diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 751f8cc453ca..1e21fe0afb67 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 - `[jest-resolve]` Replace read-pkg-up with escalade package ([#10781](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/10781))
 - `[jest-runtime]` [**BREAKING**] Do not inject `global` variable into module wrapper ([#10644](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/10644))
+- `[jest-runtime]` [**BREAKING**] Convert to ESM ([#10325](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/10325))
 - `[jest-transform]` Show enhanced `SyntaxError` message for all `SyntaxError`s ([#10749](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/10749))
 - `[jest-transform]` [**BREAKING**] Refactor API to pass an options bag around rather than multiple boolean options ([#10753](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/10753))
 
diff --git a/packages/jest-circus/src/legacy-code-todo-rewrite/jestAdapter.ts b/packages/jest-circus/src/legacy-code-todo-rewrite/jestAdapter.ts
index f20ef5c0df68..50e5f1abe620 100644
--- a/packages/jest-circus/src/legacy-code-todo-rewrite/jestAdapter.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-circus/src/legacy-code-todo-rewrite/jestAdapter.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import type {JestEnvironment} from '@jest/environment';
 import type {TestResult} from '@jest/test-result';
 import type {Config} from '@jest/types';
 import type {TestFileEvent} from 'jest-runner';
-import type {RuntimeType as Runtime} from 'jest-runtime';
+import type Runtime from 'jest-runtime';
 import type {SnapshotStateType} from 'jest-snapshot';
 import {deepCyclicCopy} from 'jest-util';
 
diff --git a/packages/jest-core/src/__tests__/SearchSource.test.ts b/packages/jest-core/src/__tests__/SearchSource.test.ts
index 2f96cc1b4fe4..86c0d73b32b4 100644
--- a/packages/jest-core/src/__tests__/SearchSource.test.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-core/src/__tests__/SearchSource.test.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import * as path from 'path';
 import type {Config} from '@jest/types';
 import {normalize} from 'jest-config';
 import {Test} from 'jest-runner';
-import Runtime = require('jest-runtime');
+import Runtime from 'jest-runtime';
 import SearchSource, {SearchResult} from '../SearchSource';
 
 jest.setTimeout(15000);
diff --git a/packages/jest-core/src/__tests__/watchFileChanges.test.ts b/packages/jest-core/src/__tests__/watchFileChanges.test.ts
index 79c4c93f29e5..a2866f6f9b46 100644
--- a/packages/jest-core/src/__tests__/watchFileChanges.test.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-core/src/__tests__/watchFileChanges.test.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import rimraf = require('rimraf');
 import type {AggregatedResult} from '@jest/test-result';
 import {normalize} from 'jest-config';
 import HasteMap = require('jest-haste-map');
-import Runtime = require('jest-runtime');
+import Runtime from 'jest-runtime';
 import {JestHook} from 'jest-watcher';
 
 describe('Watch mode flows with changed files', () => {
diff --git a/packages/jest-core/src/cli/index.ts b/packages/jest-core/src/cli/index.ts
index c115e865dd09..ca67513a2d4d 100644
--- a/packages/jest-core/src/cli/index.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-core/src/cli/index.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import type {Config} from '@jest/types';
 import type {ChangedFilesPromise} from 'jest-changed-files';
 import {readConfigs} from 'jest-config';
 import HasteMap = require('jest-haste-map');
-import Runtime = require('jest-runtime');
+import Runtime, {Context} from 'jest-runtime';
 import {createDirectory, preRunMessage} from 'jest-util';
 import TestWatcher from '../TestWatcher';
 import {formatHandleErrors} from '../collectHandles';
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ const _run10000 = async (
 };
 
 const runWatch = async (
-  contexts: Array<Runtime.Context>,
+  contexts: Array<Context>,
   _configs: Array<Config.ProjectConfig>,
   hasDeprecationWarnings: boolean,
   globalConfig: Config.GlobalConfig,
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ const runWatch = async (
 
 const runWithoutWatch = async (
   globalConfig: Config.GlobalConfig,
-  contexts: Array<Runtime.Context>,
+  contexts: Array<Context>,
   outputStream: NodeJS.WriteStream,
   onComplete: OnCompleteCallback,
   changedFilesPromise?: ChangedFilesPromise,
diff --git a/packages/jest-core/src/lib/createContext.ts b/packages/jest-core/src/lib/createContext.ts
index 9937a1342ff5..0cd6c5b23677 100644
--- a/packages/jest-core/src/lib/createContext.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-core/src/lib/createContext.ts
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@
 
 import type {Config} from '@jest/types';
 import type {HasteMapObject} from 'jest-haste-map';
-import Runtime = require('jest-runtime');
+import Runtime, {Context} from 'jest-runtime';
 
 export default (
   config: Config.ProjectConfig,
   {hasteFS, moduleMap}: HasteMapObject,
-): Runtime.Context => ({
+): Context => ({
   config,
   hasteFS,
   moduleMap,
diff --git a/packages/jest-jasmine2/src/index.ts b/packages/jest-jasmine2/src/index.ts
index b0b3069a971e..1056dcec7330 100644
--- a/packages/jest-jasmine2/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-jasmine2/src/index.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import type {JestEnvironment} from '@jest/environment';
 import {getCallsite} from '@jest/source-map';
 import type {AssertionResult, TestResult} from '@jest/test-result';
 import type {Config, Global} from '@jest/types';
-import type {RuntimeType as Runtime} from 'jest-runtime';
+import type Runtime from 'jest-runtime';
 import type {SnapshotStateType} from 'jest-snapshot';
 import installEach from './each';
 import {installErrorOnPrivate} from './errorOnPrivate';
diff --git a/packages/jest-repl/src/cli/args.ts b/packages/jest-repl/src/cli/args.ts
index 3e4a194682b6..43dc5793f1f9 100644
--- a/packages/jest-repl/src/cli/args.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-repl/src/cli/args.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  */
 
 import type {Options} from 'yargs';
-import Runtime = require('jest-runtime');
+import Runtime from 'jest-runtime';
 
 export const usage = 'Usage: $0 [--config=<pathToConfigFile>]';
 
diff --git a/packages/jest-repl/src/cli/index.ts b/packages/jest-repl/src/cli/index.ts
index e756fc2fef13..58a8f2db1482 100644
--- a/packages/jest-repl/src/cli/index.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-repl/src/cli/index.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 import yargs = require('yargs');
 import type {Config} from '@jest/types';
 import {deprecationEntries} from 'jest-config';
-import Runtime = require('jest-runtime');
+import Runtime from 'jest-runtime';
 import {validateCLIOptions} from 'jest-validate';
 import * as args from './args';
 const {version: VERSION} = require('../../package.json');
diff --git a/packages/jest-resolve-dependencies/src/__tests__/dependency_resolver.test.ts b/packages/jest-resolve-dependencies/src/__tests__/dependency_resolver.test.ts
index eeacf0056acc..6198e25d39f3 100644
--- a/packages/jest-resolve-dependencies/src/__tests__/dependency_resolver.test.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-resolve-dependencies/src/__tests__/dependency_resolver.test.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ const filter = (path: Config.Path) =>
   Object.keys(cases).every(key => cases[key](path));
 
 beforeEach(() => {
-  Runtime = require('jest-runtime');
+  Runtime = require('jest-runtime').default;
   config = makeProjectConfig({
     cacheDirectory: path.resolve(tmpdir(), 'jest-resolve-dependencies-test'),
     moduleDirectories: ['node_modules'],
diff --git a/packages/jest-runner/src/runTest.ts b/packages/jest-runner/src/runTest.ts
index 2ccfd7e3cebd..1174753dfb5d 100644
--- a/packages/jest-runner/src/runTest.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-runner/src/runTest.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import * as docblock from 'jest-docblock';
 import LeakDetector from 'jest-leak-detector';
 import {formatExecError} from 'jest-message-util';
 import type Resolver from 'jest-resolve';
-import RuntimeClass = require('jest-runtime');
+import type RuntimeClass from 'jest-runtime';
 import {ErrorWithStack, interopRequireDefault, setGlobal} from 'jest-util';
 import type {TestFileEvent, TestFramework, TestRunnerContext} from './types';
 
diff --git a/packages/jest-runner/src/testWorker.ts b/packages/jest-runner/src/testWorker.ts
index 2284a856fcb3..fff6e741e32e 100644
--- a/packages/jest-runner/src/testWorker.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-runner/src/testWorker.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import type {Config} from '@jest/types';
 import HasteMap = require('jest-haste-map');
 import {separateMessageFromStack} from 'jest-message-util';
 import type Resolver from 'jest-resolve';
-import Runtime = require('jest-runtime');
+import Runtime from 'jest-runtime';
 import {messageParent} from 'jest-worker';
 import runTest from './runTest';
 import type {
diff --git a/packages/jest-runner/src/types.ts b/packages/jest-runner/src/types.ts
index f90be3e2c201..3d425c045f24 100644
--- a/packages/jest-runner/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-runner/src/types.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import type {
 import type {Config} from '@jest/types';
 import type {FS as HasteFS, ModuleMap} from 'jest-haste-map';
 import type Resolver from 'jest-resolve';
-import type {RuntimeType} from 'jest-runtime';
+import type RuntimeType from 'jest-runtime';
 
 export type ErrorWithCode = Error & {code?: string};
 export type Test = {
diff --git a/packages/jest-runtime/src/cli/index.ts b/packages/jest-runtime/src/cli/index.ts
index 270a3c82a849..3add89691abc 100644
--- a/packages/jest-runtime/src/cli/index.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-runtime/src/cli/index.ts
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ export async function run(
     automock: false,
   };
 
-  const Runtime: typeof import('..') = require('..');
+  const {default: Runtime} = await import('..');
 
   try {
     const hasteMap = await Runtime.createContext(config, {
diff --git a/packages/jest-runtime/src/index.ts b/packages/jest-runtime/src/index.ts
index 8f4b830af5b1..0b679ee3f47f 100644
--- a/packages/jest-runtime/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-runtime/src/index.ts
@@ -55,7 +55,9 @@ import {
   decodePossibleOutsideJestVmPath,
   findSiblingsWithFileExtension,
 } from './helpers';
-import type {Context as JestContext} from './types';
+import type {Context} from './types';
+
+export type {Context} from './types';
 
 const esmIsAvailable = typeof SourceTextModule === 'function';
 
@@ -109,12 +111,6 @@ const fromEntries: typeof Object.fromEntries =
     }, {});
   };
 
-declare namespace Runtime {
-  export type Context = JestContext;
-  // ditch this export when moving to esm - for now we need it for to avoid faulty type elision
-  export type RuntimeType = Runtime;
-}
-
 const testTimeoutSymbol = Symbol.for('TEST_TIMEOUT_SYMBOL');
 const retryTimesSymbol = Symbol.for('RETRY_TIMES');
 
@@ -154,7 +150,7 @@ const supportsTopLevelAwait =
     }
   })();
 
-class Runtime {
+export default class Runtime {
   private _cacheFS: StringMap;
   private _config: Config.ProjectConfig;
   private _coverageOptions: ShouldInstrumentOptions;
@@ -279,7 +275,7 @@ class Runtime {
       watch?: boolean;
       watchman: boolean;
     },
-  ): Promise<JestContext> {
+  ): Promise<Context> {
     createDirectory(config.cacheDirectory);
     const instance = Runtime.createHasteMap(config, {
       console: options.console,
@@ -1797,5 +1793,3 @@ async function evaluateSyntheticModule(module: SyntheticModule) {
 
   return module;
 }
-
-export = Runtime;