The major advantage of modeling applications with Petri nets is that they provide a natural view on the concurrent behavior of an application. This is achieved by making explicit the preconditions for an operation to be carried out while leaving implicit how and when an operation is triggered and how independent operations are timed.
This OTP behavior allows programming with Petri nets. It implements a very general form of Petri nets using Erlang terms as tokens. This means that (i) tokens are not only markers but can be any data structure conceivable in Erlang, (ii) a place can hold any number of tokens not just one, (iii) transitions can perform any computation conceivable in Erlang.
The Petri net is specified by implementing a set of callback functions (much like the gen_fsm behavior) declaring the place names, the transition names, the preset for each transition, in what modes a transition is enabled, what happens, when a transition fires in a given mode, and the net's initial marking. To communicate with the outside world, callback functions handling calls, casts, and unformatted messages can be provided. Finally, the user can specify a trigger function that is called for each token that is about to emerge on a place. This trigger function can devise side effects and can either let the token be created normally or make it vanish. Both terminating and live nets can be defined using gen_pnet and even though a live net never finishes to make progress, the net instance is constantly responsive to outside requests. Conflicting transitions fire randomly and fairly.
The documentation of the gen_pnet module's API is available online.
This section shows how the gen_pnet library can be added to your project, how Petri nets are defined, and how Petri net instances are started, queried, and manipulated. We demonstrate the API by constructing a cookie vending machine. The source code of the cookie vending machine module is part of the example collection for gen_pnet.
Cookie vending machine example net. Place and transition names are atoms while, in this example, tokens are also atoms.
To integrate gen_pnet into a rebar3 managed project change the deps entry in your application's rebar.config file to include the tuple {gen_pnet, "0.1.7"}.
{deps, [{gen_pnet, "0.1.7"}]}.{:gen_pnet, "~> 0.1.7"}Petri nets are defined by creating a callback module that implements the gen_pnet behavior by providing a number of callback functions.
There are six callbacks that define the Petri net structure and its initial marking:
place_lst/0returns the names of the places in the nettrsn_lst/0returns the names of the transitions in the netinit_marking/2returns the initial marking for a given placepreset/1returns the preset places of a given transitionis_enabled/2determines whether a given transition is enabled in a given modefire/3returns which tokens are produced on what places if a given transition is fired in a given mode that enables this transition
We have a look at each of them in turn.
-callback place_lst() -> [atom()].The place_lst/0 function lets us define the names of all places in the net.
place_lst() ->
[coin_slot, cash_box, signal, storage, compartment].Here, we define the net to have the five places in the cookie vending machine.
-callback trsn_lst() -> [atom()].The trsn_lst/0 function lets us define the names of all transitions in the net.
trsn_lst() ->
[a, b].Here, we define the net to have the two places a and b in the cookie vending machine.
-callback preset( Trsn :: atom() ) -> [atom()].The preset/1 lets us define the preset places of a given transition.
preset( a ) -> [coin_slot];
preset( b ) -> [signal, storage].Here, we define the preset of the transition a to be just the place coin_slot while the transition b has the places signal and storage in its preset.
-callback init_marking( Place :: atom(), UsrInfo :: _ ) -> [_].The init_marking/2 function lets us define the initial marking for a given place in the form of a token list.
init_marking( storage, _UsrInfo ) -> [cookie_box, cookie_box, cookie_box];
init_marking( _Place, _UsrInfo ) -> [].Here, we initialize the storage place with three cookie_box tokens. All other places are left empty.
-callback is_enabled( Trsn :: atom(), Mode :: #{ atom() => [_]}, UsrInfo :: _ ) ->
boolean().The is_enabled/3 function is a predicate determining whether a given transition is enabled in a given mode.
is_enabled( a, #{ coin_slot := [coin] }, _UsrInfo ) -> true;
is_enabled( b, #{ signal := [sig], storage := [cookie_box] }, _UsrInfo ) -> true;
is_enabled( _Trsn, _Mode, _UsrInfo ) -> false.Here, we state that the transition a is enabled if it can consume a single coin from the coin_slot place. Similarly, the transition b is enabled if it can consume a sig token from the signal place and a cookie_box token from the storage place. No other configuration can enable a transition. E.g., managing to get a button token on the coin_slot place will not enable any transition.
-callback fire( Trsn :: atom(), Mode :: #{ atom() => [_] }, UsrInfo :: _ ) ->
abort | {produce, #{ atom() => [_] }}.The fire/3 function defines what tokens are produced when a transition fires in a given mode. As arguments it takes the name of the transition, a firing mode in the form of a hash map mapping place names to token lists, and a user info field that was generated by init/1. The fire/3 function is called only on modes for which is_enabled/2 returns true. The fire/3 function is expected to return either a {produce, ProduceMap} tuple or the atom abort. If abort is returned, the firing is canceled. I.e., nothing is produced or consumed.
fire( a, _Mode, _UsrInfo ) ->
{produce, #{ cash_box => [coin], signal => [sig] }};
fire( b, _Mode, _UsrInfo ) ->
{produce, #{ compartment => [cookie_box] }}.Here, the firing of the transition a produces a coin token on the cash_box place and a sig token on the signal place. Similarly, the firing of the transition b produces a cookie_box token on the compartment place. We do not need to state the tokens to be consumed because the firing mode already uniquely identifies the tokens to be consumed.
In addition to the structure callback functions there are another seven callback functions that determine how the net instance appears as an Erlang actor to the outside world:
code_change/3determines what happens when a hot code reload appearshandle_call/3synchronous message exchangehandle_cast/2asynchronous message receptionhandle_info/2asynchronous reception of an unformatted messageinit/1initializes the gen_pnet instanceterminate/2determines what happens when the net instance is stoppedtrigger/3allows to add a side effects to the generation of a token
-callback code_change( OldVsn :: _, NetState :: #net_state{}, Extra :: _ ) ->
{ok, #net_state{}} | {error, _}.The code_change/3 function determines what happens when a hot code reload appears. This callback is identical to the code_change/3 function in the gen_server behavior.
code_change( _OldVsn, NetState, _Extra ) -> {ok, NetState}.-callback handle_call( Request :: _, From :: {pid(), _},
NetState :: #net_state{} ) ->
{reply, _}
| {reply, _, #{ atom() => [_] }, #{ atom() => [_] }}
| noreply
| {noreply, #{ atom() => [_] }, #{ atom() => [_] }}
| {stop, _, _}.The handle_call/3 function performs a synchronous exchange of messages between the caller and the net instance. The first argument is the request message, the second argument is a tuple identifying the caller, and the third argument is a #net_state{} record instance describing the current state of the net. The handle_call/3 function can either generate a reply without changing the net marking by returning a {reply, Reply} tuple or it can generate a reply, consuming or producing tokens by returning a {reply, Reply, ConsumeMap, ProduceMap} tuple.
handle_call( insert_coin, _From, _NetState ) ->
{reply, ok, #{}, #{ coin_slot => [coin] }};
handle_call( remove_cookie_box, _From, NetState ) ->
case gen_pnet:get_ls( compartment, NetState ) of
[] -> {reply, {error, empty_compartment}};
[_|_] -> {reply, ok, #{ compartment => [cookie_box] }, #{}}
end;
handle_call( _Request, _From, _NetState ) -> {reply, {error, bad_msg}}.Here, we react to two kinds of messages: Inserting a coin in the coin slot and removing a cookie box from the compartment. Thus, we react to an insert_coin message by replying with ok, consuming nothing and producing a coin token on the coin_slot place. When receiving a remove_cookie_box message, we check whether the compartment place is empty, replying with an error message if it is, otherwise replying with ok, consuming one cookie_box token from the compartment place, and producing nothing. We can inspect the tokens on a given place by using the get_ls/2 accessor function. Calls that are neither insert_coin nor remove_cookie_box are responded to with an error message.
-callback handle_cast( Request :: _, NetState :: #net_state{} ) ->
noreply
| {noreply, #{ atom() => [_] }, #{ atom() => [_] }}
| {stop, _}.The handle_cast/2 function reacts to an asynchronous message received by the net instance. The first argument is the request while the second argument is a #net_state{} record instance. The handle_cast/2 function can either leave the net unchanged by returning noreply or it can consume or produce tokens by returning a {noreply, ConsumeMap, ProduceMap} tuple.
handle_cast( _Request, _NetState ) -> noreply.Here, we just ignore any cast.
-callback handle_info( Info :: _, NetState :: #net_state{} ) ->
noreply
| {noreply, #{ atom() => [_] }, #{ atom() => [_] }}
| {stop, _}.The handle_info/2 function reacts to an asynchronous, unformatted message received by the net instance. The first argument is the message term while the second argument is a #net_state{} record instance. The handle_info/2 function can either leave the net unchanged by returning noreply or it can consume or produce tokens by returning a {noreply, ConsumeMap, ProduceMap} tuple.
handle_info( _Request, _NetState ) -> noreply.Here, we just ignore any message.
-callback init( Args :: _ ) -> UsrInfo :: _.The init/1 function initializes the net instance. It is given an initial argument which is provided with gen_pnet:start_link/n. The init/1 function is expected to return a user info field which is later handed to other callback functions.
init( _Args ) -> [].Here, we return the empty list as a dummy user info field.
-callback terminate( Reason :: _, NetState :: #net_state{} ) -> ok.The terminate/2 function determines what happens when the net instance is stopped. The first argument is the reason for termination while the second argument is a #net_state{} record instance. This callback is identical to the terminate/2 function in the gen_server behavior.
terminate( _Reason, _NetState ) -> ok.-callback trigger( Place :: atom(), Token :: _, NetState :: #net_state{} ) ->
pass | drop.The trigger/3 function determines what happens when a token is produced on a given place. Its first argument is the place name, its second argument is the token about to be produced, and its third argument is the user info field generated by init/1. The trigger/3 function is expected to return either pass in which case the token is produced normally, or drop in which case the token is forgotten.
trigger( _Place, _Token, _UsrInfo ) -> pass.Here, we simply let any token pass.
In the following we demonstrate how to start and play with the previously defined cookie vending machine example. You can either copy the above code in an Erlang callback module of your own or you can obtain the module from the joergen7/gen_pnet_examples repository. Here, we clone it from GitHub and compile it. Then we start an interactive Erlang shell using rebar3.
git clone https://github.com/joergen7/gen_pnet_examples.git
cd gen_pnet_examples
rebar3 shell
Compiling with rebar3 also fetches the gen_pnet library. We start the cookie vending machine which is stored in the callback module src/cmv.erl by using gen_pnet:start_link/3.
{ok, Pid} = gen_pnet:start_link( cvm, [], [] ).
{ok, <0.115.0>}
The first argument is the callback module defining the cookie vending machine. It must implement all callback functions in the gen_pnet behavior. The second argument is an option list, identical to the one used in the gen_server:start_link/n functions. On success, gen_pnet:start_link/3 returns the process id of the just created Petri net process. Now that the Petri net is running we can query the content of its places with gen_pnet:ls/2. This Petri net has five places: coin_slot, cash_box, signal, compartment, and storage. Initially, all places are empty except the storage place which holds three cookie packages.
gen_pnet:ls( Pid, storage ).
{ok,[cookie_box,cookie_box,cookie_box]}
gen_pnet:ls( Pid, compartment ).
{ok, []}
gen_pnet:ls( Pid, some_place_that_does_not_exist ).
{error,{bad_place,some_place_that_does_not_exist}}
To interact with the cookie vending machine we insert a coin by adding an according token to the coin_slot place. This can be done with the gen_pnet:produce_token/3 function which takes a reference to a Petri net instance, a place name, and a token which is added to that place.
gen_pnet:call( Pid, insert_coin ).
ok
The effect of calling the net instance with insert_coin is that a coin is produced on the coin_slot place. Immediately, transition a fires making the coin wander to the cash_box place, leaving the coin_slot place empty again. Immediately afterwards, the transition b fires, making a cookie_box token appear in the formerly empty compartment place while the number of cookie_box tokens on the storage has reduced by one. We can check this by querying the places as previously.
gen_pnet:ls( Pid, cash_box ).
{ok,[coin]}
gen_pnet:ls( Pid, storage ).
{ok,[cookie_box,cookie_box]}
gen_pnet:ls( Pid, compartment ).
{ok,[cookie_box]}
Now, we can remove the cookie box from the compartment by calling the net instance with remove_cookie_box.
gen_pnet:call( Pid, remove_cookie_box ).
ok
Calling with remove_cookie_box a second time will yield an error, since only one cookie box was bought.
gen_pnet:call( Pid, remove_cookie_box ).
{error,empty_compartment}
- Erlang OTP 18.0 or higher
- Rebar3 3.0.0 or higher
- aabs/gen_pn. An alternative Erlang/OTP compatible Petri net library.
- joergen7/gen_pnet_examples. A collection of examples using gen_pnet.
- joergen7/gruff. A basic worker pool manager for Erlang to showcase gen_pnet.
- joergen7/cre. A common runtime environment for distributed workflow languages.
- Jörgen Brandt (@joergen7) [email protected]