diff --git a/ethereum/referencetests/src/reference-test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/TransactionTest.java b/ethereum/referencetests/src/reference-test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/TransactionTest.java
index d36a0b6a87d..b2dd41bbfa5 100644
--- a/ethereum/referencetests/src/reference-test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/TransactionTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/referencetests/src/reference-test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/TransactionTest.java
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.transaction.TransactionInvalidReason;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.BerlinGasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.ByzantiumGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.CancunGasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.ConstantinopleGasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.FrontierGasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.GasCalculator;
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.IstanbulGasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.LondonGasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.PetersburgGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.ShanghaiGasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.SpuriousDragonGasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.TangerineWhistleGasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.testutil.JsonTestParameters;
@@ -54,7 +56,8 @@ private static TransactionValidator transactionValidator(final String name) {
     return REFERENCE_TEST_PROTOCOL_SCHEDULES
         .getByName(name)
         .getByBlockHeader(BlockHeaderBuilder.createDefault().buildBlockHeader())
-        .getTransactionValidatorFactory().get();
+        .getTransactionValidatorFactory()
+        .get();
   }
 
   private static final String TEST_CONFIG_FILE_DIR_PATH = "TransactionTests/";
@@ -62,7 +65,9 @@ private static TransactionValidator transactionValidator(final String name) {
   public static Stream<Arguments> getTestParametersForConfig() {
     return JsonTestParameters.create(TransactionTestCaseSpec.class)
         .generator((name, fullPath, spec, collector) -> collector.add(name, fullPath, spec, true))
-        .generate(TEST_CONFIG_FILE_DIR_PATH).stream().map(params -> Arguments.of(params[0], params[1]));
+        .generate(TEST_CONFIG_FILE_DIR_PATH)
+        .stream()
+        .map(params -> Arguments.of(params[0], params[1]));
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest(name = "Name: {0}")
@@ -125,8 +130,30 @@ public void london(final String name, final TransactionTestCaseSpec spec) {
     milestone(spec, name, "London", new LondonGasCalculator(), Optional.of(Wei.of(0)));
   }
 
+  @ParameterizedTest(name = "Name: {0}")
+  @MethodSource("getTestParametersForConfig")
+  public void merge(final String name, final TransactionTestCaseSpec spec) {
+    milestone(spec, name, "Merge", new LondonGasCalculator(), Optional.of(Wei.of(0)));
+  }
+
+  @ParameterizedTest(name = "Name: {0}")
+  @MethodSource("getTestParametersForConfig")
+  public void shanghai(final String name, final TransactionTestCaseSpec spec) {
+    milestone(spec, name, "Shanghai", new ShanghaiGasCalculator(), Optional.of(Wei.of(0)));
+  }
+
+  @ParameterizedTest(name = "Name: {0}")
+  @MethodSource("getTestParametersForConfig")
+  public void cancun(final String name, final TransactionTestCaseSpec spec) {
+    milestone(spec, name, "Cancun", new CancunGasCalculator(), Optional.of(Wei.of(0)));
+  }
+
   public void milestone(
-      final TransactionTestCaseSpec spec, final String name, final String milestone, final GasCalculator gasCalculator, final Optional<Wei> baseFee) {
+      final TransactionTestCaseSpec spec,
+      final String name,
+      final String milestone,
+      final GasCalculator gasCalculator,
+      final Optional<Wei> baseFee) {
 
     final TransactionTestCaseSpec.Expectation expected = spec.expectation(milestone);
 
diff --git a/ethereum/referencetests/src/reference-test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/TransactionTestCaseSpec.java b/ethereum/referencetests/src/reference-test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/TransactionTestCaseSpec.java
index 7f9c3cb7c63..7ce7384e1ab 100644
--- a/ethereum/referencetests/src/reference-test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/TransactionTestCaseSpec.java
+++ b/ethereum/referencetests/src/reference-test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/TransactionTestCaseSpec.java
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions;
 
 /** A Transaction test case specification. */
 @JsonIgnoreProperties({"_info"})
@@ -109,9 +110,7 @@ public Bytes getRlp() {
   public Expectation expectation(final String milestone) {
     final Expectation expectation = expectations.get(milestone);
 
-    if (expectation == null) {
-      throw new IllegalStateException("Expectation for milestone " + milestone + " not found");
-    }
+    Assumptions.assumeFalse(expectation == null, () -> "No expectation for milestone " + milestone);
 
     return expectation;
   }
diff --git a/ethereum/referencetests/src/reference-test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/rlp/RLPRefTest.java b/ethereum/referencetests/src/reference-test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/rlp/RLPRefTest.java
index a4eff43c98d..b6d01dae83f 100644
--- a/ethereum/referencetests/src/reference-test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/rlp/RLPRefTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/referencetests/src/reference-test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/rlp/RLPRefTest.java
@@ -16,12 +16,13 @@
 
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeTrue;
 
-import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.rlp.util.RLPTestUtil;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.testutil.JsonTestParameters;
 
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
+import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
+import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
@@ -29,23 +30,45 @@
 /** The Ethereum reference RLP tests. */
 public class RLPRefTest {
 
-  private static final String TEST_CONFIG_FILES = "RLPTests/rlptest.json";
+  private static final String[] TEST_CONFIG_FILES = {
+    "RLPTests/rlptest.json", "RLPTests/invalidRLPTest.json"
+  };
+
+  private static final Bytes INVALID = Bytes.fromHexString("0x494e56414c4944");
 
   public static Stream<Arguments> getTestParametersForConfig() {
-    return JsonTestParameters.create(RLPRefTestCaseSpec.class).generate(TEST_CONFIG_FILES).stream().map(params -> Arguments.of(params[0], params[1], params[2]));
+    return JsonTestParameters.create(RLPRefTestCaseSpec.class).generate(TEST_CONFIG_FILES).stream()
+        .map(params -> Arguments.of(params[0], params[1], params[2]));
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest(name = "Name: {0}")
   @MethodSource("getTestParametersForConfig")
   public void encode(final String name, final RLPRefTestCaseSpec spec, final boolean runTest) {
     assumeTrue(runTest, "Test was blacklisted");
-    Assertions.assertThat(RLPTestUtil.encode(spec.getIn())).isEqualTo(spec.getOut());
+    if (!spec.getIn().equals(INVALID)) {
+      Assertions.assertThat(RLPTestUtil.encode(spec.getIn())).isEqualTo(spec.getOut());
+    }
   }
 
   @ParameterizedTest(name = "Name: {0}")
   @MethodSource("getTestParametersForConfig")
   public void decode(final String name, final RLPRefTestCaseSpec spec, final boolean runTest) {
     assumeTrue(runTest, "Test was blacklisted");
-    Assertions.assertThat(RLPTestUtil.decode(spec.getOut())).isEqualTo(spec.getIn());
+    if (spec.getIn().equals(INVALID)) {
+      Assertions.assertThatThrownBy(() -> RLPTestUtil.decode(spec.getOut()))
+          .isInstanceOf(RLPException.class);
+      Assertions.assertThatThrownBy(() -> decode2(RLP.input(spec.getOut())))
+          .isInstanceOf(RLPException.class);
+    } else {
+      Assertions.assertThat(RLPTestUtil.decode(spec.getOut())).isEqualTo(spec.getIn());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static Object decode2(final RLPInput in) {
+    if (in.nextIsList()) {
+      return in.readList(RLPRefTest::decode2);
+    } else {
+      return in.readBytes();
+    }
   }
 }