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How to Set Up an Edit-Build-Test-Debug Loop

This document describes how to set up a development loop for people interested in contributing to Swift.

If you are only interested in building the toolchain as a one-off, there are a couple of differences:

  1. You can ignore the parts related to Sccache.
  2. You can stop reading after Building the project for the first time.

Table of Contents

System Requirements

  1. Operating system: The supported operating systems for developing the Swift toolchain are: macOS, Ubuntu Linux LTS, and the latest Ubuntu Linux release. At the moment, Windows is not supported as a host development operating system. Experimental instructions for Windows are available under Windows.md.
  2. Python 3: Several utility scripts are written in Python.
  3. Git 2.x to check out the sources. We find that older versions of Git can't successfully check out all of the required repositories or fail during a rebase when switching between checkout schemes.
  4. Disk space: Make sure that you have enough available disk space before starting. The source code, including full git history, requires about 3.5 GB. Build artifacts take anywhere between 5 GB to 70 GB, depending on the build settings.
  5. Time: Depending on your machine and build settings, a from-scratch build can take a few minutes to several hours, so you might want to grab a beverage while you follow the instructions. Incremental builds are much faster.

Cloning the project

  1. Create a directory for the whole project: 
    mkdir swift-project
cd swift-project
  2. Clone the sources:
    • Via SSH (recommended): If you plan on contributing regularly, cloning over SSH provides a better experience. After you've uploaded your SSH keys to GitHub: 
      git clone [email protected]:apple/swift.git swift
cd swift
utils/update-checkout --clone-with-ssh
    • Via HTTPS: If you want to check out the sources as read-only, or are not familiar with setting up SSH, you can use HTTPS instead: 
      git clone https://github.com/apple/swift.git swift
cd swift
utils/update-checkout --clone

    Note
    If you've already forked the project on GitHub at this stage, do not clone your fork to start off. We describe how to setup your fork in a subsection below.

  3. Double-check that swift's sibling directories are present. 
    ls ..
    This should list directories like llvm-project, swiftpm and so on.
  4. Checkout the right branch/tag: If you are building the toolchain for local development, you can skip this step, as Step 2 will checkout swift's main branch and matching branches for other projects. If you are building the toolchain as a one-off, it is more likely that you want a specific branch or a tag, often corresponding to a specific release or a specific snapshot. You can update the branch/tag for all repositories as follows: 
    utils/update-checkout --scheme mybranchname
# OR
utils/update-checkout --tag mytagname
    Detailed branching information, including names for release branches, can be found in Branches.md.

Note
The commands used in the rest of this guide assumes that the absolute path to your working directory is something like /path/to/swift-project/swift. Double-check that running pwd prints a path ending with swift.

Troubleshooting cloning issues

  • If update-checkout failed, double-check that the absolute path to your working directory does not have non-ASCII characters.
  • If update-checkout failed and the absolute path to your working directory had spaces in it, please file a bug report and change the path to work around it.
  • Before running update-checkout, double-check that swift is the only repository inside the swift-project directory. Otherwise, update-checkout may not clone the necessary dependencies.

Installing dependencies

macOS

  1. Install Xcode 13 beta 4 or newer: The required version of Xcode changes frequently and is often a beta release. Check this document or the host information on https://ci.swift.org for the current required version.
  2. Install CMake, Ninja and Sccache:

Linux

  1. The latest Linux dependencies are listed in the respective Dockerfiles:

  2. To install Sccache (optional):

    • If you're not building within a Docker container:

      sudo snap install sccache --candidate --classic

    • If you're building within a Docker container, you'll have to install sccache manually, since snap is not available in environments without systemd:

      SCCACHE_VERSION=v0.3.0
curl -L "https://github.com/mozilla/sccache/releases/download/${SCCACHE_VERSION}/sccache-${SCCACHE_VERSION}-$(uname -m)-unknown-linux-musl.tar.gz" -o sccache.tar.gz
tar xzpvf sccache.tar.gz
sudo cp "sccache-${SCCACHE_VERSION}-$(uname -m)-unknown-linux-musl/sccache" /usr/local/bin
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/sccache

Note
LLDB currently requires at least swig-1.3.40 but will successfully build with version 2 shipped with Ubuntu.

Building the project for the first time

Spot check dependencies

  • Run cmake --version; this should be at least 3.19.6 (3.24.2 if you want to use Xcode for editing on macOS).
  • Run python3 --version; check that this succeeds.
  • Run ninja --version; check that this succeeds.
  • If you installed and want to use Sccache: Run sccache --version; check that this succeeds.

The roles of different tools

At this point, it is worthwhile to pause for a moment to understand what the different tools do:

  1. On macOS and Windows, IDEs (Xcode and Visual Studio resp.) serve as an easy way to install development dependencies such as a C++ compiler, a linker, header files, etc. The IDE's build system need not be used to build Swift. On Linux, these dependencies are installed by the distribution's package manager.

  2. CMake is a cross-platform build system for C and C++. It forms the core infrastructure used to configure builds of Swift and its companion projects.

  3. Ninja is a low-level build system that can be used to build the project, as an alternative to Xcode's build system. Ninja is somewhat faster, especially for incremental builds, and supports more build environments.

  4. Sccache is a caching tool: If you ever delete your build directory and rebuild from scratch (i.e. do a "clean build"), Sccache can accelerate the new build significantly. There are few things more satisfying than seeing Sccache cut through build times.

    Note Sccache defaults to a cache size of 10GB, which is relatively small compared to build artifacts. You can bump it up, say, by setting export SCCACHE_CACHE_SIZE="50G" in your dotfile(s).

  5. utils/update-checkout is a script to help you work with all the individual git repositories together, instead of manually cloning/updating each one.

  6. utils/build-script (we will introduce this shortly) is a high-level automation script that handles configuration (via CMake), building (via Ninja), caching (via Sccache), running tests and more.

Pro Tip: Most tools support --help flags describing the options they support. Additionally, both Clang and the Swift compiler have hidden flags (clang --help-hidden/swiftc --help-hidden) and frontend flags (clang -cc1 --help/swiftc -frontend --help) and the Swift compiler even has hidden frontend flags (swiftc -frontend --help-hidden). Sneaky!

Phew, that's a lot to digest! Now let's proceed to the actual build itself!

The actual build

  1. Build the toolchain with optimizations, debuginfo, and assertions, using Ninja.

    • macOS: 
      utils/build-script --skip-build-benchmarks \
  --skip-ios --skip-watchos --skip-tvos --swift-darwin-supported-archs "$(uname -m)" \
  --sccache --release-debuginfo --swift-disable-dead-stripping
    • Linux: 
      utils/build-script --release-debuginfo --skip-early-swift-driver \
  --skip-early-swiftsyntax
      If you installed and want to use Sccache, include the --sccache option in the invocation as well.

    Note
    If you are planning to work on the compiler, but not the parts that are written in Swift, pass --bootstrapping=hosttools to speed up local development. Note that on Linux — unlike macOS, where the toolchain already comes with Xcode — this option additionally requires a recent Swift toolchain to be installed.

    This will create a directory swift-project/build/Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert containing the Swift compiler and standard library and clang/LLVM build artifacts. If the build fails, see Troubleshooting build issues.

    Note
    --release-debuginfo means that although debug information will be produced, all targets will be compiled in release mode, meaning optimized code, which can affect your debugging experience. Consider --debug-swift to build a debug variant of the compiler and have the swift targets (including swift-frontend) built in debug mode.

    If you would like to additionally build the Swift corelibs, ie swift-corelibs-libdispatch, swift-corelibs-foundation, and swift-corelibs-xctest, on Linux, add the --xctest flag to build-script.

In the following sections, for simplicity, we will assume that you are using a Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert build on macOS, unless explicitly mentioned otherwise. You will need to slightly tweak the paths for other build configurations.

Troubleshooting build issues

Editing code

Setting up your fork

If you are building the toolchain for development and submitting patches, you will need to setup a GitHub fork.

First fork the apple/swift repository, using the "Fork" button in the web UI, near the top-right. This will create a repository username/swift for your GitHub username. Next, add it as a remote:

# Using 'my-remote' as a placeholder name.

# If you set up SSH in step 2
git remote add my-remote [email protected]:username/swift.git

# If you used HTTPS in step 2
git remote add my-remote https://github.com/username/swift.git

Finally, create a new branch.

# Using 'my-branch' as a placeholder name
git checkout -b my-branch
git push --set-upstream my-remote my-branch

Using Ninja with Xcode

This workflow enables you to navigate, edit, build, run, and debug in Xcode while retaining the option of building with Ninja on the command line.

Assuming that you have already built the toolchain via Ninja, several more steps are necessary to set up this environment:

  • Generate Xcode projects with utils/build-script --swift-darwin-supported-archs "$(uname -m)" --xcode --clean. This will first build a few LLVM files that are needed to configure the projects.

  • Create a new Xcode workspace.

  • Add the generated Xcode projects or Swift packages that are relevant to your tasks to your workspace. All the Xcode projects can be found among the build artifacts under build/Xcode-*/. For example:

    • If you are aiming for the compiler, add build/Xcode-*/swift-macosx-*/Swift.xcodeproj. This project also includes the standard library and runtime sources. If you need the parts of the compiler that are implemented in Swift itself, add the swift/SwiftCompilerSources/Package.swift package as well.
    • If you are aiming for just the standard library or runtime, add build/Xcode-*/swift-macosx-*/stdlib/Swift-stdlib.xcodeproj.

    Warning
    Adding both Swift.xcodeproj and LLVM.xcodeproj might slow down the IDE and is not recommended unless you know what you're doing.

    In general, we encourage you to add only what you need. Keep in mind that none of the generated Xcode projects are required to build or run with this setup because we are using Ninja—an external build system; rather, they should be viewed as a means of leveraging the navigation, editing and debugging features of the IDE in relation to the source code they wrap.

  • Create an empty Xcode project in the workspace, using the External Build System template.

  • Add a target to the empty project, using the External Build System template, and name it after the Ninja target that you want to build (e.g. swift-frontend is the compiler).

  • In the Info pane of the target settings, set

    • Build Tool to the absolute path of the ninja executable (the output of which ninja on the command line)
    • Arguments to the Ninja target (e.g. bin/swift-frontend)
    • Directory to the absolute path of the build directory where the Ninja target lives. For Swift targets such as the compiler or standard library, this is the build/Ninja-*/swift-macosx-* directory.

  • Add a scheme for the target. In the drop-down menu, be careful not to mistake your target for a similar one that belongs to a generated Xcode project.

  • Note
    Ignore this step if the target associates to a non-executable Ninja target like swift-stdlib.

    Adjust the Run action settings of the scheme:

    • In the Info pane, select the Executable built by the Ninja target from the appropriate bin directory (e.g. build/Ninja-*/swift-macosx-*/bin/swift-frontend).
    • In the Arguments pane, add the command line arguments that you want to pass to the executable on launch (e.g. path/to/file.swift -typecheck for bin/swift-frontend).
    • You can optionally set the working directory for debugging in the Options pane.

  • Configure as many more target-scheme pairs as you need.

Now you are all set! You can build, run and debug as with a native Xcode project. If an update-checkout routine or a structural change—such as when source files are added or deleted—happens to impact your editing experience, simply regenerate the Xcode projects.

Note

  • For debugging to fully work for a given component—say, the compiler—the build-script invocation for the Ninja build must be arranged to build a debug variant of that component.
  • Xcode's indexing can occasionally start slipping after switching to and back from a distant branch, resulting in a noticeable slowdown. To sort things out, close the workspace and delete the Index directory from the workspace's derived data before reopening.

Other IDEs setup

You can also use other editors and IDEs to work on Swift.

IntelliJ CLion

CLion supports CMake and Ninja. In order to configure it properly, build the swift project first using the build-script, then open the swift directory with CLion and proceed to project settings (cmd + ,).

In project settings, locate Build, Execution, Deployment > CMake. You will need to create a new profile named RelWithDebInfoAssert (or Debug if going to point it at the debug build). Enter the following information:

  • Name: mirror the name of the build configuration here, e.g. RelWithDebInfoAssert or Debug
  • Build type: This corresponds to CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE so should be e.g. RelWithDebInfoAssert or Debug
    • latest versions of the IDE suggest valid values here. Generally RelWithDebInfoAssert is a good one to work with
  • Toolchain: Default should be fine
  • Generator: Ninja
  • CMake options: You want to duplicate the essential CMake flags that build-script had used here, so CLion understands the build configuration. You can get the full list of CMake arguments from build-script by providing the -n dry-run flag; look for the last cmake command with a -G Ninja. Here is a minimal list of what you should provide to CLion here for this setting:
    • -D SWIFT_PATH_TO_CMARK_BUILD=SOME_PATH/swift-project/build/Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert/cmark-macosx-arm64 -D LLVM_DIR=SOME_PATH/swift-project/build/Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert/llvm-macosx-arm64/lib/cmake/llvm -D Clang_DIR=SOME_PATH/swift-project/build/Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert/llvm-macosx-arm64/lib/cmake/clang -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RelWithDebInfoAssert -D SWIFT_PATH_TO_SWIFT_SYNTAX_SOURCE=SOME_PATH/swift-project/swift-syntax -G Ninja -S .
    • replace the SOME_PATH to the path where your swift-project directory is
    • the CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE should match the build configuration name, so if you named this profile RelWithDebInfo the CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE should also be RelWithDebInfo
    • Note: If you're using an Intel machine to build swift, you'll need to replace the architecture in the options. (ex: arm64 with x86_64)
  • Build Directory: change this to the Swift build directory corresponding to the build-script run you did earlier, for example, SOME_PATH/swift-project/build/Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert/swift-macosx-arm64.

With this done, CLion should be able to successfully import the project and have full autocomplete and code navigation powers.

Editing

Make changes to the code as appropriate. Implement a shiny new feature! Or fix a nasty bug! Update the documentation as you go! The codebase is your oyster!

🚧👷🏗️

Now that you have made some changes, you will need to rebuild...

Incremental builds with Ninja

To rebuild the compiler:

ninja -C ../build/Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert/swift-macosx-$(uname -m) bin/swift-frontend

To rebuild everything, including the standard library:

ninja -C ../build/Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert/swift-macosx-$(uname -m)

Spot checking an incremental build

As a quick test, go to lib/Basic/Version.cpp and tweak the version printing code slightly. Next, do an incremental build as above. This incremental build should be much faster than the from-scratch build at the beginning. Now check if the version string has been updated:

../build/Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert/swift-macosx-$(uname -m)/bin/swift-frontend --version

This should print your updated version string.

Reproducing an issue

Good first issues typically have small code examples that fit within a single file. You can reproduce such an issue in various ways, such as compiling it from the command line using /path/to/swiftc MyFile.swift, pasting the code into Compiler Explorer (aka godbolt) or using an Xcode Playground.

For files using frameworks from an SDK bundled with Xcode, you need the pass the SDK explicitly. Here are a couple of examples:

# Compile a file to an executable for your local machine.
xcrun -sdk macosx /path/to/swiftc MyFile.swift

# Say you are trying to compile a file importing an iOS-only framework.
xcrun -sdk iphoneos /path/to/swiftc -target arm64-apple-ios13.0 MyFile.swift

You can see the full list of -sdk options using xcodebuild -showsdks, and check some potential -target options for different operating systems by skimming the compiler's test suite under test/.

Sometimes bug reports come with SwiftPM packages or Xcode projects as minimal reproducers. While we do not add packages or projects to the compiler's test suite, it is generally helpful to first reproduce the issue in context before trying to create a minimal self-contained test case. If that's the case with the bug you're working on, check out our instructions on building packages and Xcode projects with a locally built compiler.

Running tests

There are two main ways to run tests:

  1. utils/run-test: By default, run-test builds the tests' dependencies before running them. 
    # Rebuild all test dependencies and run all tests under test/.
utils/run-test --lit ../llvm-project/llvm/utils/lit/lit.py \
  ../build/Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert/swift-macosx-$(uname -m)/test-macosx-$(uname -m)

# Rebuild all test dependencies and run tests containing "MyTest".
utils/run-test --lit ../llvm-project/llvm/utils/lit/lit.py \
  ../build/Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert/swift-macosx-$(uname -m)/test-macosx-$(uname -m) \
  --filter="MyTest"
  2. lit.py: lit doesn't know anything about dependencies. It just runs tests. 
    # Run all tests under test/.
../llvm-project/llvm/utils/lit/lit.py -s -vv \
  ../build/Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert/swift-macosx-$(uname -m)/test-macosx-$(uname -m)

# Run tests containing "MyTest"
../llvm-project/llvm/utils/lit/lit.py -s -vv \
  ../build/Ninja-RelWithDebInfoAssert/swift-macosx-$(uname -m)/test-macosx-$(uname -m) \
  --filter="MyTest"
    The -s and -vv flags print a progress bar and the executed commands respectively.

If you are making small changes to the compiler or some other component, you'll likely want to incrementally rebuild only the relevant target and use lit.py with --filter. One potential failure mode with this approach is accidental use of stale binaries. For example, say that you want to rerun a SourceKit test but you only incrementally rebuilt the compiler. Then your changes will not be reflected when the test runs because the sourcekitd binary was not rebuilt. Using run-test instead is the safer option, but it will lead to a longer feedback loop due to more things getting rebuilt.

In the rare event that a local test failure happens to be unrelated to your changes (is not due to stale binaries and reproduces without your changes), there is a good chance that it has already been caught by our continuous integration infrastructure, and it may be ignored.

If you want to rerun all the tests, you can either rebuild the whole project and use lit.py without --filter or use run-test to handle both aspects.

For more details on running tests and understanding the various Swift-specific lit customizations, see Testing.md. Also check out the lit documentation to understand how the different lit commands work.

Debugging issues

In this section, we briefly describe two common ways of debugging: print debugging and using LLDB.

Depending on the code you're interested in, LLDB may be significantly more effective when using a debug build. Depending on what components you are working on, you could turn off optimizations for only a few things. Here are some example invocations:

# optimized Stdlib + debug Swiftc + optimized Clang/LLVM
utils/build-script --release-debuginfo --debug-swift # other flags...

# debug Stdlib + optimized Swiftc + optimized Clang/LLVM
utils/build-script --release-debuginfo --debug-swift-stdlib # other flags...

# optimized Stdlib + debug Swiftc (except typechecker) + optimized Clang/LLVM
utils/build-script --release-debuginfo --debug-swift --force-optimized-typechecker

# Last resort option, it is highly unlikely that you will need this
# debug Stdlib + debug Swiftc + debug Clang/LLVM
utils/build-script --debug # other flags...

Debug builds have two major drawbacks:

  • A debug compiler is much slower, leading to longer feedback loops in case you need to repeatedly compile the Swift standard library and/or run a large number of tests.
  • The build artifacts consume a lot more disk space.

DebuggingTheCompiler.md goes into a LOT more detail on how you can level up your debugging skills! Make sure you check it out in case you're trying to debug a tricky issue and aren't sure how to go about it.

Print debugging

A large number of types have dump(..)/print(..) methods which can be used along with llvm::errs() or other LLVM streams. For example, if you have a variable std::vector<CanType> canTypes that you want to print, you could do:

auto &e = llvm::errs();
e << "canTypes = [";
llvm::interleaveComma(canTypes, e, [&](auto ty) { ty.dump(e); });
e << "]\n";

You can also crash the compiler using assert/llvm_unreachable/ llvm::report_fatal_error, after accumulating the result in a stream:

std::string msg; llvm::raw_string_ostream os(msg);
os << "unexpected canTypes = [";
llvm::interleaveComma(canTypes, os, [&](auto ty) { ty.dump(os); });
os << "] !!!\n";
llvm::report_fatal_error(os.str());

Debugging using LLDB

When the compiler crashes, the commandline arguments passed to it will be printed to stderr. It will likely look something like:

/path/to/swift-frontend <args>

  • Using LLDB on the commandline: Copy the entire invocation and pass it to LLDB.

    lldb -- /path/to/swift-frontend <args>

    Now you can use the usual LLDB commands like run, breakpoint set and so on. If you are new to LLDB, check out the official LLDB documentation and nesono's LLDB cheat sheet.

  • Using LLDB within Xcode: Select the current scheme 'swift-frontend' → Edit Scheme → Run phase → Arguments tab. Under "Arguments Passed on Launch", copy-paste the <args> and make sure that "Expand Variables Based On" is set to swift-frontend. Close the scheme editor. If you now run the compiler (⌘+R or Product → Run), you will be able to use the Xcode debugger.

    Xcode also has the ability to attach to and debug Swift processes launched elsewhere. Under Debug → Attach to Process by PID or name..., you can enter a compiler process's PID or name (swift-frontend) to debug a compiler instance invoked elsewhere. This can be helpful if you have a single compiler process being invoked by another tool, such as SwiftPM or another open Xcode project.

    Pro Tip: Xcode 12's terminal does not support colors, so you may see explicit color codes printed by dump() methods on various types. To avoid color codes in dumped output, run expr llvm::errs().enable_color(false).

Next steps

Make sure you check out the following resources:

  • LLVM Coding Standards: A style guide followed by both LLVM and Swift. If there is a mismatch between the LLVM Coding Standards and the surrounding code that you are editing, please match the style of existing code.
  • LLVM Programmer's Manual: A guide describing common programming idioms and data types used by LLVM and Swift.
  • docs/README.md: Provides a bird's eye view of the available documentation.
  • Lexicon.md: Provides definitions for jargon. If you run into a term frequently that you don't recognize, it's likely that this file has a definition for it.
  • Testing.md and DebuggingTheCompiler.md: These cover more ground on testing and debugging respectively.
  • Development Tips: Tips for being more productive.

If you see mistakes in the documentation (including typos, not just major errors) or identify gaps that you could potentially improve the contributing experience, please start a discussion on the forums, submit a pull request or file a bug report on Swift repository 'Issues' tab. Thanks!