ast_test.go

package sql_test

import (
	"reflect"
	"strings"
	"testing"

	"github.com/go-test/deep"
	"github.com/rqlite/sql"
)

func TestExprString(t *testing.T) {
	if got, want := sql.ExprString(&sql.NullLit{}), "NULL"; got != want {
		t.Fatalf("ExprString()=%q, want %q", got, want)
	} else if got, want := sql.ExprString(nil), ""; got != want {
		t.Fatalf("ExprString()=%q, want %q", got, want)
	}
}

func TestSplitExprTree(t *testing.T) {
	t.Run("AND-only", func(t *testing.T) {
		AssertSplitExprTree(t, `x = 1 AND y = 2 AND z = 3`, []sql.Expr{
			&sql.BinaryExpr{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}, Op: sql.EQ, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}},
			&sql.BinaryExpr{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}, Op: sql.EQ, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}},
			&sql.BinaryExpr{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "z"}, Op: sql.EQ, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "3"}},
		})
	})

	t.Run("OR", func(t *testing.T) {
		AssertSplitExprTree(t, `x = 1 AND (y = 2 OR y = 3) AND z = 4`, []sql.Expr{
			&sql.BinaryExpr{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}, Op: sql.EQ, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}},
			&sql.BinaryExpr{
				X:  &sql.BinaryExpr{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}, Op: sql.EQ, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}},
				Op: sql.OR,
				Y:  &sql.BinaryExpr{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}, Op: sql.EQ, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "3"}},
			},
			&sql.BinaryExpr{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "z"}, Op: sql.EQ, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "4"}},
		})
	})

	t.Run("ParenExpr", func(t *testing.T) {
		AssertSplitExprTree(t, `x = 1 AND (y = 2 AND z = 3)`, []sql.Expr{
			&sql.BinaryExpr{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}, Op: sql.EQ, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}},
			&sql.BinaryExpr{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}, Op: sql.EQ, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}},
			&sql.BinaryExpr{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "z"}, Op: sql.EQ, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "3"}},
		})
	})
}

func AssertSplitExprTree(tb testing.TB, s string, want []sql.Expr) {
	tb.Helper()
	if diff := deep.Equal(sql.SplitExprTree(StripExprPos(sql.MustParseExprString(s))), want); diff != nil {
		tb.Fatal("mismatch: \n" + strings.Join(diff, "\n"))
	}
}

func TestAlterTableStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.AlterTableStatement{
		Name:    &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		NewName: &sql.Ident{Name: "bar"},
	}, `ALTER TABLE "foo" RENAME TO "bar"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.AlterTableStatement{
		Name:          &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		ColumnName:    &sql.Ident{Name: "col1"},
		NewColumnName: &sql.Ident{Name: "col2"},
	}, `ALTER TABLE "foo" RENAME COLUMN "col1" TO "col2"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.AlterTableStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		ColumnDef: &sql.ColumnDefinition{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "bar"},
			Type: &sql.Type{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "INTEGER"}},
		},
	}, `ALTER TABLE "foo" ADD COLUMN "bar" INTEGER`)
}

func TestAnalyzeStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.AnalyzeStatement{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"}}, `ANALYZE "foo"`)
}

func TestBeginStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.BeginStatement{}, `BEGIN`)
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.BeginStatement{Deferred: pos(0)}, `BEGIN DEFERRED`)
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.BeginStatement{Immediate: pos(0)}, `BEGIN IMMEDIATE`)
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.BeginStatement{Exclusive: pos(0)}, `BEGIN EXCLUSIVE`)
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.BeginStatement{Immediate: pos(0), Transaction: pos(0)}, `BEGIN IMMEDIATE TRANSACTION`)
}

func TestCommitStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CommitStatement{}, `COMMIT`)
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CommitStatement{End: pos(0)}, `END`)
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CommitStatement{End: pos(0), Transaction: pos(0)}, `END TRANSACTION`)
}

func TestCreateIndexStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateIndexStatement{
		Name:    &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Table:   &sql.Ident{Name: "bar"},
		Columns: []*sql.IndexedColumn{{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "baz"}}},
	}, `CREATE INDEX "foo" ON "bar" ("baz")`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateIndexStatement{
		Unique:      pos(0),
		IfNotExists: pos(0),
		Name:        &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Table:       &sql.Ident{Name: "bar"},
		Columns: []*sql.IndexedColumn{
			{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "baz"}},
			{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "bat"}},
		},
		WhereExpr: &sql.BoolLit{Value: true},
	}, `CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS "foo" ON "bar" ("baz", "bat") WHERE TRUE`)
}

func TestCreateTableStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateTableStatement{
		Name:        &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		IfNotExists: pos(0),
		Columns: []*sql.ColumnDefinition{
			{
				Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "bar"},
				Type: &sql.Type{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "INTEGER"}},
			},
			{
				Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "baz"},
				Type: &sql.Type{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "TEXT"}},
			},
		},
	}, `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "foo" ("bar" INTEGER, "baz" TEXT)`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateTableStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Columns: []*sql.ColumnDefinition{{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "bar"},
			Type: &sql.Type{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "INTEGER"}},
			Constraints: []sql.Constraint{
				&sql.PrimaryKeyConstraint{Autoincrement: pos(0)},
				&sql.NotNullConstraint{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "nn"}},
				&sql.DefaultConstraint{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "def"}, Expr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "123"}},
				&sql.DefaultConstraint{Expr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "456"}, Lparen: pos(0)},
				&sql.UniqueConstraint{},
			},
		}},
	}, `CREATE TABLE "foo" ("bar" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT CONSTRAINT "nn" NOT NULL CONSTRAINT "def" DEFAULT 123 DEFAULT (456) UNIQUE)`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateTableStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Columns: []*sql.ColumnDefinition{{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "bar"},
			Type: &sql.Type{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "INTEGER"}},
			Constraints: []sql.Constraint{
				&sql.ForeignKeyConstraint{
					ForeignTable:   &sql.Ident{Name: "x"},
					ForeignColumns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "y"}},
					Args: []*sql.ForeignKeyArg{
						{OnDelete: pos(0), SetNull: pos(0)},
						{OnUpdate: pos(0), SetDefault: pos(0)},
						{OnUpdate: pos(0), Cascade: pos(0)},
						{OnUpdate: pos(0), Restrict: pos(0)},
						{OnUpdate: pos(0), NoAction: pos(0)},
					},
				},
			},
		}},
	}, `CREATE TABLE "foo" ("bar" INTEGER REFERENCES "x" ("y") ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE CASCADE ON UPDATE RESTRICT ON UPDATE NO ACTION)`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateTableStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Columns: []*sql.ColumnDefinition{{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "bar"},
			Type: &sql.Type{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "INTEGER"}},
			Constraints: []sql.Constraint{
				&sql.ForeignKeyConstraint{
					ForeignTable:      &sql.Ident{Name: "x"},
					ForeignColumns:    []*sql.Ident{{Name: "y"}},
					Deferrable:        pos(0),
					InitiallyDeferred: pos(0),
				},
			},
		}},
	}, `CREATE TABLE "foo" ("bar" INTEGER REFERENCES "x" ("y") DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED)`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateTableStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Columns: []*sql.ColumnDefinition{{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "bar"},
			Type: &sql.Type{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "INTEGER"}},
			Constraints: []sql.Constraint{
				&sql.ForeignKeyConstraint{
					ForeignTable:       &sql.Ident{Name: "x"},
					ForeignColumns:     []*sql.Ident{{Name: "y"}},
					NotDeferrable:      pos(0),
					InitiallyImmediate: pos(0),
				},
			},
		}},
	}, `CREATE TABLE "foo" ("bar" INTEGER REFERENCES "x" ("y") NOT DEFERRABLE INITIALLY IMMEDIATE)`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateTableStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Columns: []*sql.ColumnDefinition{{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "bar"},
			Type: &sql.Type{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "DECIMAL"}, Precision: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}},
		}},
		Constraints: []sql.Constraint{
			&sql.PrimaryKeyConstraint{
				Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "pk"},
				Columns: []*sql.Ident{
					{Name: "x"},
					{Name: "y"},
				},
			},
			&sql.UniqueConstraint{
				Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "uniq"},
				Columns: []*sql.Ident{
					{Name: "x"},
					{Name: "y"},
				},
			},
			&sql.CheckConstraint{
				Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "chk"},
				Expr: &sql.BoolLit{Value: true},
			},
		},
	}, `CREATE TABLE "foo" ("bar" DECIMAL(100), CONSTRAINT "pk" PRIMARY KEY ("x", "y"), CONSTRAINT "uniq" UNIQUE ("x", "y"), CONSTRAINT "chk" CHECK (TRUE))`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateTableStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Columns: []*sql.ColumnDefinition{{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "bar"},
			Type: &sql.Type{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "DECIMAL"}, Precision: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}, Scale: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "200"}},
		}},
		Constraints: []sql.Constraint{
			&sql.ForeignKeyConstraint{
				Name:           &sql.Ident{Name: "fk"},
				Columns:        []*sql.Ident{{Name: "a"}, {Name: "b"}},
				ForeignTable:   &sql.Ident{Name: "x"},
				ForeignColumns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "y"}, {Name: "z"}},
			},
		},
	}, `CREATE TABLE "foo" ("bar" DECIMAL(100,200), CONSTRAINT "fk" FOREIGN KEY ("a", "b") REFERENCES "x" ("y", "z"))`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateTableStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Select: &sql.SelectStatement{
			Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		},
	}, `CREATE TABLE "foo" AS SELECT *`)
}

func TestCreateTriggerStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateTriggerStatement{
		Name:   &sql.Ident{Name: "trig"},
		Insert: pos(0),
		Table:  &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		Body: []sql.Statement{
			&sql.DeleteStatement{Table: &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl2"}}},
		},
	}, `CREATE TRIGGER "trig" INSERT ON "tbl" BEGIN DELETE FROM "tbl2"; END`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateTriggerStatement{
		Name:       &sql.Ident{Name: "trig"},
		Before:     pos(0),
		Delete:     pos(0),
		ForEachRow: pos(0),
		Table:      &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		Body: []sql.Statement{
			&sql.DeleteStatement{Table: &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}}},
		},
	}, `CREATE TRIGGER "trig" BEFORE DELETE ON "tbl" FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DELETE FROM "x"; END`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateTriggerStatement{
		IfNotExists: pos(0),
		Name:        &sql.Ident{Name: "trig"},
		After:       pos(0),
		Update:      pos(0),
		Table:       &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		WhenExpr:    &sql.BoolLit{Value: true},
		Body: []sql.Statement{
			&sql.DeleteStatement{Table: &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}}},
		},
	}, `CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS "trig" AFTER UPDATE ON "tbl" WHEN TRUE BEGIN DELETE FROM "x"; END`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateTriggerStatement{
		Name:            &sql.Ident{Name: "trig"},
		InsteadOf:       pos(0),
		Update:          pos(0),
		UpdateOf:        pos(0),
		UpdateOfColumns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "x"}, {Name: "y"}},
		Table:           &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		Body: []sql.Statement{
			&sql.DeleteStatement{Table: &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}}},
		},
	}, `CREATE TRIGGER "trig" INSTEAD OF UPDATE OF "x", "y" ON "tbl" BEGIN DELETE FROM "x"; END`)
}

func TestCreateViewStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateViewStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "vw"},
		Columns: []*sql.Ident{
			{Name: "x"},
			{Name: "y"},
		},
		Select: &sql.SelectStatement{
			Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		},
	}, `CREATE VIEW "vw" ("x", "y") AS SELECT *`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.CreateViewStatement{
		IfNotExists: pos(0),
		Name:        &sql.Ident{Name: "vw"},
		Select: &sql.SelectStatement{
			Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		},
	}, `CREATE VIEW IF NOT EXISTS "vw" AS SELECT *`)
}

func TestDeleteStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DeleteStatement{
		Table: &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}, Alias: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl2"}},
	}, `DELETE FROM "tbl" AS "tbl2"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DeleteStatement{
		Table: &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}, Index: &sql.Ident{Name: "idx"}},
	}, `DELETE FROM "tbl" INDEXED BY "idx"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DeleteStatement{
		Table: &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}, NotIndexed: pos(0)},
	}, `DELETE FROM "tbl" NOT INDEXED`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DeleteStatement{
		Table:     &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}},
		WhereExpr: &sql.BoolLit{Value: true},
		OrderingTerms: []*sql.OrderingTerm{
			{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}},
			{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}},
		},
		LimitExpr:  &sql.NumberLit{Value: "10"},
		OffsetExpr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "5"},
	}, `DELETE FROM "tbl" WHERE TRUE ORDER BY "x", "y" LIMIT 10 OFFSET 5`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DeleteStatement{
		WithClause: &sql.WithClause{
			Recursive: pos(0),
			CTEs: []*sql.CTE{{
				TableName: &sql.Ident{Name: "cte"},
				Select: &sql.SelectStatement{
					Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
				},
			}},
		},
		Table: &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}},
	}, `WITH RECURSIVE "cte" AS (SELECT *) DELETE FROM "tbl"`)
}

func TestDropIndexStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DropIndexStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "idx"},
	}, `DROP INDEX "idx"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DropIndexStatement{
		IfExists: pos(0),
		Name:     &sql.Ident{Name: "idx"},
	}, `DROP INDEX IF EXISTS "idx"`)
}

func TestDropTableStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DropTableStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
	}, `DROP TABLE "tbl"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DropTableStatement{
		IfExists: pos(0),
		Name:     &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
	}, `DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "tbl"`)
}

func TestDropTriggerStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DropTriggerStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "trig"},
	}, `DROP TRIGGER "trig"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DropTriggerStatement{
		IfExists: pos(0),
		Name:     &sql.Ident{Name: "trig"},
	}, `DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS "trig"`)
}

func TestDropViewStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DropViewStatement{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "vw"},
	}, `DROP VIEW "vw"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.DropViewStatement{
		IfExists: pos(0),
		Name:     &sql.Ident{Name: "vw"},
	}, `DROP VIEW IF EXISTS "vw"`)
}

func TestExplainStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.ExplainStatement{
		Stmt: &sql.DropViewStatement{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "vw"},
		},
	}, `EXPLAIN DROP VIEW "vw"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.ExplainStatement{
		QueryPlan: pos(0),
		Stmt: &sql.DropViewStatement{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "vw"},
		},
	}, `EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN DROP VIEW "vw"`)
}

func TestInsertStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		Table:         &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		DefaultValues: pos(0),
	}, `INSERT INTO "tbl" DEFAULT VALUES`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		Table:         &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		Alias:         &sql.Ident{Name: "x"},
		DefaultValues: pos(0),
	}, `INSERT INTO "tbl" AS "x" DEFAULT VALUES`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		InsertOrReplace: pos(0),
		Table:           &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		DefaultValues:   pos(0),
	}, `INSERT OR REPLACE INTO "tbl" DEFAULT VALUES`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		InsertOrRollback: pos(0),
		Table:            &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		DefaultValues:    pos(0),
	}, `INSERT OR ROLLBACK INTO "tbl" DEFAULT VALUES`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		InsertOrAbort: pos(0),
		Table:         &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		DefaultValues: pos(0),
	}, `INSERT OR ABORT INTO "tbl" DEFAULT VALUES`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		InsertOrFail:  pos(0),
		Table:         &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		DefaultValues: pos(0),
	}, `INSERT OR FAIL INTO "tbl" DEFAULT VALUES`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		InsertOrIgnore: pos(0),
		Table:          &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		DefaultValues:  pos(0),
	}, `INSERT OR IGNORE INTO "tbl" DEFAULT VALUES`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		Replace:       pos(0),
		Table:         &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		DefaultValues: pos(0),
	}, `REPLACE INTO "tbl" DEFAULT VALUES`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		Table: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		Select: &sql.SelectStatement{
			Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		},
	}, `INSERT INTO "tbl" SELECT *`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		Table: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		Columns: []*sql.Ident{
			{Name: "x"},
			{Name: "y"},
		},
		ValueLists: []*sql.ExprList{
			{Exprs: []sql.Expr{&sql.NullLit{}, &sql.NullLit{}}},
			{Exprs: []sql.Expr{&sql.NullLit{}, &sql.NullLit{}}},
		},
	}, `INSERT INTO "tbl" ("x", "y") VALUES (NULL, NULL), (NULL, NULL)`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		Table: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		Columns: []*sql.Ident{
			{Name: "x"},
			{Name: "y"},
		},
		ValueLists: []*sql.ExprList{
			{Exprs: []sql.Expr{&sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}},
		},
		ReturningClause: &sql.ReturningClause{
			Returning: pos(31),
			Columns:   []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(41)}},
		},
	}, `INSERT INTO "tbl" ("x", "y") VALUES (1, 2) RETURNING *`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		WithClause: &sql.WithClause{
			CTEs: []*sql.CTE{
				{
					TableName: &sql.Ident{Name: "cte"},
					Select: &sql.SelectStatement{
						Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
					},
				},
				{
					TableName: &sql.Ident{Name: "cte2"},
					Select: &sql.SelectStatement{
						Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
					},
				},
			},
		},
		Table:         &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		DefaultValues: pos(0),
	}, `WITH "cte" AS (SELECT *), "cte2" AS (SELECT *) INSERT INTO "tbl" DEFAULT VALUES`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		Table:         &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		DefaultValues: pos(0),
		UpsertClause: &sql.UpsertClause{
			DoNothing: pos(0),
		},
	}, `INSERT INTO "tbl" DEFAULT VALUES ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.InsertStatement{
		Table:         &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		DefaultValues: pos(0),
		UpsertClause: &sql.UpsertClause{
			Columns: []*sql.IndexedColumn{
				{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}, Asc: pos(0)},
				{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}, Desc: pos(0)},
			},
			WhereExpr: &sql.BoolLit{Value: true},
			Assignments: []*sql.Assignment{
				{Columns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "x"}}, Expr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}},
				{Columns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "y"}, {Name: "z"}}, Expr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "200"}},
			},
			UpdateWhereExpr: &sql.BoolLit{Value: false},
		},
	}, `INSERT INTO "tbl" DEFAULT VALUES ON CONFLICT ("x" ASC, "y" DESC) WHERE TRUE DO UPDATE SET "x" = 100, ("y", "z") = 200 WHERE FALSE`)
}

func TestReleaseStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.ReleaseStatement{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}}, `RELEASE "x"`)
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.ReleaseStatement{Savepoint: pos(0), Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}}, `RELEASE SAVEPOINT "x"`)
}

func TestRollbackStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.RollbackStatement{}, `ROLLBACK`)
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.RollbackStatement{Transaction: pos(0)}, `ROLLBACK TRANSACTION`)
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.RollbackStatement{SavepointName: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}}, `ROLLBACK TO "x"`)
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.RollbackStatement{Savepoint: pos(0), SavepointName: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}}, `ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT "x"`)
}

func TestSavepointStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SavepointStatement{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}}, `SAVEPOINT "x"`)
}

func TestSelectStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{
			{Expr: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}, Alias: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}},
			{Expr: &sql.Ident{Name: "z"}},
		},
	}, `SELECT "x" AS "y", "z"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Distinct: pos(0),
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{
			{Expr: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}},
		},
	}, `SELECT DISTINCT "x"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		All: pos(0),
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{
			{Expr: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}},
		},
	}, `SELECT ALL "x"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns:      []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Source:       &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}},
		WhereExpr:    &sql.BoolLit{Value: true},
		GroupByExprs: []sql.Expr{&sql.Ident{Name: "x"}, &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}},
		HavingExpr:   &sql.Ident{Name: "z"},
	}, `SELECT * FROM "tbl" WHERE TRUE GROUP BY "x", "y" HAVING "z"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Source: &sql.ParenSource{
			X:     &sql.SelectStatement{Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}}},
			Alias: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"},
		},
	}, `SELECT * FROM (SELECT *) AS "tbl"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Source: &sql.ParenSource{
			X: &sql.SelectStatement{Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}}},
		},
	}, `SELECT * FROM (SELECT *)`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Source:  &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}},
		Windows: []*sql.Window{
			{
				Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "win1"},
				Definition: &sql.WindowDefinition{
					Base:       &sql.Ident{Name: "base"},
					Partitions: []sql.Expr{&sql.Ident{Name: "x"}, &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}},
					OrderingTerms: []*sql.OrderingTerm{
						{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}, Asc: pos(0), NullsFirst: pos(0)},
						{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}, Desc: pos(0), NullsLast: pos(0)},
					},
					Frame: &sql.FrameSpec{
						Range:      pos(0),
						UnboundedX: pos(0),
						PrecedingX: pos(0),
					},
				},
			},
			{
				Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "win2"},
				Definition: &sql.WindowDefinition{
					Base: &sql.Ident{Name: "base2"},
				},
			},
		},
	}, `SELECT * FROM "tbl" WINDOW "win1" AS ("base" PARTITION BY "x", "y" ORDER BY "x" ASC NULLS FIRST, "y" DESC NULLS LAST RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING), "win2" AS ("base2")`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		WithClause: &sql.WithClause{
			CTEs: []*sql.CTE{{
				TableName: &sql.Ident{Name: "cte"},
				Columns: []*sql.Ident{
					{Name: "x"},
					{Name: "y"},
				},
				Select: &sql.SelectStatement{
					Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
				},
			}},
		},
		ValueLists: []*sql.ExprList{
			{Exprs: []sql.Expr{&sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}},
			{Exprs: []sql.Expr{&sql.NumberLit{Value: "3"}, &sql.NumberLit{Value: "4"}}},
		},
	}, `WITH "cte" ("x", "y") AS (SELECT *) VALUES (1, 2), (3, 4)`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Union:   pos(0),
		Compound: &sql.SelectStatement{
			Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		},
	}, `SELECT * UNION SELECT *`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns:  []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Union:    pos(0),
		UnionAll: pos(0),
		Compound: &sql.SelectStatement{
			Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		},
	}, `SELECT * UNION ALL SELECT *`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns:   []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Intersect: pos(0),
		Compound: &sql.SelectStatement{
			Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		},
	}, `SELECT * INTERSECT SELECT *`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Except:  pos(0),
		Compound: &sql.SelectStatement{
			Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		},
	}, `SELECT * EXCEPT SELECT *`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		OrderingTerms: []*sql.OrderingTerm{
			{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}},
			{X: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}},
		},
	}, `SELECT * ORDER BY "x", "y"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns:    []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		LimitExpr:  &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"},
		OffsetExpr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"},
	}, `SELECT * LIMIT 1 OFFSET 2`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Source: &sql.JoinClause{
			X:        &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}},
			Operator: &sql.JoinOperator{Comma: pos(0)},
			Y:        &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}},
		},
	}, `SELECT * FROM "x", "y"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Source: &sql.JoinClause{
			X:          &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}},
			Operator:   &sql.JoinOperator{},
			Y:          &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}},
			Constraint: &sql.OnConstraint{X: &sql.BoolLit{Value: true}},
		},
	}, `SELECT * FROM "x" JOIN "y" ON TRUE`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Source: &sql.JoinClause{
			X:        &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}},
			Operator: &sql.JoinOperator{Natural: pos(0), Inner: pos(0)},
			Y:        &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}},
			Constraint: &sql.UsingConstraint{
				Columns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "a"}, {Name: "b"}},
			},
		},
	}, `SELECT * FROM "x" NATURAL INNER JOIN "y" USING ("a", "b")`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Source: &sql.JoinClause{
			X:        &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}},
			Operator: &sql.JoinOperator{Left: pos(0)},
			Y:        &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}},
		},
	}, `SELECT * FROM "x" LEFT JOIN "y"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Source: &sql.JoinClause{
			X:        &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}},
			Operator: &sql.JoinOperator{Left: pos(0), Outer: pos(0)},
			Y:        &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}},
		},
	}, `SELECT * FROM "x" LEFT OUTER JOIN "y"`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.SelectStatement{
		Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
		Source: &sql.JoinClause{
			X:        &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "x"}},
			Operator: &sql.JoinOperator{Cross: pos(0)},
			Y:        &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "y"}},
		},
	}, `SELECT * FROM "x" CROSS JOIN "y"`)
}

func TestUpdateStatement_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.UpdateStatement{
		Table: &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}},
		Assignments: []*sql.Assignment{
			{Columns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "x"}}, Expr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}},
			{Columns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "y"}}, Expr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "200"}},
		},
		WhereExpr: &sql.BoolLit{Value: true},
	}, `UPDATE "tbl" SET "x" = 100, "y" = 200 WHERE TRUE`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.UpdateStatement{
		UpdateOrRollback: pos(0),
		Table:            &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}},
		Assignments: []*sql.Assignment{
			{Columns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "x"}}, Expr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}},
		},
	}, `UPDATE OR ROLLBACK "tbl" SET "x" = 100`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.UpdateStatement{
		UpdateOrAbort: pos(0),
		Table:         &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}},
		Assignments: []*sql.Assignment{
			{Columns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "x"}}, Expr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}},
		},
	}, `UPDATE OR ABORT "tbl" SET "x" = 100`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.UpdateStatement{
		UpdateOrReplace: pos(0),
		Table:           &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}},
		Assignments: []*sql.Assignment{
			{Columns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "x"}}, Expr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}},
		},
	}, `UPDATE OR REPLACE "tbl" SET "x" = 100`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.UpdateStatement{
		UpdateOrFail: pos(0),
		Table:        &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}},
		Assignments: []*sql.Assignment{
			{Columns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "x"}}, Expr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}},
		},
	}, `UPDATE OR FAIL "tbl" SET "x" = 100`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.UpdateStatement{
		UpdateOrIgnore: pos(0),
		Table:          &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}},
		Assignments: []*sql.Assignment{
			{Columns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "x"}}, Expr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}},
		},
	}, `UPDATE OR IGNORE "tbl" SET "x" = 100`)

	AssertStatementStringer(t, &sql.UpdateStatement{
		WithClause: &sql.WithClause{
			CTEs: []*sql.CTE{{
				TableName: &sql.Ident{Name: "cte"},
				Select: &sql.SelectStatement{
					Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{{Star: pos(0)}},
				},
			}},
		},
		Table: &sql.QualifiedTableName{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}},
		Assignments: []*sql.Assignment{
			{Columns: []*sql.Ident{{Name: "x"}}, Expr: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}},
		},
	}, `WITH "cte" AS (SELECT *) UPDATE "tbl" SET "x" = 100`)
}

func TestIdent_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"}, `"foo"`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Ident{Name: "foo \" bar"}, `"foo "" bar"`)
}

func TestStringLit_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.StringLit{Value: "foo"}, `'foo'`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.StringLit{Value: "foo ' bar"}, `'foo '' bar'`)
}

func TestNumberLit_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.NumberLit{Value: "123.45"}, `123.45`)
}

func TestBlobLit_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BlobLit{Value: "0123abcd"}, `x'0123abcd'`)
}

func TestBoolLit_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BoolLit{Value: true}, `TRUE`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BoolLit{Value: false}, `FALSE`)
}

func TestNullLit_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.NullLit{}, `NULL`)
}

func TestBindExpr_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BindExpr{Name: "foo"}, `foo`)
}

func TestParenExpr_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.ParenExpr{X: &sql.NullLit{}}, `(NULL)`)
}

func TestUnaryExpr_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.UnaryExpr{Op: sql.PLUS, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}}, `+100`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.UnaryExpr{Op: sql.MINUS, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}}, `-100`)
	AssertNodeStringerPanic(t, &sql.UnaryExpr{X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "100"}}, `sql.UnaryExpr.String(): invalid op ILLEGAL`)
}

func TestBinaryExpr_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.PLUS, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 + 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.MINUS, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 - 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.STAR, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 * 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.SLASH, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 / 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.REM, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 % 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.CONCAT, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 || 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.BETWEEN, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.Range{X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "3"}}}, `1 BETWEEN 2 AND 3`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.NOTBETWEEN, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.AND, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "3"}}}, `1 NOT BETWEEN 2 AND 3`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.LSHIFT, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 << 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.RSHIFT, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 >> 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.BITAND, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 & 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.BITOR, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 | 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.LT, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 < 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.LE, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 <= 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.GT, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 > 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.GE, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 >= 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.EQ, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 = 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.NE, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 != 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.IS, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 IS 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.ISNOT, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 IS NOT 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.IN, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.ExprList{Exprs: []sql.Expr{&sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}}}, `1 IN (2)`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.NOTIN, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.ExprList{Exprs: []sql.Expr{&sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}}}, `1 NOT IN (2)`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.LIKE, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 LIKE 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.NOTLIKE, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 NOT LIKE 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.GLOB, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 GLOB 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.NOTGLOB, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 NOT GLOB 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.MATCH, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 MATCH 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.NOTMATCH, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 NOT MATCH 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.REGEXP, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 REGEXP 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.NOTREGEXP, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 NOT REGEXP 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.AND, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 AND 2`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{Op: sql.OR, X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Y: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}}, `1 OR 2`)
	AssertNodeStringerPanic(t, &sql.BinaryExpr{}, `sql.BinaryExpr.String(): invalid op ILLEGAL`)
}

func TestCastExpr_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.CastExpr{X: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Type: &sql.Type{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "INTEGER"}}}, `CAST(1 AS INTEGER)`)
}

func TestCaseExpr_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.CaseExpr{
		Operand: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Blocks: []*sql.CaseBlock{
			{Condition: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Body: &sql.BoolLit{Value: true}},
			{Condition: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "2"}, Body: &sql.BoolLit{Value: false}},
		},
		ElseExpr: &sql.NullLit{},
	}, `CASE "foo" WHEN 1 THEN TRUE WHEN 2 THEN FALSE ELSE NULL END`)

	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.CaseExpr{
		Blocks: []*sql.CaseBlock{
			{Condition: &sql.NumberLit{Value: "1"}, Body: &sql.BoolLit{Value: true}},
		},
	}, `CASE WHEN 1 THEN TRUE END`)
}

func TestExprList_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.ExprList{Exprs: []sql.Expr{&sql.NullLit{}}}, `(NULL)`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.ExprList{Exprs: []sql.Expr{&sql.NullLit{}, &sql.NullLit{}}}, `(NULL, NULL)`)
}

func TestQualifiedRef_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.QualifiedRef{Table: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}, Column: &sql.Ident{Name: "col"}}, `"tbl"."col"`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.QualifiedRef{Table: &sql.Ident{Name: "tbl"}, Star: pos(0)}, `"tbl".*`)
}

func TestCall_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"}}, `foo()`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"}, Star: pos(0)}, `foo(*)`)

	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{
		Name:     &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Distinct: pos(0),
		Args: []sql.Expr{
			&sql.NullLit{},
			&sql.NullLit{},
		},
	}, `foo(DISTINCT NULL, NULL)`)

	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Filter: &sql.FilterClause{
			X: &sql.BoolLit{Value: true},
		},
	}, `foo() FILTER (WHERE TRUE)`)

	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{
		Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
		Over: &sql.OverClause{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "win"},
		},
	}, `foo() OVER "win"`)

	t.Run("FrameSpec", func(t *testing.T) {
		AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
			Over: &sql.OverClause{
				Definition: &sql.WindowDefinition{
					Frame: &sql.FrameSpec{
						Rows:            pos(0),
						X:               &sql.NullLit{},
						PrecedingX:      pos(0),
						ExcludeNoOthers: pos(0),
					},
				},
			},
		}, `foo() OVER (ROWS NULL PRECEDING EXCLUDE NO OTHERS)`)

		AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
			Over: &sql.OverClause{
				Definition: &sql.WindowDefinition{
					Frame: &sql.FrameSpec{
						Groups:            pos(0),
						CurrentRowX:       pos(0),
						ExcludeCurrentRow: pos(0),
					},
				},
			},
		}, `foo() OVER (GROUPS CURRENT ROW EXCLUDE CURRENT ROW)`)

		AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
			Over: &sql.OverClause{
				Definition: &sql.WindowDefinition{
					Frame: &sql.FrameSpec{
						Rows:        pos(0),
						UnboundedX:  pos(0),
						PrecedingX:  pos(0),
						Between:     pos(0),
						CurrentRowY: pos(0),
					},
				},
			},
		}, `foo() OVER (ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)`)

		AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
			Over: &sql.OverClause{
				Definition: &sql.WindowDefinition{
					Frame: &sql.FrameSpec{
						Rows:        pos(0),
						X:           &sql.NullLit{},
						PrecedingX:  pos(0),
						Between:     pos(0),
						CurrentRowY: pos(0),
					},
				},
			},
		}, `foo() OVER (ROWS BETWEEN NULL PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)`)

		AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
			Over: &sql.OverClause{
				Definition: &sql.WindowDefinition{
					Frame: &sql.FrameSpec{
						Range:        pos(0),
						X:            &sql.NullLit{},
						FollowingX:   pos(0),
						Between:      pos(0),
						Y:            &sql.BoolLit{Value: true},
						PrecedingY:   pos(0),
						ExcludeGroup: pos(0),
					},
				},
			},
		}, `foo() OVER (RANGE BETWEEN NULL FOLLOWING AND TRUE PRECEDING EXCLUDE GROUP)`)

		AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
			Over: &sql.OverClause{
				Definition: &sql.WindowDefinition{
					Frame: &sql.FrameSpec{
						Range:       pos(0),
						CurrentRowX: pos(0),
						Between:     pos(0),
						Y:           &sql.BoolLit{Value: true},
						FollowingY:  pos(0),
						ExcludeTies: pos(0),
					},
				},
			},
		}, `foo() OVER (RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND TRUE FOLLOWING EXCLUDE TIES)`)

		AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
			Over: &sql.OverClause{
				Definition: &sql.WindowDefinition{
					Frame: &sql.FrameSpec{
						Range:       pos(0),
						CurrentRowX: pos(0),
						Between:     pos(0),
						CurrentRowY: pos(0),
					},
				},
			},
		}, `foo() OVER (RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW)`)

		AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{
			Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"},
			Over: &sql.OverClause{
				Definition: &sql.WindowDefinition{
					Frame: &sql.FrameSpec{
						Range:       pos(0),
						CurrentRowX: pos(0),
						Between:     pos(0),
						UnboundedY:  pos(0),
						FollowingY:  pos(0),
					},
				},
			},
		}, `foo() OVER (RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING)`)
	})
}

func TestCallEval_String(t *testing.T) {
	fn := func() uint64 {
		return 1234
	}
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "random"}, Eval: true, RandFn: fn}, `1234`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "RaNDOM"}, Eval: true, RandFn: fn}, `1234`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Call{Name: &sql.Ident{Name: "foo"}, Eval: true, RandFn: fn}, `foo()`)
}

func TestRaise_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Raise{Rollback: pos(0), Error: &sql.StringLit{Value: "err"}}, `RAISE(ROLLBACK, 'err')`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Raise{Abort: pos(0), Error: &sql.StringLit{Value: "err"}}, `RAISE(ABORT, 'err')`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Raise{Fail: pos(0), Error: &sql.StringLit{Value: "err"}}, `RAISE(FAIL, 'err')`)
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Raise{Ignore: pos(0)}, `RAISE(IGNORE)`)
}

func TestExists_String(t *testing.T) {
	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Exists{
		Select: &sql.SelectStatement{
			Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{
				{Star: pos(0)},
			},
		},
	}, `EXISTS (SELECT *)`)

	AssertExprStringer(t, &sql.Exists{
		Not:    pos(0),
		Exists: pos(0),
		Select: &sql.SelectStatement{
			Columns: []*sql.ResultColumn{
				{Star: pos(0)},
			},
		},
	}, `NOT EXISTS (SELECT *)`)
}

func AssertExprStringer(tb testing.TB, expr sql.Expr, s string) {
	tb.Helper()
	if str := expr.String(); str != s {
		tb.Fatalf("String()=%s, expected %s", str, s)
	} else if _, err := sql.NewParser(strings.NewReader(str)).ParseExpr(); err != nil {
		tb.Fatalf("cannot parse string: %s; err=%s", str, err)
	}
}

func AssertStatementStringer(tb testing.TB, stmt sql.Statement, s string) {
	tb.Helper()
	if str := stmt.String(); str != s {
		tb.Fatalf("String()=%s, expected %s", str, s)
	} else if _, err := sql.NewParser(strings.NewReader(str)).ParseStatement(); err != nil {
		tb.Fatalf("cannot parse string: %s; err=%s", str, err)
	}
}

func AssertNodeStringerPanic(tb testing.TB, node sql.Node, msg string) {
	tb.Helper()
	var r interface{}
	func() {
		defer func() { r = recover() }()
		_ = node.String()
	}()
	if r == nil {
		tb.Fatal("expected node stringer to panic")
	} else if r != msg {
		tb.Fatalf("recover()=%s, want %s", r, msg)
	}
}

// StripPos removes the position data from a node and its children.
// This function returns the root argument passed in.
func StripPos(root sql.Node) sql.Node {
	zero := reflect.ValueOf(sql.Pos{})

	_ = sql.Walk(sql.VisitFunc(func(node sql.Node) error {
		value := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(node))
		for i := 0; i < value.NumField(); i++ {
			if field := value.Field(i); field.Type() == zero.Type() {
				field.Set(zero)
			}
		}
		return nil
	}), root)
	return root
}

func StripExprPos(root sql.Expr) sql.Expr {
	StripPos(root)
	return root
}