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git-commit.html
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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-commit(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-commit - Record changes to the repository</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git commit</em> [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]
[--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|reword):]<commit>]
[-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]
[--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]
[--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]
[-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]
[(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])…​] [-S[<keyid>]]
[--] [<pathspec>…​]</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Create a new commit containing the current contents of the index and
the given log message describing the changes. The new commit is a
direct child of HEAD, usually the tip of the current branch, and the
branch is updated to point to it (unless no branch is associated with
the working tree, in which case HEAD is "detached" as described in
<a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The content to be committed can be specified in several ways:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>by using <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> to incrementally "add" changes to the
index before using the <em>commit</em> command (Note: even modified files
must be "added");</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>by using <a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a> to remove files from the working tree
and the index, again before using the <em>commit</em> command;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>by listing files as arguments to the <em>commit</em> command
(without --interactive or --patch switch), in which
case the commit will ignore changes staged in the index, and instead
record the current content of the listed files (which must already
be known to Git);</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>by using the -a switch with the <em>commit</em> command to automatically
"add" changes from all known files (i.e. all files that are already
listed in the index) and to automatically "rm" files in the index
that have been removed from the working tree, and then perform the
actual commit;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>by using the --interactive or --patch switches with the <em>commit</em> command
to decide one by one which files or hunks should be part of the commit
in addition to contents in the index,
before finalizing the operation. See the “Interactive Mode” section of
<a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> to learn how to operate these modes.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>--dry-run</code> option can be used to obtain a
summary of what is included by any of the above for the next
commit by giving the same set of parameters (options and paths).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you make a commit and then find a mistake immediately after
that, you can recover from it with <em>git reset</em>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">-a</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt>
<dd>
<p>Tell the command to automatically stage files that have
been modified and deleted, but new files you have not
told Git about are not affected.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-p</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--patch</dt>
<dd>
<p>Use the interactive patch selection interface to choose
which changes to commit. See <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> for
details.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-C <commit></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--reuse-message=<commit></dt>
<dd>
<p>Take an existing commit object, and reuse the log message
and the authorship information (including the timestamp)
when creating the commit.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-c <commit></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--reedit-message=<commit></dt>
<dd>
<p>Like <em>-C</em>, but with <code>-c</code> the editor is invoked, so that
the user can further edit the commit message.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--fixup=[(amend|reword):]<commit></dt>
<dd>
<p>Create a new commit which "fixes up" <code><commit></code> when applied with
<code>git rebase --autosquash</code>. Plain <code>--fixup=<commit></code> creates a
"fixup!" commit which changes the content of <code><commit></code> but leaves
its log message untouched. <code>--fixup=amend:<commit></code> is similar but
creates an "amend!" commit which also replaces the log message of
<code><commit></code> with the log message of the "amend!" commit.
<code>--fixup=reword:<commit></code> creates an "amend!" commit which
replaces the log message of <code><commit></code> with its own log message
but makes no changes to the content of <code><commit></code>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The commit created by plain <code>--fixup=<commit></code> has a subject
composed of "fixup!" followed by the subject line from <commit>,
and is recognized specially by <code>git rebase --autosquash</code>. The <code>-m</code>
option may be used to supplement the log message of the created
commit, but the additional commentary will be thrown away once the
"fixup!" commit is squashed into <code><commit></code> by
<code>git rebase --autosquash</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The commit created by <code>--fixup=amend:<commit></code> is similar but its
subject is instead prefixed with "amend!". The log message of
<commit> is copied into the log message of the "amend!" commit and
opened in an editor so it can be refined. When <code>git rebase
--autosquash</code> squashes the "amend!" commit into <code><commit></code>, the
log message of <code><commit></code> is replaced by the refined log message
from the "amend!" commit. It is an error for the "amend!" commit’s
log message to be empty unless <code>--allow-empty-message</code> is
specified.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>--fixup=reword:<commit></code> is shorthand for <code>--fixup=amend:<commit>
--only</code>. It creates an "amend!" commit with only a log message
(ignoring any changes staged in the index). When squashed by <code>git
rebase --autosquash</code>, it replaces the log message of <code><commit></code>
without making any other changes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Neither "fixup!" nor "amend!" commits change authorship of
<code><commit></code> when applied by <code>git rebase --autosquash</code>.
See <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> for details.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--squash=<commit></dt>
<dd>
<p>Construct a commit message for use with <code>rebase --autosquash</code>.
The commit message subject line is taken from the specified
commit with a prefix of "squash! ". Can be used with additional
commit message options (<code>-m</code>/<code>-c</code>/<code>-C</code>/<code>-F</code>). See
<a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> for details.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--reset-author</dt>
<dd>
<p>When used with -C/-c/--amend options, or when committing after a
conflicting cherry-pick, declare that the authorship of the
resulting commit now belongs to the committer. This also renews
the author timestamp.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--short</dt>
<dd>
<p>When doing a dry-run, give the output in the short-format. See
<a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> for details. Implies <code>--dry-run</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--branch</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show the branch and tracking info even in short-format.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--porcelain</dt>
<dd>
<p>When doing a dry-run, give the output in a porcelain-ready
format. See <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> for details. Implies
<code>--dry-run</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--long</dt>
<dd>
<p>When doing a dry-run, give the output in the long-format.
Implies <code>--dry-run</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-z</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--null</dt>
<dd>
<p>When showing <code>short</code> or <code>porcelain</code> status output, print the
filename verbatim and terminate the entries with NUL, instead of LF.
If no format is given, implies the <code>--porcelain</code> output format.
Without the <code>-z</code> option, filenames with "unusual" characters are
quoted as explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code>
(see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-F <file></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--file=<file></dt>
<dd>
<p>Take the commit message from the given file. Use <em>-</em> to
read the message from the standard input.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--author=<author></dt>
<dd>
<p>Override the commit author. Specify an explicit author using the
standard <code>A U Thor <[email protected]></code> format. Otherwise <author>
is assumed to be a pattern and is used to search for an existing
commit by that author (i.e. rev-list --all -i --author=<author>);
the commit author is then copied from the first such commit found.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--date=<date></dt>
<dd>
<p>Override the author date used in the commit.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-m <msg></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--message=<msg></dt>
<dd>
<p>Use the given <msg> as the commit message.
If multiple <code>-m</code> options are given, their values are
concatenated as separate paragraphs.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>-m</code> option is mutually exclusive with <code>-c</code>, <code>-C</code>, and <code>-F</code>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-t <file></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--template=<file></dt>
<dd>
<p>When editing the commit message, start the editor with the
contents in the given file. The <code>commit.template</code> configuration
variable is often used to give this option implicitly to the
command. This mechanism can be used by projects that want to
guide participants with some hints on what to write in the message
in what order. If the user exits the editor without editing the
message, the commit is aborted. This has no effect when a message
is given by other means, e.g. with the <code>-m</code> or <code>-F</code> options.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-s</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--signoff</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-signoff</dt>
<dd>
<p>Add a <code>Signed-off-by</code> trailer by the committer at the end of the commit
log message. The meaning of a signoff depends on the project
to which you’re committing. For example, it may certify that
the committer has the rights to submit the work under the
project’s license or agrees to some contributor representation,
such as a Developer Certificate of Origin.
(See <a href="https://developercertificate.org" class="bare">https://developercertificate.org</a> for the one used by the
Linux kernel and Git projects.) Consult the documentation or
leadership of the project to which you’re contributing to
understand how the signoffs are used in that project.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The --no-signoff option can be used to countermand an earlier --signoff
option on the command line.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Specify a (<token>, <value>) pair that should be applied as a
trailer. (e.g. <code>git commit --trailer "Signed-off-by:C O Mitter \
<[email protected]>" --trailer "Helped-by:C O Mitter \
<[email protected]>"</code> will add the "Signed-off-by" trailer
and the "Helped-by" trailer to the commit message.)
The <code>trailer.*</code> configuration variables
(<a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>) can be used to define if
a duplicated trailer is omitted, where in the run of trailers
each trailer would appear, and other details.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-n</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]verify</dt>
<dd>
<p>By default, the pre-commit and commit-msg hooks are run.
When any of <code>--no-verify</code> or <code>-n</code> is given, these are bypassed.
See also <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--allow-empty</dt>
<dd>
<p>Usually recording a commit that has the exact same tree as its
sole parent commit is a mistake, and the command prevents you
from making such a commit. This option bypasses the safety, and
is primarily for use by foreign SCM interface scripts.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--allow-empty-message</dt>
<dd>
<p>Like --allow-empty this command is primarily for use by foreign
SCM interface scripts. It allows you to create a commit with an
empty commit message without using plumbing commands like
<a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--cleanup=<mode></dt>
<dd>
<p>This option determines how the supplied commit message should be
cleaned up before committing. The <em><mode></em> can be <code>strip</code>,
<code>whitespace</code>, <code>verbatim</code>, <code>scissors</code> or <code>default</code>.</p>
<div class="openblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">strip</dt>
<dd>
<p>Strip leading and trailing empty lines, trailing whitespace,
commentary and collapse consecutive empty lines.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">whitespace</dt>
<dd>
<p>Same as <code>strip</code> except #commentary is not removed.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">verbatim</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not change the message at all.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">scissors</dt>
<dd>
<p>Same as <code>whitespace</code> except that everything from (and including)
the line found below is truncated, if the message is to be edited.
"<code>#</code>" can be customized with core.commentChar.</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre># ------------------------ >8 ------------------------</pre>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">default</dt>
<dd>
<p>Same as <code>strip</code> if the message is to be edited.
Otherwise <code>whitespace</code>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The default can be changed by the <code>commit.cleanup</code> configuration
variable (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-e</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--edit</dt>
<dd>
<p>The message taken from file with <code>-F</code>, command line with
<code>-m</code>, and from commit object with <code>-C</code> are usually used as
the commit log message unmodified. This option lets you
further edit the message taken from these sources.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-edit</dt>
<dd>
<p>Use the selected commit message without launching an editor.
For example, <code>git commit --amend --no-edit</code> amends a commit
without changing its commit message.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--amend</dt>
<dd>
<p>Replace the tip of the current branch by creating a new
commit. The recorded tree is prepared as usual (including
the effect of the <code>-i</code> and <code>-o</code> options and explicit
pathspec), and the message from the original commit is used
as the starting point, instead of an empty message, when no
other message is specified from the command line via options
such as <code>-m</code>, <code>-F</code>, <code>-c</code>, etc. The new commit has the same
parents and author as the current one (the <code>--reset-author</code>
option can countermand this).</p>
<div class="openblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is a rough equivalent for:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> $ git reset --soft HEAD^
$ ... do something else to come up with the right tree ...
$ git commit -c ORIG_HEAD</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>but can be used to amend a merge commit.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You should understand the implications of rewriting history if you
amend a commit that has already been published. (See the "RECOVERING
FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a>.)</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-post-rewrite</dt>
<dd>
<p>Bypass the post-rewrite hook.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-i</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--include</dt>
<dd>
<p>Before making a commit out of staged contents so far,
stage the contents of paths given on the command line
as well. This is usually not what you want unless you
are concluding a conflicted merge.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-o</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--only</dt>
<dd>
<p>Make a commit by taking the updated working tree contents
of the paths specified on the
command line, disregarding any contents that have been
staged for other paths. This is the default mode of operation of
<em>git commit</em> if any paths are given on the command line,
in which case this option can be omitted.
If this option is specified together with <code>--amend</code>, then
no paths need to be specified, which can be used to amend
the last commit without committing changes that have
already been staged. If used together with <code>--allow-empty</code>
paths are also not required, and an empty commit will be created.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--pathspec-from-file=<file></dt>
<dd>
<p>Pathspec is passed in <code><file></code> instead of commandline args. If
<code><file></code> is exactly <code>-</code> then standard input is used. Pathspec
elements are separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be
quoted as explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code>
(see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). See also <code>--pathspec-file-nul</code> and
global <code>--literal-pathspecs</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--pathspec-file-nul</dt>
<dd>
<p>Only meaningful with <code>--pathspec-from-file</code>. Pathspec elements are
separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken
literally (including newlines and quotes).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-u[<mode>]</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--untracked-files[=<mode>]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show untracked files.</p>
<div class="openblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The mode parameter is optional (defaults to <em>all</em>), and is used to
specify the handling of untracked files; when -u is not used, the
default is <em>normal</em>, i.e. show untracked files and directories.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The possible options are:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><em>no</em> - Show no untracked files</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em>normal</em> - Shows untracked files and directories</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em>all</em> - Also shows individual files in untracked directories.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>All usual spellings for Boolean value <code>true</code> are taken as <code>normal</code>
and <code>false</code> as <code>no</code>.
The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles
configuration variable documented in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-v</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--verbose</dt>
<dd>
<p>Show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what
would be committed at the bottom of the commit message
template to help the user describe the commit by reminding
what changes the commit has.
Note that this diff output doesn’t have its
lines prefixed with <em>#</em>. This diff will not be a part
of the commit message. See the <code>commit.verbose</code> configuration
variable in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If specified twice, show in addition the unified diff between
what would be committed and the worktree files, i.e. the unstaged
changes to tracked files.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-q</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt>
<dd>
<p>Suppress commit summary message.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--dry-run</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not create a commit, but show a list of paths that are
to be committed, paths with local changes that will be left
uncommitted and paths that are untracked.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--status</dt>
<dd>
<p>Include the output of <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> in the commit
message template when using an editor to prepare the commit
message. Defaults to on, but can be used to override
configuration variable commit.status.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-status</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not include the output of <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> in the
commit message template when using an editor to prepare the
default commit message.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-S[<keyid>]</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-gpg-sign</dt>
<dd>
<p>GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and
defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code> is useful to
countermand both <code>commit.gpgSign</code> configuration variable, and
earlier <code>--gpg-sign</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not interpret any more arguments as options.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><pathspec>…​</dt>
<dd>
<p>When pathspec is given on the command line, commit the contents of
the files that match the pathspec without recording the changes
already added to the index. The contents of these files are also
staged for the next commit on top of what have been staged before.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For more details, see the <em>pathspec</em> entry in <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in
your working tree are temporarily stored to a staging area
called the "index" with <em>git add</em>. A file can be
reverted back, only in the index but not in the working tree,
to that of the last commit with <code>git restore --staged <file></code>,
which effectively reverts <em>git add</em> and prevents the changes to
this file from participating in the next commit. After building
the state to be committed incrementally with these commands,
<code>git commit</code> (without any pathname parameter) is used to record what
has been staged so far. This is the most basic form of the
command. An example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ edit hello.c
$ git rm goodbye.c
$ git add hello.c
$ git commit</pre>