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<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Backcountry Navigation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="base.css" type="text/css" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="slideshow.css" type="text/css" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dark-grey.css" type="text/css" media="screen">
</head>
<body class="js-notes-active">
<div class="slides">
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.001.jpg" srcset="images/images.001-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.001-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.001-md.jpg 728w, images/images.001-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 1">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>“Navigation” is the overall process of finding your way to your objective. This may be hiking along
a trail, following signposts at intersections. May involve map and compass, or any other number of
techniques.</p>
<p>“Route finding” is more immediate. It involves reading the terrain, comparing with the map, and
determining the best way to travel safely and efficiently.</p>
<p>“Orientation” is the process of finding your current position on a map. Often, you don’t care about
exact location, but general location relative to specific terrain features is enough. Am I on the
right ridge? Am I too high, too low, etc.</p>
<p>“Orienteering” involves locating a specific arbitrary location on a map, then reaching that
location. This has become a sport on its own, but may be useful in general to reach a water source,
cache, return to your car, etc.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.002.jpg" srcset="images/images.002-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.002-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.002-md.jpg 728w, images/images.002-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 2">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>Everyone needs a map, paper and/or electronic. Everybody has a smartphone, with built-in GPS, so you
should have one or more mapping GPS apps available.</p>
<p>Primary planning tool I use is <a href="http://caltopo.com" target="_blank">caltopo.com</a>. In
addition a wide variety of built-in map layers, it has a full set of drawing tools for plotting
potential routes, estimating elevation profiles, etc.</p>
<p>It tends to underreport travel distance, at least compared to the average distance my participants
report when tracking our actual route. I’ll often add 10-15% to the distance reported by CalTopo,
and still end up a bit short. Actual distance doesn’t matter too much, as long as you can estimate
time needed for the route. This sort of estimate just takes practice.</p>
<p>You can save customized maps, and view public data from other users of the site.</p>
<p>Plotted data can be downloaded in the common .GPX format, or you can print the map to a geotagged
PDF format, which can be imported and used by mapping apps on iPhone or Android devices. In the
field, geotagged PDF is a live map, and your position and track will be shown overlaid on top.</p>
<p>Other sources for GPS tracks include <a href="http://summitpost.org" target="_blank">summitpost.org</a>
and <a href="http://peakbagger.com" target="_blank">peakbagger.com</a>; the latter of which has its
own app that can show maps and previous climber’s tracks directly.</p>
<p>Sites like summitpost, nwhikers, or cascadeclimbers are great resources for route descriptions,
though the quality can vary. </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.003.jpg" srcset="images/images.003-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.003-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.003-md.jpg 728w, images/images.003-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 3">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>Surveyors build topo maps by connecting points of equal elevation. These are projected into a
top-down 2D view to become contour lines.</p>
<p>In general, the steeper terrain shows up as closely-spaced contour lines. Gentler slopes show up as
wider-spaced lines.</p>
<p>Contour lines will not show terrain features smaller than the interval. In this example with lines
10 meters apart, between each pair of lines could be anything from a gentle slope to a 19 meter
cliff.</p>
<p>Contour lines also tell you nothing about the composition of the terrain, just changes in elevation.
The mountaineer needs to be prepared to encounter thick brush, boulder fields, ice, or other
hazards.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.004.jpg" srcset="images/images.004-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.004-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.004-md.jpg 728w, images/images.004-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 4">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>US Geological Survey is the source of most of the terrain data available in the United States.</p>
<p>A full quad covers 1/8 degree of latitude and longitude.</p>
<p>Typical scale is 1:24000, or 1 map inch = 24000 inches. Roughly 2.5 inches on the map to a mile on
the trail.</p>
<p>Bold, labeled contour intervals are 200 feet apart.</p>
<p>Minor contour intervals in between are 40 feet apart.</p>
<p>USGS maps include some terrain labels and features (peaks, creeks, trails, etc.)</p>
<p>Identify ridge vs valley based on direction the V-shaped contours point. If V points towards the
peak, it’s a valley; if V points away, it’s ridge.</p>
<p>If there’s a stream running through the V, it’s confirmation it’s a valley.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.005.jpg" srcset="images/images.005-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.005-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.005-md.jpg 728w, images/images.005-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 5">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>USFS coverage is only within the National Forest boundaries. Some local hikes on state land (Mt Si,
Tiger, etc.) will not be included.</p>
<p>There are periodic updates to the USFS map style. The sample image is from the 2016 release. The
earlier 2013 release doesn’t include the green vegetation areas, so has a stronger focus on the
contour lines. This makes it a great style for printing in black and white.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.006.jpg" srcset="images/images.006-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.006-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.006-md.jpg 728w, images/images.006-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 6">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>MapBuilder is a compilation of USGS terrain and OpenStreetMap user data. Trails and other
information generated through GPS tracks, or direct input through the OpenStreetMap editing tools.</p>
<p>Shadows added to highlight elevation changes, makes it easy to identify mountains, ridges, etc.</p>
<p>Bright red lines for trails shows focus on outdoor recreation.</p>
<p>Labels and other features are generated automatically, so map image quality may not be as good as
USGS or USFS sources. Maps can get cluttered, labels clipped, etc.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.007.jpg" srcset="images/images.007-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.007-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.007-md.jpg 728w, images/images.007-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 7">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>A handrail is a feature that’s easy to identify, easy to follow, and makes it obvious when you’re
on- or off-route. Ridges, streams, roads and trails, etc. Common usage is something like, “We’ll
stay just to the left of this ridge for the next few hundred yards”</p>
<p>An attack point is a prominent land feature that’s expected to remain visible for some section of
the route. Everyone in the group can see it, identify it, and head for it without hesitation. e.g.,
“Head for that big tree on the other side of the boulder field and regroup there”. Typically,
routes are broken up into a series of attack points. Head for one, identify the next, repeat.</p>
<p>A collecting feature is something on or near the route that’s easy to identify when the group draws
near. Trail junctions, view points, stream crossings, etc. “Continue up the trail until you break
out of the trees.”</p>
<p>A decision point is simply a collecting feature that prompts a new action from the group. “Turn left
at the next trail intersection.”, or “Once we reach the lake, we switch from trail to cross-country
travel.”</p>
<p>A catching feature is something that tells you you’ve overshot your goal or are otherwise off route.
“A boot path should be coming up on the left. If we cross another stream, we’ve missed it.”</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.008.jpg" srcset="images/images.008-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.008-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.008-md.jpg 728w, images/images.008-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 8">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>The SE approach to Cashmere Mountain illustrates many of the terrain-based navigation concepts.</p>
<p>After an initial short hike along a trail to an intersection with an abandoned road (decision
point), climb steeply up a loose dirt slope some 1500 feet until it levels and meets a boulder
field.</p>
<p>The boulder field continues for nearly a mile and a half. There’s no one right way to traverse, just
cross using a series of attack points to periodically regroup, and let individuals find their own
routes based on comfort level.</p>
<p>Cliffs above the boulder field serve as handrail, preventing the group from climbing too high too
soon.</p>
<p>Cashmere Dagger serves as an obvious catching feature marking transition between boulders and summit
scramble. As long as you don’t ascend a gully before reaching it, it’s impossible to miss before
arriving at the correct location.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.009.jpg" srcset="images/images.009-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.009-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.009-md.jpg 728w, images/images.009-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 9">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>Distance covered and time traveled can vary greatly based on terrain and group composition. On
trail, average pace can be 2mph or more; off-trail scrambles, deep snow, etc. will slow that
dramatically. You still may be able to get a sense if you’re off-track if you haven’t reached a
known feature by a certain time.</p>
<p>If you’re trying to reach a specific destination, aim for a catching feature or handrail, and let
that guide to you it, rather than heading directly and risking the chance of missing it completely.
e.g., if you’re traveling cross-country to reach your car parked at a bend in the road, aim for the
road well before the bend.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.010.jpg" srcset="images/images.010-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.010-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.010-md.jpg 728w, images/images.010-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 10">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>Original plan for this portion of the trip was to visit Hard Cheese, Hard Knox, and maybe continue
on to Thorp Mountain.</p>
<p>Hiking through the fresh snow up the switchbacks from the south, somewhere along the long switchback
to the west, instruction to fastest group members was to stop after the trail bends right, and then
switches back left again. Decision point here - regroup and see if direct ascent up the ridge was
possible. It was. Followed the ridge (handrail) to the summit.</p>
<p>On north side of Cheese, continue on the ridge until we cross trail (collecting feature) on the
flats. Continue on ridge following trail towards Hard Knox.</p>
<p>Per the map, the trail continues north to Thorp, but over steep slope, and seems to disappear under
slippery packed snow. Trail here really not apparent as it disappears over the steep crest of the
ridge, so we continue directly up the ridge to the summit of Hard Knox.</p>
<p>As bonus, we follow the contours of the bowl to the west, to visit Not Knox, then down the most
mellow-looking slopes to the south/southeast into the valley.</p>
<p>On the return trip down through valley between Knox and Cheese. Traversed south, as level as
possible along the slopes of Hard Cheese, to pick up the road spur and make sure we don’t miss the
corner and wind up too far down the hill. Bearing off. </p>
<p>Lesson: Marked trails may not be easiest route, when seasonal conditions affect difficulty.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.011.jpg" srcset="images/images.011-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.011-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.011-md.jpg 728w, images/images.011-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 11">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>What actually happened, as vegetation gradually forced us downslope closer to the creek, is we ran
into a road not indicated on any map I can find.</p>
<p>This is a rare case of a map being inaccurate, but in our favor!</p>
<p>Lesson: Regardless, use of Hard Cheese as handrail, to follow until intersecting known road shown on
map, was good practice and ensured we’d reach a known location on the map</p>
<p>Lesson: Marked trails may not be easiest route, when seasonal conditions affect difficulty.</p>
<p>Lesson: Maps may not be 100% accurate.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.012.jpg" srcset="images/images.012-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.012-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.012-md.jpg 728w, images/images.012-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 12">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.013.jpg" srcset="images/images.013-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.013-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.013-md.jpg 728w, images/images.013-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 13">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>The needle freely rotates to align with the Earth’s magnetic field.</p>
<p>Needle “box” surrounds the needle. Often has parallel lines and arrow indicating true north. Can be
rotated independent of capsule to adjust for magnetic declination.</p>
<p>The capsule shows the four cardinal directions, and degrees. Can be rotated when direction of travel
is other than north.</p>
<p>Straight edge, ruler, and other tools to measure and align the compass against the map.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.014.jpg" srcset="images/images.014-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.014-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.014-md.jpg 728w, images/images.014-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 14">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.015.jpg" srcset="images/images.015-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.015-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.015-md.jpg 728w, images/images.015-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 15">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>Sometimes you only need to know general direction of travel, North- South-ish, Northwest, etc.</p>
<p>Quick glance at a button compass, estimate based on position of the sun, or judge against known
feature. e.g., for a hike around Snoqualmie Pass, Mt Rainier is a little bit west of south</p>
<p>If you know your position, and can see a prominent feature that you can identify on the map, you can
use that as a reference point to judge bearings to other features</p>
<p>Measure your hands, and use an online angular size calculator to calibrate yourself</p>
<p>With practice, you can estimate within a few degrees of accuracy</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.016.jpg" srcset="images/images.016-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.016-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.016-md.jpg 728w, images/images.016-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 16">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>You can generally rely on a topographic map to be accurate in terms of land features, though small
features may not be represented. Small feature in map terms may be a 60+ foot cliff, which can be a
serious obstacle on a human scale.</p>
<p>Depending on the map source, trail information may be accurate, or just a representation of the
route. USGS/USFS and guidebook maps tend to use artistic representations of trails, so the actual
locations may be many dozens of feet off.</p>
<p>MapBuilder trail information tends to be more recent, and generated from actual GPS tracks, so can
be more accurate.</p>
<p>Downloaded GPS tracks can be generated in several ways. They can be from actual in-the-field track
logs, hand-edited, or simple plotted estimates. These methods affect accuracy.</p>
<p>Seasonal changes affect the accuracy and suitability of route information. A GPS track logged by a
skier in the dead of winter will likely not be very helpful to a hiker in the dry summer months.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.017.jpg" srcset="images/images.017-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.017-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.017-md.jpg 728w, images/images.017-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 17">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>The easy route this time turned out to be a gully choked with brush and fallen trees in summer.
Second easiest route starts out mellow, then turns into 40’ class 4 down climb.</p>
<p>The cliffs here are small enough to not be represented on the map</p>
<p>Lesson: Season can greatly affect the difficulty and description of the route.</p>
<p>Lesson: When venturing into unknown terrain, be prepared to backtrack if necessary. Don’t climb up
anything you can’t climb down.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.018.jpg" srcset="images/images.018-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.018-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.018-md.jpg 728w, images/images.018-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 18">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>Ultimately, there’s always some level of uncertainty that you need to deal with out in the field.
Use maps and plotted routes as a guide, not necessarily a strict course to follow.</p>
<p>Use periodic checks against your plotted route. Is the group on course, too high, too low? Don’t
worry about following the track exactly.</p>
<p>When faced with a bushwhack or scramble, there’s usually a way that’s more obvious or easy than
others. It may be where vegetation is the thinnest, where rock steps are most prominent, whatever.
Navigating through unknown terrain is often broken down into a series of these mini-obstacles. In
some situations it may involve trial-and-error, as a likely path through thick brush may dead-end.</p>
<p>As you navigate a series of obstacles in this manner, look up from time to time. Check your
handrails or attack points to verify you’re still on course. Very common to wander when scrambling
off trail, through a boulder field, etc.</p>
<p>Where appropriate within a group, take turns leading to help others develop navigation skill. Trip
leader should lay out objectives and give general instructions (macro navigation), but let others
figure out and guide group through specific obstacles.</p>
<p>As a group participant, don’t just follow along. Practice paying attention to your surroundings.
Look back often, especially at intersections or other decision points. If something happened to the
group, would you be able to find your way out?</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.019.jpg" srcset="images/images.019-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.019-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.019-md.jpg 728w, images/images.019-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 19">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>This trail map was generated via live GPS tracks - the map maker physically traveled on each of
these trails, so it is (or at least was) an accurate representation of the region.</p>
<p>But things change…</p>
<p>At the north central part of the map, the lingering loop was blocked, and replaced by a meandering
trail that enters the forest, nearly returns to the power line trail, then heads south yet again.
Seemingly for no reason than to tack on an extra half mile.</p>
<p>The main Tiger Mountain Trail was partially rerouted below West Tiger 2 to avoid a landslide several
years ago.</p>
<p>We were surprised this past weekend that another section of the TmT was rerouted to avoid a wet,
overgrown valley - brand new intersection and portion of trail that didn’t exist a year ago.</p>
<p>Some of the trails between South, Middle, and East Tiger Mountains have been blocked by active
logging.</p>
<p>Several new mountain biking trails have been built in the southeast portion of the forest, near East
Tiger.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.020.jpg" srcset="images/images.020-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.020-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.020-md.jpg 728w, images/images.020-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 20">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>The official Red Mountain trail from the Cooper Lake road is quite primitive and overgrown in spots.
It climbs up the east side, up to the saddle south of the northern peak, then down the other side
to Little Joe Lake.</p>
<p>On the route up, trail kept disappearing, requiring searching to pick it up again. In the photo
here, we’re on trail or close to it, but trail vanishes just before the rocks start. Some searching
required to spot the trail continuing up to the left. Similar problem in a frosty meadow a bit
before.</p>
<p>There’s also a side trail more obviously flagged than the main trail, but dead ends at a mining
prospect to lead hikers astray.</p>
<p>On the way back from south peak, rather than climb back up and over middle peak, we decided to
bushwhack along flat, to rejoin the trail as it switchbacked down to the west side to the lake.
According to the map and our GPS location, we’d traveled well past the trail and should have been
between switchbacks. We estimated the rough bearing up to the saddle and headed in that direction,
and found the actual trail was several hundred feet farther on. </p>
<p>Lesson: Can’t trust maps 100%</p>
<p>Lesson: When the group loses the trail, stop and search methodically</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.021.jpg" srcset="images/images.021-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.021-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.021-md.jpg 728w, images/images.021-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 21">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>By using navigational techniques, it’s unlikely to become truly lost. Between terrain features, GPS,
and map and compass, you should at least have a general idea of the group’s location, if not the
specific position.</p>
<p>If you find yourself in a situation where it’s not apparent which direction to travel, stop and
reassess. </p>
<p>On a similar note, if you find a trail, take a moment to think about which direction you should go
instead of just forging ahead. Use position of sun and/or compass direction and ask yourself if the
direction the trail is heading makes sense.</p>
<p>One of the first times I hiked Tiger Mountain, I was without a map, but felt confident since each
intersection was well-signed. I parked at the main lot for West Tiger 3, hiked the main trail, and
continued on to West Tiger 2. I explored the summit and came down the trail on the north side. At a
T intersection, a sign presented me with two choices “Tradition Lake” and “Issaquah Hobart Road”.
Not knowing the first option was the actual name of the TH where I parked, I said to myself, “I
don’t want either of those.” However, I was pretty sure Issaquah Hobart Road was way off in the
wrong direction so chose the other path.</p>
<p>It’s much more likely that the group will become separated, hopefully only intentionally, and
hopefully only for a short duration. If it’s critical for a specific group and/or event, there may
be a strict “the group sticks together” policy. Though that can quickly lead to frustration among
group members.</p>
<p>Much better to have an explicit plan to regroup, and stick to it. This is a very hard lesson to
learn.</p>
<p>For instance, on Hard Knox, for the return trip on road, folks out in front of group missed turn
onto return trail - person with the map was navigating from middle of group.</p>
<p>Lesson: If you’re out in front of the group, make sure you know the route.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.022.jpg" srcset="images/images.022-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.022-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.022-md.jpg 728w, images/images.022-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 22">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>Group decided to leave the trail and bushwhack, short-cutting a very long series of switchbacks.</p>
<p>At one point, group headed right, while one remained behind (gear adjustment, bio break). </p>
<p>Rather than follow group, individual decided to head up more directly, expecting group to curve back
left and meet up further on.</p>
<p>Group continued right. Individual could hear group shouting in the distance, but single voice was
unable to be heard by the group.</p>
<p>Individual stayed left, continued up until hitting the trail again.</p>
<p>Lesson: If you don’t have explicit plan for regrouping, don’t split up the group.</p>
<p>Lesson: Non-emergency communication is impossible without planning ahead.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: none;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.023.jpg" srcset="images/images.023-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.023-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.023-md.jpg 728w, images/images.023-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 23">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p>On the summit, after a long break, the group split up as some wanted to get moving again.</p>
<p>First few to head down said they’d hike slow and allow the rest of group to catch up.</p>
<p>The group leader agreed, but didn’t provide explicit instructions where/when to stop and wait. Just
assumed the natural thing to do would be to stop when the boot path ended at the main trail to the
falls.</p>
<p>The group leader ended up helping slowest hikers at tail of the group down, since they were
uncomfortable with slippery winter conditions.</p>
<p>Lead group didn’t wait, continued down the main trail, completely ignoring the obscure side trail we
had used on the way in. Lead group continued down main trail all the way to the incorrect
trailhead.</p>
<p>Lesson: Don’t rely on common sense in favor of explicit plan</p>
<p>Lesson: No matter the pace, if the lead group doesn’t wait to regroup, it’s very difficult to catch
up.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slide" style="display: flex;">
<div class="slide-image">
<img src="image/image.024.jpg" srcset="images/images.024-hg.jpg 1200w, images/images.024-lg.jpg 984w, images/images.024-md.jpg 728w, images/images.024-sm.jpg 375w"
sizes="100vw" alt="Image of slide number 24">
</div>
<div class="slide-notes" style="display: block;">
<p><a href="https://caltopo.com/map.html">caltopo.com</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.avenza.com/avenza-maps/">avenza.com</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.summitpost.org/">summitpost.org</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.wta.org/go-hiking/trip-reports">wta.org</a></p>
<p><a href="http://peakbagger.com/">peakbagger.org</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.nwhikers.net/forums/">nwhikers.net</a></p>
<p><a href="https://cascadeclimbers.com/">cascadeclimbers.com</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.bushwalking101.org/interpreting-map-features/">bushwalking101.org</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.mountaineers.org/courses">mountaineers.org</a></p>
</div>
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