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TiDB 和 Java 的简单 CRUD 应用程序
给出一个 TiDB 和 Java 的简单 CRUD 应用程序示例。

TiDB 和 Java 的简单 CRUD 应用程序

本文档将展示如何使用 TiDB 和 Java 来构造一个简单的 CRUD 应用程序。

注意：

我们推荐使用 Java 8 以上版本进行 TiDB 的应用程序的编写。

Tip:

如果你希望使用 Spring Boot 进行 TiDB 应用程序的编写，可以查看 Build the TiDB Application using Spring Boot。

第 1 步：启动你的 TiDB 集群

本节将介绍 TiDB 集群的启动方法。

使用 TiDB Cloud 免费集群

创建免费集群。

使用本地集群

此处将简要叙述启动一个测试集群的过程，若需查看正式环境集群部署，或查看更详细的部署内容，请查阅本地启动 TiDB。

部署本地测试集群

适用场景：利用本地 macOS 或者单机 Linux 环境快速部署 TiDB 测试集群，体验 TiDB 集群的基本架构，以及 TiDB、TiKV、PD、监控等基础组件的运行

  1. 下载并安装 TiUP。

    {{< copyable "shell-regular" >}}

    curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://tiup-mirrors.pingcap.com/install.sh | sh

  2. 声明全局环境变量。

    注意：

    TiUP 安装完成后会提示对应 profile 文件的绝对路径。在执行以下 source 命令前，需要根据 profile 文件的实际位置修改命令。

    {{< copyable "shell-regular" >}}

    source .bash_profile

  3. 在当前 session 执行以下命令启动集群。

    • 直接执行 tiup playground 命令会运行最新版本的 TiDB 集群，其中 TiDB、TiKV、PD 和 TiFlash 实例各 1 个：

      {{< copyable "shell-regular" >}}

      tiup playground

    • 也可以指定 TiDB 版本以及各组件实例个数，命令类似于：

      {{< copyable "shell-regular" >}}

      tiup playground v5.4.0 --db 2 --pd 3 --kv 3

      上述命令会在本地下载并启动某个版本的集群（例如 v5.4.0）。最新版本可以通过执行tiup list tidb 来查看。运行结果将显示集群的访问方式：

      CLUSTER START SUCCESSFULLY, Enjoy it ^-^
To connect TiDB: mysql --comments --host 127.0.0.1 --port 4001 -u root -p (no password)
To connect TiDB: mysql --comments --host 127.0.0.1 --port 4000 -u root -p (no password)
To view the dashboard: http://127.0.0.1:2379/dashboard
PD client endpoints: [127.0.0.1:2379 127.0.0.1:2382 127.0.0.1:2384]
To view the Prometheus: http://127.0.0.1:9090
To view the Grafana: http://127.0.0.1:3000

注意：

  • 支持 v5.2.0 及以上版本的 TiDB 在 Apple M1 芯片的机器上运行 tiup playground。
  • 以这种方式执行的 playground，在结束部署测试后 TiUP 会清理掉原集群数据，重新执行该命令后会得到一个全新的集群。
  • 若希望持久化数据，可以执行 TiUP 的 --tag 参数：tiup --tag <your-tag> playground ...，详情参考 TiUP 参考手册。

第 2 步：获取代码

{{< copyable "shell-regular" >}}

git clone https://github.com/pingcap-inc/tidb-example-java.git

进入目录 plain-java-jdbc：

{{< copyable "shell-regular" >}}

cd plain-java-jdbc

目录结构如下所示：

.
├── Makefile
├── plain-java-jdbc.iml
├── pom.xml
└── src
    └── main
        ├── java
        │   └── com
        │       └── pingcap
        │            └── JDBCExample.java
        └── resources
            └── dbinit.sql

其中，dbinit.sql 为数据表初始化语句：

{{< copyable "sql" >}}

USE test;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS player;

CREATE TABLE player (
    `id` VARCHAR(36),
    `coins` INTEGER,
    `goods` INTEGER,
   PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
);

JDBCExample.java 是 plain-java-jdbc 这个示例程序的主体。因为 TiDB 与 MySQL 协议兼容，因此，我们需要初始化一个 MySQL 协议的数据源 MysqlDataSource，以此连接到 TiDB。并在其后，初始化 PlayerDAO，用来管理数据对象，进行增删改查等操作。

PlayerDAO 是程序用来管理数据对象的类。其中 DAO 是 Data Access Object 的缩写。我们在其中定义了一系列数据的操作方法，用来对提供数据的写入能力。

PlayerBean 是数据实体类，为数据库表在程序内的映射。PlayerBean 的每个属性都对应着 player 表的一个字段。

{{< copyable "" >}}

package com.pingcap;

import com.mysql.cj.jdbc.MysqlDataSource;

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.*;

/**
 * Main class for the basic JDBC example.
 **/
public class JDBCExample
{
    public static class PlayerBean {
        private String id;
        private Integer coins;
        private Integer goods;

        public PlayerBean() {
        }

        public PlayerBean(String id, Integer coins, Integer goods) {
            this.id = id;
            this.coins = coins;
            this.goods = goods;
        }

        public String getId() {
            return id;
        }

        public void setId(String id) {
            this.id = id;
        }

        public Integer getCoins() {
            return coins;
        }

        public void setCoins(Integer coins) {
            this.coins = coins;
        }

        public Integer getGoods() {
            return goods;
        }

        public void setGoods(Integer goods) {
            this.goods = goods;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return String.format("    %-8s => %10s\n    %-8s => %10s\n    %-8s => %10s\n",
                    "id", this.id, "coins", this.coins, "goods", this.goods);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Data access object used by 'ExampleDataSource'.
     * Example for CURD and bulk insert.
     */
    public static class PlayerDAO {
        private final MysqlDataSource ds;
        private final Random rand = new Random();

        PlayerDAO(MysqlDataSource ds) {
            this.ds = ds;
        }

        /**
         * Create players by passing in a List of PlayerBean.
         *
         * @param players Will create players list
         * @return The number of create accounts
         */
        public int createPlayers(List<PlayerBean> players){
            int rows = 0;

            Connection connection = null;
            PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
            try {
                connection = ds.getConnection();
                preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO player (id, coins, goods) VALUES (?, ?, ?)");
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                System.out.printf("[createPlayers] ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n",
                        e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage());
                e.printStackTrace();

                return -1;
            }

            try {
                for (PlayerBean player : players) {
                    preparedStatement.setString(1, player.getId());
                    preparedStatement.setInt(2, player.getCoins());
                    preparedStatement.setInt(3, player.getGoods());

                    preparedStatement.execute();
                    rows += preparedStatement.getUpdateCount();
                }
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                System.out.printf("[createPlayers] ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n",
                        e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage());
                e.printStackTrace();
            } finally {
                try {
                    connection.close();
                } catch (SQLException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

            System.out.printf("\n[createPlayers]:\n    '%s'\n", preparedStatement);
            return rows;
        }

        /**
         * Buy goods and transfer funds between one player and another in one transaction.
         * @param sellId Sell player id.
         * @param buyId Buy player id.
         * @param amount Goods amount, if sell player has not enough goods, the trade will break.
         * @param price Price should pay, if buy player has not enough coins, the trade will break.
         *
         * @return The number of effected players.
         */
        public int buyGoods(String sellId, String buyId, Integer amount, Integer price) {
            int effectPlayers = 0;

            Connection connection = null;
            try {
                connection = ds.getConnection();
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                System.out.printf("[buyGoods] ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n",
                        e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage());
                e.printStackTrace();
                return effectPlayers;
            }

            try {
                connection.setAutoCommit(false);

                PreparedStatement playerQuery = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM player WHERE id=? OR id=? FOR UPDATE");
                playerQuery.setString(1, sellId);
                playerQuery.setString(2, buyId);
                playerQuery.execute();

                PlayerBean sellPlayer = null;
                PlayerBean buyPlayer = null;

                ResultSet playerQueryResultSet = playerQuery.getResultSet();
                while (playerQueryResultSet.next()) {
                    PlayerBean player =  new PlayerBean(
                            playerQueryResultSet.getString("id"),
                            playerQueryResultSet.getInt("coins"),
                            playerQueryResultSet.getInt("goods")
                    );

                    System.out.println("\n[buyGoods]:\n    'check goods and coins enough'");
                    System.out.println(player);

                    if (sellId.equals(player.getId())) {
                        sellPlayer = player;
                    } else {
                        buyPlayer = player;
                    }
                }

                if (sellPlayer == null || buyPlayer == null) {
                    throw new SQLException("player not exist.");
                }

                if (sellPlayer.getGoods().compareTo(amount) < 0) {
                    throw new SQLException(String.format("sell player %s goods not enough.", sellId));
                }

                if (buyPlayer.getCoins().compareTo(price) < 0) {
                    throw new SQLException(String.format("buy player %s coins not enough.", buyId));
                }

                PreparedStatement transfer = connection.prepareStatement("UPDATE player set goods = goods + ?, coins = coins + ? WHERE id=?");
                transfer.setInt(1, -amount);
                transfer.setInt(2, price);
                transfer.setString(3, sellId);
                transfer.execute();
                effectPlayers += transfer.getUpdateCount();

                transfer.setInt(1, amount);
                transfer.setInt(2, -price);
                transfer.setString(3, buyId);
                transfer.execute();
                effectPlayers += transfer.getUpdateCount();

                connection.commit();

                System.out.println("\n[buyGoods]:\n    'trade success'");
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                System.out.printf("[buyGoods] ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n",
                        e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage());

                try {
                    System.out.println("[buyGoods] Rollback");

                    connection.rollback();
                } catch (SQLException ex) {
                    // do nothing
                }
            } finally {
                try {
                    connection.close();
                } catch (SQLException e) {
                    // do nothing
                }
            }

            return effectPlayers;
        }

        /**
         * Get the player info by id.
         *
         * @param id Player id.
         * @return The player of this id.
         */
        public PlayerBean getPlayer(String id) {
            PlayerBean player = null;

            try (Connection connection = ds.getConnection()) {
                PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM player WHERE id = ?");
                preparedStatement.setString(1, id);
                preparedStatement.execute();

                ResultSet res = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
                if(!res.next()) {
                    System.out.printf("No players in the table with id %s", id);
                } else {
                    player = new PlayerBean(res.getString("id"), res.getInt("coins"), res.getInt("goods"));
                }
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.getPlayer ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n",
                        e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage());
            }

            return player;
        }

        /**
         * Insert randomized account data (id, coins, goods) using the JDBC fast path for
         * bulk inserts.  The fastest way to get data into TiDB is using the
         * TiDB Lightning(https://docs.pingcap.com/tidb/stable/tidb-lightning-overview).
         * However, if you must bulk insert from the application using INSERT SQL, the best
         * option is the method shown here. It will require the following:
         *
         *    Add `rewriteBatchedStatements=true` to your JDBC connection settings.
         *    Setting rewriteBatchedStatements to true now causes CallableStatements
         *    with batched arguments to be re-written in the form "CALL (...); CALL (...); ..."
         *    to send the batch in as few client/server round trips as possible.
         *    https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/connector-j/5.1/en/news-5-1-3.html
         *
         *    You can see the `rewriteBatchedStatements` param effect logic at
         *    implement function: `com.mysql.cj.jdbc.StatementImpl.executeBatchUsingMultiQueries`
         *
         * @param total Add players amount.
         * @param batchSize Bulk insert size for per batch.
         *
         * @return The number of new accounts inserted.
         */
        public int bulkInsertRandomPlayers(Integer total, Integer batchSize) {
            int totalNewPlayers = 0;

            try (Connection connection = ds.getConnection()) {
                // We're managing the commit lifecycle ourselves, so we can
                // control the size of our batch inserts.
                connection.setAutoCommit(false);

                // In this example we are adding 500 rows to the database,
                // but it could be any number.  What's important is that
                // the batch size is 128.
                try (PreparedStatement pstmt = connection.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO player (id, coins, goods) VALUES (?, ?, ?)")) {
                    for (int i=0; i<=(total/batchSize);i++) {
                        for (int j=0; j<batchSize; j++) {
                            String id = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
                            pstmt.setString(1, id);
                            pstmt.setInt(2, rand.nextInt(10000));
                            pstmt.setInt(3, rand.nextInt(10000));
                            pstmt.addBatch();
                        }

                        int[] count = pstmt.executeBatch();
                        totalNewPlayers += count.length;
                        System.out.printf("\nPlayerDAO.bulkInsertRandomPlayers:\n    '%s'\n", pstmt);
                        System.out.printf("    => %s row(s) updated in this batch\n", count.length);
                    }
                    connection.commit();
                } catch (SQLException e) {
                    System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.bulkInsertRandomPlayers ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n",
                            e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage());
                }
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.bulkInsertRandomPlayers ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n",
                        e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage());
            }
            return totalNewPlayers;
        }


        /**
         * Print a subset of players from the data store by limit.
         *
         * @param limit Print max size.
         */
        public void printPlayers(Integer limit) {
            try (Connection connection = ds.getConnection()) {
                PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM player LIMIT ?");
                preparedStatement.setInt(1, limit);
                preparedStatement.execute();

                ResultSet res = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
                while (!res.next()) {
                    PlayerBean player = new PlayerBean(res.getString("id"),
                            res.getInt("coins"), res.getInt("goods"));
                    System.out.println("\n[printPlayers]:\n" + player);
                }
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.printPlayers ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n",
                        e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage());
            }
        }


        /**
         * Count players from the data store.
         *
         * @return All players count
         */
        public int countPlayers() {
            int count = 0;

            try (Connection connection = ds.getConnection()) {
                PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT count(*) FROM player");
                preparedStatement.execute();

                ResultSet res = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
                if(res.next()) {
                    count = res.getInt(1);
                }
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.countPlayers ERROR: { state => %s, cause => %s, message => %s }\n",
                        e.getSQLState(), e.getCause(), e.getMessage());
            }

            return count;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 1. Configure the example database connection.

        // 1.1 Create a mysql data source instance.
        MysqlDataSource mysqlDataSource = new MysqlDataSource();

        // 1.2 Set server name, port, database name, username and password.
        mysqlDataSource.setServerName("localhost");
        mysqlDataSource.setPortNumber(4000);
        mysqlDataSource.setDatabaseName("test");
        mysqlDataSource.setUser("root");
        mysqlDataSource.setPassword("");

        // Or you can use jdbc string instead.
        // mysqlDataSource.setURL("jdbc:mysql://{host}:{port}/test?user={user}&password={password}");

        // 2. And then, create DAO to manager your data.
        PlayerDAO dao = new PlayerDAO(mysqlDataSource);

        // 3. Run some simple example.

        // Create a player, has a coin and a goods.
        dao.createPlayers(Collections.singletonList(new PlayerBean("test", 1, 1)));

        // Get a player.
        PlayerBean testPlayer = dao.getPlayer("test");
        System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.getPlayer:\n    => id: %s\n    => coins: %s\n    => goods: %s\n",
                testPlayer.getId(), testPlayer.getCoins(), testPlayer.getGoods());

        // Create players with bulk inserts, insert 1919 players totally, and per batch for 114 players.
        int addedCount = dao.bulkInsertRandomPlayers(1919, 114);
        System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.bulkInsertRandomPlayers:\n    => %d total inserted players\n", addedCount);

        // Count players amount.
        int count = dao.countPlayers();
        System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.countPlayers:\n    => %d total players\n", count);

        // Print 3 players.
        dao.printPlayers(3);

        // 4. Getting further.

        // Player 1: id is "1", has only 100 coins.
        // Player 2: id is "2", has 114514 coins, and 20 goods.
        PlayerBean player1 = new PlayerBean("1", 100, 0);
        PlayerBean player2 = new PlayerBean("2", 114514, 20);

        // Create two players "by hand", using the INSERT statement on the backend.
        addedCount = dao.createPlayers(Arrays.asList(player1, player2));
        System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.createPlayers:\n    => %d total inserted players\n", addedCount);

        // Player 1 wants to buy 10 goods from player 2.
        // It will cost 500 coins, but player 1 can't afford it.
        System.out.println("\nPlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n    => this trade will fail");
        int updatedCount = dao.buyGoods(player2.getId(), player1.getId(), 10, 500);
        System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n    => %d total update players\n", updatedCount);

        // So player 1 have to reduce his incoming quantity to two.
        System.out.println("\nPlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n    => this trade will success");
        updatedCount = dao.buyGoods(player2.getId(), player1.getId(), 2, 100);
        System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n    => %d total update players\n", updatedCount);
    }
}

可以看到，JDBC 实现的代码略显冗余，需要自己管控错误处理逻辑，且不能很好的复用代码。并非最佳实践。

当前开源比较流行的 Java ORM 为 Hibernate，且 Hibernate 在版本 6.0.0.Beta2 及以后支持了 TiDB 方言。完美适配了 TiDB 的特性。因此，我们此处将以 6.0.0.Beta2 + 版本进行说明。

进入目录 plain-java-hibernate ：

{{< copyable "shell-regular" >}}

cd plain-java-hibernate

目录结构如下所示：

.
├── Makefile
├── plain-java-hibernate.iml
├── pom.xml
└── src
    └── main
        ├── java
        │   └── com
        │       └── pingcap
        │           └── HibernateExample.java
        └── resources
            └── hibernate.cfg.xml

其中，hibernate.cfg.xml 为 Hibernate 配置文件，定义了：

{{< copyable "" >}}

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
        "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
        "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
    <session-factory>

        <!-- Database connection settings -->
        <property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver</property>
        <property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.TiDBDialect</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost:4000/test</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.username">root</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.password"></property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.autocommit">false</property>

        <!-- Required so a table can be created from the 'PlayerDAO' class -->
        <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">create-drop</property>

        <!-- Optional: Show SQL output for debugging -->
        <property name="hibernate.show_sql">true</property>
        <property name="hibernate.format_sql">true</property>
    </session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>

HibernateExample.java 是 plain-java-hibernate 这个示例程序的主体。我们使用 Hibernate 时，相较于 JDBC，这里仅需写入配置文件地址，Hibernate 帮我们屏蔽了创建数据库连接时，不同数据库差异的细节。

PlayerDAO 是程序用来管理数据对象的类。其中 DAO 是 Data Access Object 的缩写。我们在其中定义了一系列数据的操作方法，用来提供数据的写入能力。相较于 JDBC， Hibernate 帮我们封装了大量的操作，如对象映射、基本对象的 CRUD 等，极大的简化了代码量。

PlayerBean 是数据实体类，为数据库表在程序内的映射。PlayerBean 的每个属性都对应着 player 表的一个字段。相较于 JDBC，Hibernate 的 PlayerBean 实体类为了给 Hibernate 提供更多的信息，加入了注解，用来指示映射关系。

{{< copyable "" >}}

package com.pingcap;

import jakarta.persistence.Column;
import jakarta.persistence.Entity;
import jakarta.persistence.Id;
import jakarta.persistence.Table;
import org.hibernate.JDBCException;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
import org.hibernate.query.NativeQuery;
import org.hibernate.query.Query;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Function;

@Entity
@Table(name = "player_hibernate")
class PlayerBean {
    @Id
    private String id;
    @Column(name = "coins")
    private Integer coins;
    @Column(name = "goods")
    private Integer goods;

    public PlayerBean() {
    }

    public PlayerBean(String id, Integer coins, Integer goods) {
        this.id = id;
        this.coins = coins;
        this.goods = goods;
    }

    public String getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(String id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public Integer getCoins() {
        return coins;
    }

    public void setCoins(Integer coins) {
        this.coins = coins;
    }

    public Integer getGoods() {
        return goods;
    }

    public void setGoods(Integer goods) {
        this.goods = goods;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return String.format("    %-8s => %10s\n    %-8s => %10s\n    %-8s => %10s\n",
                "id", this.id, "coins", this.coins, "goods", this.goods);
    }
}

/**
 * Main class for the basic Hibernate example.
 **/
public class HibernateExample
{
    public static class PlayerDAO {
        public static class NotEnoughException extends RuntimeException {
            public NotEnoughException(String message) {
                super(message);
            }
        }

        // Run SQL code in a way that automatically handles the
        // transaction retry logic so we don't have to duplicate it in
        // various places.
        public Object runTransaction(Session session, Function<Session, Object> fn) {
            Object resultObject = null;

            Transaction txn = session.beginTransaction();
            try {
                resultObject = fn.apply(session);
                txn.commit();
                System.out.println("APP: COMMIT;");
            } catch (JDBCException e) {
                System.out.println("APP: ROLLBACK BY JDBC ERROR;");
                txn.rollback();
            } catch (NotEnoughException e) {
                System.out.printf("APP: ROLLBACK BY LOGIC; %s", e.getMessage());
                txn.rollback();
            }
            return resultObject;
        }

        public Function<Session, Object> createPlayers(List<PlayerBean> players) throws JDBCException {
            return session -> {
                Integer addedPlayerAmount = 0;
                for (PlayerBean player: players) {
                    session.persist(player);
                    addedPlayerAmount ++;
                }
                System.out.printf("APP: createPlayers() --> %d\n", addedPlayerAmount);
                return addedPlayerAmount;
            };
        }

        public Function<Session, Object> buyGoods(String sellId, String buyId, Integer amount, Integer price) throws JDBCException {
            return session -> {
                PlayerBean sellPlayer = session.get(PlayerBean.class, sellId);
                PlayerBean buyPlayer = session.get(PlayerBean.class, buyId);

                if (buyPlayer == null || sellPlayer == null) {
                    throw new NotEnoughException("sell or buy player not exist");
                }

                if (buyPlayer.getCoins() < price || sellPlayer.getGoods() < amount) {
                    throw new NotEnoughException("coins or goods not enough, rollback");
                }

                buyPlayer.setGoods(buyPlayer.getGoods() + amount);
                buyPlayer.setCoins(buyPlayer.getCoins() - price);
                session.persist(buyPlayer);

                sellPlayer.setGoods(sellPlayer.getGoods() - amount);
                sellPlayer.setCoins(sellPlayer.getCoins() + price);
                session.persist(sellPlayer);

                System.out.printf("APP: buyGoods --> sell: %s, buy: %s, amount: %d, price: %d\n", sellId, buyId, amount, price);
                return 0;
            };
        }

        public Function<Session, Object> getPlayerByID(String id) throws JDBCException {
            return session -> session.get(PlayerBean.class, id);
        }

        public Function<Session, Object> printPlayers(Integer limit) throws JDBCException {
            return session -> {
                NativeQuery<PlayerBean> limitQuery = session.createNativeQuery("SELECT * FROM player_hibernate LIMIT :limit", PlayerBean.class);
                limitQuery.setParameter("limit", limit);
                List<PlayerBean> players = limitQuery.getResultList();

                for (PlayerBean player: players) {
                    System.out.println("\n[printPlayers]:\n" + player);
                }
                return 0;
            };
        }

        public Function<Session, Object> countPlayers() throws JDBCException {
            return session -> {
                Query<Long> countQuery = session.createQuery("SELECT count(player_hibernate) FROM PlayerBean player_hibernate", Long.class);
                return countQuery.getSingleResult();
            };
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 1. Create a SessionFactory based on our hibernate.cfg.xml configuration
        // file, which defines how to connect to the database.
        SessionFactory sessionFactory
                = new Configuration()
                .configure("hibernate.cfg.xml")
                .addAnnotatedClass(PlayerBean.class)
                .buildSessionFactory();

        try (Session session = sessionFactory.openSession()) {
            // 2. And then, create DAO to manager your data.
            PlayerDAO playerDAO = new PlayerDAO();

            // 3. Run some simple example.

            // Create a player who has 1 coin and 1 goods.
            playerDAO.runTransaction(session, playerDAO.createPlayers(Collections.singletonList(
                    new PlayerBean("test", 1, 1))));

            // Get a player.
            PlayerBean testPlayer = (PlayerBean)playerDAO.runTransaction(session, playerDAO.getPlayerByID("test"));
            System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.getPlayer:\n    => id: %s\n    => coins: %s\n    => goods: %s\n",
                    testPlayer.getId(), testPlayer.getCoins(), testPlayer.getGoods());

            // Count players amount.
            Long count = (Long)playerDAO.runTransaction(session, playerDAO.countPlayers());
            System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.countPlayers:\n    => %d total players\n", count);

            // Print 3 players.
            playerDAO.runTransaction(session, playerDAO.printPlayers(3));

            // 4. Getting further.

            // Player 1: id is "1", has only 100 coins.
            // Player 2: id is "2", has 114514 coins, and 20 goods.
            PlayerBean player1 = new PlayerBean("1", 100, 0);
            PlayerBean player2 = new PlayerBean("2", 114514, 20);

            // Create two players "by hand", using the INSERT statement on the backend.
            int addedCount = (Integer)playerDAO.runTransaction(session,
                    playerDAO.createPlayers(Arrays.asList(player1, player2)));
            System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.createPlayers:\n    => %d total inserted players\n", addedCount);

            // Player 1 wants to buy 10 goods from player 2.
            // It will cost 500 coins, but player 1 can't afford it.
            System.out.println("\nPlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n    => this trade will fail");
            Integer updatedCount = (Integer)playerDAO.runTransaction(session,
                    playerDAO.buyGoods(player2.getId(), player1.getId(), 10, 500));
            System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n    => %d total update players\n", updatedCount);

            // So player 1 have to reduce his incoming quantity to two.
            System.out.println("\nPlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n    => this trade will success");
            updatedCount = (Integer)playerDAO.runTransaction(session,
                    playerDAO.buyGoods(player2.getId(), player1.getId(), 2, 100));
            System.out.printf("PlayerDAO.buyGoods:\n    => %d total update players\n", updatedCount);
        } finally {
            sessionFactory.close();
        }
    }
}

第 3 步：运行代码

本节将逐步介绍代码的运行方法。

第 3 步第 1 部分：JDBC 表初始化

使用 JDBC 时，需手动初始化数据库表，若你本地已经安装了 mysql-client，且使用本地集群，可直接在 plain-java-jdbc 目录下运行：

{{< copyable "shell-regular" >}}

make mysql

或直接执行：

{{< copyable "shell-regular" >}}

mysql --host 127.0.0.1 --port 4000 -u root<src/main/resources/dbinit.sql

若你不使用本地集群，或未安装 mysql-client，请直接登录你的集群，并运行 src/main/resources/dbinit.sql 文件内的 SQL 语句。

无需手动初始化表。

第 3 步第 2 部分：TiDB Cloud 更改参数

若你使用非本地默认集群、TiDB Cloud 或其他远程集群，更改 JDBCExample.java 内关于 Host、Post、User、Password 的参数：

{{< copyable "" >}}

mysqlDataSource.setServerName("localhost");
mysqlDataSource.setPortNumber(4000);
mysqlDataSource.setDatabaseName("test");
mysqlDataSource.setUser("root");
mysqlDataSource.setPassword("");

若你设定的密码为 123456，在 TiDB Cloud 得到的连接字符串为：

mysql --connect-timeout 15 -u root -h tidb.e049234d.d40d1f8b.us-east-1.prod.aws.tidbcloud.com -P 4000 -p

那么此处应将参数更改为：

{{< copyable "" >}}

mysqlDataSource.setServerName("tidb.e049234d.d40d1f8b.us-east-1.prod.aws.tidbcloud.com");
mysqlDataSource.setPortNumber(4000);
mysqlDataSource.setDatabaseName("test");
mysqlDataSource.setUser("root");
mysqlDataSource.setPassword("123456");

若你使用非本地默认集群、TiDB Cloud 或其他远程集群，更改 hibernate.cfg.xml 内关于 hibernate.connection.url、hibernate.connection.username、hibernate.connection.password 的参数：

{{< copyable "" >}}

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
        "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
        "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
    <session-factory>

        <!-- Database connection settings -->
        <property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver</property>
        <property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.TiDBDialect</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost:4000/test</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.username">root</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.password"></property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.autocommit">false</property>

        <!-- Required so a table can be created from the 'PlayerDAO' class -->
        <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">create-drop</property>

        <!-- Optional: Show SQL output for debugging -->
        <property name="hibernate.show_sql">true</property>
        <property name="hibernate.format_sql">true</property>
    </session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>

若你设定的密码为 123456，在 TiDB Cloud 得到的连接字符串为：

mysql --connect-timeout 15 -u root -h tidb.e049234d.d40d1f8b.us-east-1.prod.aws.tidbcloud.com -P 4000 -p

那么此处应将配置文件更改为：

{{< copyable "" >}}

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
        "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
        "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
    <session-factory>

        <!-- Database connection settings -->
        <property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver</property>
        <property name="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.TiDBDialect</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.url">jdbc:mysql://tidb.e049234d.d40d1f8b.us-east-1.prod.aws.tidbcloud.com:4000/test</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.username">root</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.password">123456</property>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.autocommit">false</property>

        <!-- Required so a table can be created from the 'PlayerDAO' class -->
        <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">create-drop</property>

        <!-- Optional: Show SQL output for debugging -->
        <property name="hibernate.show_sql">true</property>
        <property name="hibernate.format_sql">true</property>
    </session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>

第 3 步第 3 部分：运行

运行 make，这是两个操作的组合：

  • 清理并构建 (make build)： mvn clean package
  • 运行 (make run)： java -jar target/plain-java-jdbc-0.0.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar

你也可以单独运行这两个 make 命令或原生命令。

运行 make，这是两个操作的组合：

  • 清理并构建 (make build)：mvn clean package
  • 运行 (make run)：java -jar target/plain-java-hibernate-0.0.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar

你也可以单独运行这两个 make 命令或原生命令。

第 4 步：预期输出