELETE /posts/{id} - deletes the post
When you generate controller add the flag -r to generate resourceful controller with all the necessary methods
request()->all() gives all the request parameters. You can get only one field with request('fieldName') or selected fields with request(['title', 'body'])
Laravel generates a csrf token which has to be passed in field with {{ csrf_field() }}. The fields looks like this: "_token" => "RatQYPlj5RRjsWyqCiNhw0BcOcTTYz0QjeS55tTW"

Creating entities

One way is to create entities using

$post = new Post;
$post->title = request('title');
$post->body = request('body');
$post->save();

The other is to use:

Post::create([
    'title' => request('title'),
    'body' => request('body')
]);

Remember to fill in fillable field to allow the second option:

class Post extends Model
{
    protected $fillable = ['title', 'body'];
}

The inverse of $fillable is protected $guarded = ['user_id'];. In specific cases it can be set to empty array
There is a technique to create your own Model to inherit from containing $guarder with empty array:

namespace App;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model as Eloquent;

class Model extends Eloquent
{
    protected $fillable = [];
}

Lesson 12

You can't rely only on validation on client side
Use server side validation instead:

$this->validate(request(), [
    'title' => 'required',
    'body' => 'required'
]);

It'll return to previous page with error fields. You can access them:

@foreach ($errors->all() as $error)
<li>{{ $error }}</li>
@endforeach

#Lesson 13

You can utilize fields created_at and updated_at to get post creation and update date
created_at and updated_at are instances of carbon library and have many interesting methods
To get formatted date you can use toFormattedDateString()
The source code of query steps can be found in Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder
The modifier latest() works like orderBy with field created_at

#Lesson 14

Laravel mix is a npm dependency

Lesson 15

Comment::class is equivalent of "\App\Comment"
First side of one to many relationship is created using hasMany function

public function comments()
{
    return $this->hasMany(Comment::class);
}

The other side is created with belongsTo

public function post()
{
    return $this->belongsTo(Post::class);
}

You can access each side via field: \App\Post::find(1)->comments

Lesson 16

Don't nest your REST urls too much
Use back() helper function to redirect to the previous page
While creating subentity you can:
- create it in controller
- create it in entity using Subentity::create
- create it in entity using $this->subentities()->create(['field' => 'value'])

Lesson 17

php artisan make:auth scaffolds basic authentication mechanism
It creates authentication routes in web.php (Auth::routes();)
Configuration files in config directory reference .env files which should not be commited into repository
Changing DB_CONNECTION you can change database driver used in config/database.php configuration file. The unnecessary properties can be removed
The list of middleware run during every request is in Kernel.php file
php artisan down turns application down for maintanance. It is handled by CheckForMaintenanceMode middleware
Route middleware can be assigned to route groups. It contains middlewares to restrict access to guests, authenticated users etc.
Route middleware can be used in constructor of a router
You can adapt autogenerated registration mechanism for your needs
Instead of smpt mail driver you can use log and see the results in storate/logs/laravel.log

#Lesson 18

You can create new user with tinker
Create new password using $user->password = bcrypt('password');

Lesson 19

To access input data use \Request::input or request()->input
To redirect to home you can use return redirect('/') or return redirect()->home(). The latter method required naming the route `Route::get('/', 'PostsController@index')->name('home');
When the field has corresponding field with suffix confirmation, the validation confirmed checks the fields' equality
Fetch user name with Auth::user()->name. You can chech whether the user is logged in with Auth::check()
To prevent access to all the methods except some use $this->middleware('auth')->except(['index', 'show']);
Fetching user id can be done with auth()->id()
When you have relation to some entities you can use method save to add another entity: $this->posts()->save($post);. This will save the user_id for us
The method attempt attempts to authenticate user against the date in database auth()->attempt(request(['email', 'password']))
To allow only guests using the methods use middleware guest: $this->middleware('guest')
You can resort to mutator to automatically bcrypt password

Lesson 20

With eloquent you can create fairly complicated queries: \App\Post::selectRaw('year(created_at) year, monthname(created_at) month, count(*) published')->groupBy('year', 'month')->get()->toArray()
Use Carbon to convert month name to month number: Carbon::parse($month)->month
You can conditionally build eloquent query:

public function scopeFilter($query, $filters)
{
    if ($month = $filters['month']) {
        $query->whereMonth('created_at', Carbon::parse($month)->month);
    }


    if ($year = $filters['year']) {
        $query->whereYear('created_at', $year);
    }
}

Lesson 21

View composers can bind variables on views loading. You should add them in AppServiceProvider->boot method

view()->composer('layouts.sidebar', function($view) {
    $view->with('archives', \App\Post::archives());
});

Lesson 22

Laravel has phpunit as a dependency. You can use it typing phpunit. Make sure you have vendor/bin in your PATH variable
Database factories are made with factory('App\User')->make(). They are located in database/factories directory
To persist them use create() method instead: factory('App\User')->create()
You can take it further and create multiple entities at once: factory('App\User', 50)->create()
You can create your own factories:

$factory->define(App\Post::class, function (Faker\Generator $faker) {
    static $password;

    return [
        'user_id' => function () {
            return factory(App\User::class)->create()->id;
        },
        'title' => $faker->sentence,
        'body' => $faker->paragraph
    ];
});

You can overrite the default values passing an array in make/create method:

$second = factory(Post::class)->create([
    'created_at' => \Carbon\Carbon::now()->subMonth()
]);

Assert count ($this->assertCount(2, $posts);) asserts the number of instances in collection
Environment variables overrides used with phpunit are located in phpunit.xml file. Eg.

<php>
    <env name="APP_ENV" value="testing"/>
    <env name="CACHE_DRIVER" value="array"/>
    <env name="SESSION_DRIVER" value="array"/>
    <env name="QUEUE_DRIVER" value="sync"/>
    <env name="DB_DATABASE" value="blog_testing"/>
</php>

Use transaction to roll back the database after running test

use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\DatabaseTransactions;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
    use DatabaseTransactions;
}

Lesson 23

Laravel provides dependency injection for constructor and every single action

Lesson 24

When we want to access View, Request or App facades, we can use view(), request() and app() functions respectively
If we want to bind to the container we use App::bind('App\Billing\Stripe', function () { ... }), eg:

App::bind('App\Billing\Stripe', function () {
    return new \App\Billing\Stripe(config('services.stripe.key'));
});

To access config file you can use config('configFileName.key.subKey)
Resolving bound service can be done with App::make or resolve() or app():

$stripe = App::make('App\Billing\Stripe');
$stripe = resolve('App\Billing\Stripe');
$stripe = app('App\Billing\Stripe');

You can register singleton with App::singleton() instead of App::bind():

App::singleton('App\Billing\Stripe', function () {
    return new \App\Billing\Stripe(config('services.stripe.key'));
});

$stripe1 = App::make('App\Billing\Stripe');
$stripe2 = resolve('App\Billing\Stripe');
$stripe3 = app('App\Billing\Stripe');
dd($stripe1, $stripe2, $stripe3);

With App::instance() you can swap existing instance with new one

Lesson 25

Add services registration in AppServiceProvider's register() method
AppServiceProvider has app property to bind services: $this->app->singleton()
You can add $app as a function parameter when some dependencies are necessary:

$this->app->singleton(Stripe::class, function ($app) {
    $app->make
    return new Stripe(config('services.stripe.key'));
});

Providers in config/app/providers are the building blocks of Laravel
Then the service is not required on every single page load we can defer loading it with field protected $defer = true; in our ServiceProvider
If you have anything in your boot method, the ServiceProvider can't be deferred
php artisan make:provider will generate service provider for you

Lesson 26

To prepare new email class use php artisan make:mail. Laravel will generate app/Mail folder and put new email there
Newly created email can be sent with Mail::to($user)->send(new Welcome)
Globally the field "from" comes from mail.php configuration file
When some fields in email class are public, they can be used in templates:

class Welcome extends Mailable
{
    use Queueable, SerializesModels;
    public $user;

    public function __construct(User $user)
    {
        $this->user = $user;
    }

    public function build()
    {
        return $this->view('emails.welcome');
    }
}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="{{ config('app.locale') }}">
<head>
    <title>Laravel</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Welcome to Laracasts! {{ $user->name }}</h1>
</body>
</html>

We can also pass some fields to the view using with method: return $this->view('emails.welcome')->with(...)

Leson 27

When the emails should suppport markdown, provide --markdown flag when generating them: php artisan make:mail WelcomeAgain --markdown="emails.welcome-again". Such generated email class will reference markdown instead of view method
There are button components, panel component, table component etc.
To extract any resources from vendor files use: php artisan vendor:publish --tag=laravel-mail.

Copied Directory [/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Mail/resources/views] To [/resources/views/vendor/mail]
Publishing complete.

You can create multiple themes. Just create new css file and set the theme name in mail configuration file

Lesson 28

Request classes are made with php artisan make:request RegistrationRequest
The rules method performs validation:

public function rules()
{
    return [
        'name' => 'required',
        'email' => 'required|email',
        'password' => 'required|confirmed'
    ];
}

The authorize methods determines if the user is authorized to make the request:

public function authorize()
{
    return true;
}

Every request(['name', 'email', 'password']) should be replaced with $this->only(['name', 'email', 'password'])

Lesson 29

We can access session using session() or request()->session()
To retrieve some value, provide key and default value: session('message', 'Here is a default message')
To set some value, provide an array with new values: session(['message' => 'Something custom']);
You can flash something to the session. Such variable will be available for only one request: session->flash(). It can be useful for single use data (like error messages, notifications etc)

Lesson 30

To make combined primary key pass array to primary method of table blueprint: $table->primary(['post_id', 'tag_id'])
To create many to many relationship use $this->belongsToMany(Post::class);
When we fetch all Posts using App\Post::all() none of the tags will be fetched. To do it use App\Post::with('tags')->get() instead
To attach entity to collection use attach method:

$post = App\Post::first();

$tag = App\Tag::where('name', 'personal')->first();

$post->tags()->attach($tag->id);
// or
$post->tags()->attach($tag);

There is also a detach method: $post->tags()->detach($tag)

Lesson 31

The method getRouteKeyName will perform where condition while binding entity on route name. It is used when the entity is injected into method. It matches the rout key to column name returned from the function

public function getRouteKeyName()
{
    return 'name';
}

Useful technique is to pluck some fields for the needs of composed view:

public function boot()
{
    view()->composer('layouts.sidebar', function ($view) {
        $view->with('tags', \App\Tag::pluck('name'));
    });
}

To fetch all the tags with some non empty collection use \App\Tag::has('posts'), eg:

\App\Tag::has('posts')->pluck('name')

Lesson 32

php artisan make:event SomeEvent creates new event class to be sent to the listeners
php artisan make:listener SendNotification --event="SomeEvent" creates new listener
All the listenings have to be registered in EventServiceProvider i $listen method
When we don't want to manually create all the events, listeners and register them. We can only add something in $listen method and run php artisan event:generate
To publish new event use event function: event(new \App\Events\ThreadCreated(['name' => 'Some new thread']))

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