[CT-104] use pre-commit to manage code checks (enforce styleguide, code formatting, type checks)

[kwigley]

pre-commit is a tool to manage git hooks and run code checks in an isolated, reproducible environment. I suggest we use this tool to manage code formatting, code linting, and static type checking. We can optionally allow developers to allow pre-commit to manage git hooks for the repository.

• Add a pre-commit config
• Update tox.ini to use pre-commit in place of other code checks
  https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit/blob/a1b462c94a94aa15af3d676700c834f79d2b2b7e/tox.ini#L12-L15
• update CI to use new tox envs
• update Makefile to use new tox envs
• update any relevant documentation, provide instructions to install git hooks, and provide instructions how to skip checks (SKIP=mypy)

[github-actions]

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[iknox-fa]

Awaiting clarification in slack:
https://dbt-labs.slack.com/archives/C02UT9M9613/p1643323532290579