[Tech Debt] Bump protoc to v27 or v28

[MichelleArk]

Housekeeping

• I am a maintainer of dbt-core

Short description

Currently we generate core_types_pb2.py using 5.26.1:

> protoc --version
libprotoc 26.1

This version is tricky to install via brew install protobuf, which is making it difficult for team members to use a consistent version locally when generating the file

Acceptance criteria

• core_types_pb2.py generated with libprotoc version 27, or 28, which went out last week

Suggested Tests

n/a

Impact to Other Teams

n/a

Will backports be required?

nope

Context

No response

[DevonFulcher]

I was able to install protoc 26.1 pretty easily with asdf:

asdf plugin-add protoc https://github.com/paxosglobal/asdf-protoc.git
asdf install protoc 26.1
asdf local protoc 26.1

I agree, though. It makes senses to upgrade the version so it is easier with homebrew.
cc: @QMalcolm