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index.html
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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
<link rel="canonical" href="http://backbonejs.org" />
<link rel="icon" href="docs/images/favicon.ico" />
<title>Backbone.js</title>
<style>
body {
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 22px;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial;
background: #f4f4f4 url(docs/images/background.png);
}
.interface {
font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;
}
div#sidebar {
background: #fff;
position: fixed;
z-index: 10;
top: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;
width: 200px;
overflow-y: auto;
overflow-x: hidden;
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
padding: 15px 0 30px 30px;
border-right: 1px solid #bbb;
box-shadow: 0 0 20px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px #ccc; -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 20px #ccc;
}
a.toc_title, a.toc_title:visited {
display: block;
color: black;
font-weight: bold;
margin-top: 15px;
}
a.toc_title:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
#sidebar .version {
font-size: 10px;
font-weight: normal;
}
ul.toc_section {
font-size: 11px;
line-height: 14px;
margin: 5px 0 0 0;
padding-left: 0px;
list-style-type: none;
font-family: Lucida Grande;
}
.toc_section li {
cursor: pointer;
margin: 0 0 3px 0;
}
.toc_section li a {
text-decoration: none;
color: black;
}
.toc_section li a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
div.container {
position: relative;
width: 550px;
margin: 40px 0 50px 260px;
}
img#logo {
width: 450px;
height: 80px;
}
div.run {
position: absolute;
right: 15px;
width: 26px; height: 18px;
background: url('docs/images/arrows.png') no-repeat -26px 0;
}
div.run:active {
background-position: -51px 0;
}
p, div.container ul {
margin: 25px 0;
width: 550px;
}
p.warning {
font-size: 12px;
line-height: 18px;
font-style: italic;
}
div.container ul {
list-style: circle;
padding-left: 15px;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 18px;
}
div.container ul li {
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
div.container ul.small {
font-size: 12px;
}
a, a:visited {
color: #444;
}
a:active, a:hover {
color: #000;
}
a.punch {
display: inline-block;
background: #4162a8;
border-top: 1px solid #38538c;
border-right: 1px solid #1f2d4d;
border-bottom: 1px solid #151e33;
border-left: 1px solid #1f2d4d;
-webkit-border-radius: 4px;
-moz-border-radius: 4px;
-ms-border-radius: 4px;
-o-border-radius: 4px;
border-radius: 4px;
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
-moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
-ms-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
-o-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
color: #fff;
font: bold 14px "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;
line-height: 1;
margin-bottom: 15px;
padding: 8px 0 10px 0;
text-align: center;
text-shadow: 0px -1px 1px #1e2d4d;
text-decoration: none;
width: 225px;
-webkit-background-clip: padding-box; }
a.punch:hover {
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
-moz-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
-ms-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
-o-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
cursor: pointer; }
a.punch:active {
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
-moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
-ms-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
-o-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px }
a img {
border: 0;
}
a.travis-badge {
display: block;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
padding-top: 20px;
}
h2 {
font-size: 22px;
}
b.header {
font-size: 18px;
line-height: 35px;
}
span.alias {
font-size: 14px;
font-style: italic;
margin-left: 20px;
}
table {
margin: 15px 0 0; padding: 0;
}
tr, td {
margin: 0; padding: 0;
}
td {
padding: 0px 15px 5px 0;
}
table .rule {
height: 1px;
background: #ccc;
margin: 5px 0;
}
code, pre, tt {
font-family: Monaco, Consolas, "Lucida Console", monospace;
font-size: 12px;
line-height: 18px;
font-style: normal;
}
tt {
padding: 0px 3px;
background: #fff;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
zoom: 1;
}
code {
margin-left: 20px;
}
pre {
font-size: 12px;
padding: 2px 0 2px 15px;
border: 4px solid #bbb; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;
margin: 0px 0 25px;
}
img.example_image {
margin: 0px auto;
}
img.example_retina {
margin: 20px;
box-shadow: 0 8px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);
}
@media only screen and (-webkit-max-device-pixel-ratio: 1) and (max-width: 600px),
only screen and (max--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 1) and (max-width: 600px) {
div#sidebar {
display: none;
}
img#logo {
max-width: 450px;
width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
div.container {
width: auto;
margin-left: 15px;
margin-right: 15px;
}
p, div.container ul {
width: auto;
}
}
@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5) and (max-width: 640px),
only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3/2) and (max-width: 640px),
only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5) and (max-width: 640px) {
img {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
div#sidebar {
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: initial;
position: relative;
width: 90%;
height: 120px;
left: 0;
top: -7px;
padding: 10px 0 10px 30px;
border: 0;
}
img#logo {
width: auto;
height: auto;
}
div.container {
margin: 0;
width: 100%;
}
p, div.container ul {
max-width: 98%;
overflow-x: scroll;
}
table {
position: relative;
}
tr:first-child td {
padding-bottom: 25px;
}
td.text {
line-height: 12px;
padding: 0;
position: absolute;
left: 0;
top: 48px;
}
tr:last-child td.text {
top: 122px;
}
pre {
overflow: scroll;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="sidebar" class="interface">
<a class="toc_title" href="#">
Backbone.js <span class="version">(1.0.0)</span>
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>» <a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/backbone">GitHub Repository</a></li>
<li>» <a href="docs/backbone.html">Annotated Source</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#introduction">
Introduction
</a>
<a class="toc_title" href="#upgrading">
Upgrading
</a>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Events">
Events
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Events-on">on</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Events-off">off</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Events-trigger">trigger</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Events-once">once</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Events-stopListening">stopListening</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Events-listenToOnce">listenToOnce</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#Events-catalog"><b>Catalog of Built-in Events</b></a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Model">
Model
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Model-extend">extend</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-get">get</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-set">set</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-escape">escape</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-has">has</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-unset">unset</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-clear">clear</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-id">id</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-idAttribute">idAttribute</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-cid">cid</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-attributes">attributes</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-changed">changed</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-defaults">defaults</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-toJSON">toJSON</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-sync">sync</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-fetch">fetch</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-save">save</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-destroy">destroy</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-Underscore-Methods"><b>Underscore Methods (6)</b></a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-validate">validate</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-validationError">validationError</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-isValid">isValid</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-url">url</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-urlRoot">urlRoot</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-parse">parse</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-clone">clone</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-isNew">isNew</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-hasChanged">hasChanged</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-changedAttributes">changedAttributes</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-previous">previous</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-previousAttributes">previousAttributes</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Collection">
Collection
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Collection-extend">extend</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-model">model</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-models">models</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-toJSON">toJSON</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-sync">sync</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-Underscore-Methods"><b>Underscore Methods (28)</b></a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-add">add</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-remove">remove</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-reset">reset</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-set">set</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-get">get</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-at">at</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-push">push</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-pop">pop</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-unshift">unshift</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-shift">shift</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-slice">slice</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-length">length</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-comparator">comparator</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-sort">sort</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-pluck">pluck</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-where">where</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-findWhere">findWhere</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-url">url</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-parse">parse</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-clone">clone</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-fetch">fetch</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-create">create</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Router">
Router
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Router-extend">extend</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Router-routes">routes</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Router-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Router-route">route</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Router-navigate">navigate</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#History">
History
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#History-start">start</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Sync">
Sync
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Sync-ajax">Backbone.ajax</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Sync-emulateHTTP">Backbone.emulateHTTP</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Sync-emulateJSON">Backbone.emulateJSON</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#View">
View
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#View-extend">extend</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-el">el</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-$el">$el</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-setElement">setElement</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-attributes">attributes</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-dollar">$ (jQuery)</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-render">render</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-remove">remove</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-delegateEvents">delegateEvents</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-undelegateEvents">undelegateEvents</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Utility">
Utility
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Utility-Backbone-noConflict">Backbone.noConflict</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Utility-Backbone-$">Backbone.$</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#examples">
Examples
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#examples-todos">Todos</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-documentcloud">DocumentCloud</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-usa-today">USA Today</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-rdio">Rdio</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-linkedin">LinkedIn Mobile</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-hulu">Hulu</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-quartz">Quartz</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-flow">Flow</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-gilt">Gilt Groupe</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-newsblur">NewsBlur</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-wordpress">WordPress.com</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-foursquare">Foursquare</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-bitbucket">Bitbucket</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-disqus">Disqus</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-khan-academy">Khan Academy</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-do">Do</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-irccloud">IRCCloud</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-pitchfork">Pitchfork</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-spin">Spin</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-walmart">Walmart Mobile</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-groupon">Groupon Now!</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-basecamp">Basecamp</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-slavery-footprint">Slavery Footprint</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-stripe">Stripe</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-airbnb">Airbnb</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-diaspora">Diaspora</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-soundcloud">SoundCloud Mobile</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#examples-artsy">Art.sy</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-pandora">Pandora</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-inkling">Inkling</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-code-school">Code School</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-cloudapp">CloudApp</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-seatgeek">SeatGeek</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-easel">Easel</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-prose">Prose</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#examples-jolicloud">Jolicloud</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-battlefield">Battlefield Play4Free</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-syllabus">Syllabus</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-salon">Salon.io</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-tilemill">TileMill</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-blossom">Blossom</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-trello">Trello</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-tzigla">Tzigla</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#faq">
F.A.Q.
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-why-backbone">Why Backbone?</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-tim-toady">More Than One Way To Do It</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-nested">Nested Models & Collections</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-bootstrap">Loading Bootstrapped Models</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-extending">Extending Backbone</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-mvc">Traditional MVC</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-this">Binding "this"</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-rails">Working with Rails</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#changelog">
Change Log
</a>
</div>
<div class="container">
<p>
<img id="logo" src="docs/images/backbone.png" alt="Backbone.js" />
</p>
<p>
Backbone.js gives structure to web applications
by providing <b>models</b> with key-value binding and custom events,
<b>collections</b> with a rich API of enumerable functions,
<b>views</b> with declarative event handling, and connects it all to your
existing API over a RESTful JSON interface.
</p>
<p>
The project is <a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/backbone/">hosted on GitHub</a>,
and the <a href="docs/backbone.html">annotated source code</a> is available,
as well as an online <a href="test/">test suite</a>,
an <a href="examples/todos/index.html">example application</a>,
a <a href="https://github.com/documentcloud/backbone/wiki/Tutorials%2C-blog-posts-and-example-sites">list of tutorials</a>
and a <a href="#examples">long list of real-world projects</a> that use Backbone.
Backbone is available for use under the <a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/backbone/blob/master/LICENSE">MIT software license</a>.
</p>
<p>
You can report bugs and discuss features on the
<a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/backbone/issues">GitHub issues page</a>,
on Freenode IRC in the <tt>#documentcloud</tt> channel, post questions to the
<a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/backbonejs">Google Group</a>,
add pages to the <a href="https://github.com/documentcloud/backbone/wiki">wiki</a>
or send tweets to <a href="http://twitter.com/documentcloud">@documentcloud</a>.
</p>
<p>
<i>
Backbone is an open-source component of
<a href="http://documentcloud.org/">DocumentCloud</a>.
</i>
</p>
<h2 id="downloads">
Downloads & Dependencies
<span style="padding-left: 7px; font-size:11px; font-weight: normal;" class="interface">(Right-click, and use "Save As")</span>
</h2>
<table>
<tr>
<td><a class="punch" href="backbone.js">Development Version (1.0.0)</a></td>
<td class="text"><i>58kb, Full source, tons of comments</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="punch" href="backbone-min.js">Production Version (1.0.0)</a></td>
<td class="text" style="line-height: 16px;">
<i>6.3kb, Packed and gzipped</i><br />
<small>(<a href="backbone-min.map">Source Map</a>)</small>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="punch" href="https://raw.github.com/documentcloud/backbone/master/backbone.js">Edge Version (master)</a></td>
<td>
<i>Unreleased, use at your own risk</i>
<a class="travis-badge" href="https://travis-ci.org/documentcloud/backbone">
<img src="https://travis-ci.org/documentcloud/backbone.png" />
</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
Backbone's only hard dependency is
<b><a href="http://underscorejs.org/">Underscore.js</a></b>.
For RESTful persistence, history support via <a href="#Router">Backbone.Router</a>
and DOM manipulation with <a href="#View">Backbone.View</a>, include
<b><a href="http://jquery.com">jQuery</a></b>, and
<b><a href="https://github.com/douglascrockford/JSON-js">json2.js</a></b> for older
Internet Explorer support.
<i>(Mimics of the Underscore and jQuery APIs, such as
<a href="http://lodash.com">Lo-Dash</a> and
<a href="http://zeptojs.com">Zepto</a>, will
also tend to work, with varying degrees of compatibility.)</i>
</p>
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
When working on a web application that involves a lot of JavaScript, one
of the first things you learn is to stop tying your data to the DOM. It's all
too easy to create JavaScript applications that end up as tangled piles of
jQuery selectors and callbacks, all trying frantically to keep data in
sync between the HTML UI, your JavaScript logic, and the database on your
server. For rich client-side applications, a more structured approach
is often helpful.
</p>
<p>
With Backbone, you represent your data as
<a href="#Model">Models</a>, which can be created, validated, destroyed,
and saved to the server. Whenever a UI action causes an attribute of
a model to change, the model triggers a <i>"change"</i> event; all
the <a href="#View">Views</a> that display the model's state can be notified of the
change, so that they are able to respond accordingly, re-rendering themselves with
the new information. In a finished Backbone app, you don't have to write the glue
code that looks into the DOM to find an element with a specific <i>id</i>,
and update the HTML manually
— when the model changes, the views simply update themselves.
</p>
<p>
If you're new here, and aren't yet quite sure what Backbone is for, start by
browsing the <a href="#examples">list of Backbone-based projects</a>.
</p>
<p>
Many of the examples that follow are runnable. Click the <i>play</i> button
to execute them.
</p>
<h2 id="upgrading">Upgrading to 1.0</h2>
<p>
Backbone <b>1.0</b> should be a fairly painless upgrade from the <b>0.9</b>
series. If you're upgrading from an older version, be sure to check out the
<a href="#changelog">change log</a>. In brief, a few of the larger breaking
changes are:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
If you want to smartly update the contents of a Collection,
adding new models, removing missing ones, and merging those already present,
you now call <a href="#Collection-set">set</a> (previously named "update"),
a similar operation to calling <tt>set</tt> on a Model. This is now the
default when you call <a href="#Collection-fetch">fetch</a> on a collection.
To get the old behavior, pass <tt>{reset: true}</tt>.
</li>
<li>
If you have characters in your URL segments that require URL encoding,
Backbone will now decode them for you (normalizing the behavior
cross-browser) before your route handlers receive them as arguments.
</li>
<li>
In <b>0.9.x</b>, Backbone events gained two new methods:
<a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a> and
<a href="#Events-stopListening">stopListening</a>, which make it easier
to create Views that have all of their observers unbound when you
want to <a href="#View-remove">remove</a> the view.
</li>
<li>
Model validation is now only enforced by default in
<a href="#Model-save">save</a> — not in
<a href="#Model-set">set</a> unless the <tt>{validate:true}</tt>
option is passed. Model validation now fires an <tt>"invalid"</tt> event instead of
<tt>"error"</tt>.
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Events">Backbone.Events</h2>
<p>
<b>Events</b> is a module that can be mixed in to any object, giving the
object the ability to bind and trigger custom named events. Events do not
have to be declared before they are bound, and may take passed arguments.
For example:
</p>
<pre class="runnable">
var object = {};
_.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
object.on("alert", function(msg) {
alert("Triggered " + msg);
});
object.trigger("alert", "an event");
</pre>
<p>
For example, to make a handy event dispatcher that can coordinate events
among different areas of your application: <tt>var dispatcher = _.clone(Backbone.Events)</tt>
</p>
<p id="Events-on">
<b class="header">on</b><code>object.on(event, callback, [context])</code><span class="alias">Alias: bind</span>
<br />
Bind a <b>callback</b> function to an object. The callback will be invoked
whenever the <b>event</b> is fired.
If you have a large number of different events on a page, the convention is to use colons to
namespace them: <tt>"poll:start"</tt>, or <tt>"change:selection"</tt>.
The event string may also be a space-delimited list of several events...
</p>
<pre>
book.on("change:title change:author", ...);
</pre>
<p>
To supply a <b>context</b> value for <tt>this</tt> when the callback is invoked,
pass the optional third argument: <tt>model.on('change', this.render, this)</tt>
</p>
<p>
Callbacks bound to the special
<tt>"all"</tt> event will be triggered when any event occurs, and are passed
the name of the event as the first argument. For example, to proxy all events
from one object to another:
</p>
<pre>
proxy.on("all", function(eventName) {
object.trigger(eventName);
});
</pre>
<p>
All Backbone event methods also support an event map syntax, as an alternative
to positional arguments:
</p>
<pre>
book.on({
"change:title": titleView.update,
"change:author": authorPane.update,
"destroy": bookView.remove
});
</pre>
<p id="Events-off">
<b class="header">off</b><code>object.off([event], [callback], [context])</code><span class="alias">Alias: unbind</span>
<br />
Remove a previously-bound <b>callback</b> function from an object. If no
<b>context</b> is specified, all of the versions of the callback with
different contexts will be removed. If no
callback is specified, all callbacks for the <b>event</b> will be
removed. If no event is specified, callbacks for <i>all</i> events
will be removed.
</p>
<pre>
// Removes just the `onChange` callback.
object.off("change", onChange);
// Removes all "change" callbacks.
object.off("change");
// Removes the `onChange` callback for all events.
object.off(null, onChange);
// Removes all callbacks for `context` for all events.
object.off(null, null, context);
// Removes all callbacks on `object`.
object.off();
</pre>
<p>
Note that calling <tt>model.off()</tt>, for example, will indeed remove <i>all</i> events
on the model — including events that Backbone uses for internal bookkeeping.
</p>
<p id="Events-trigger">
<b class="header">trigger</b><code>object.trigger(event, [*args])</code>
<br />
Trigger callbacks for the given <b>event</b>, or space-delimited list of events.
Subsequent arguments to <b>trigger</b> will be passed along to the
event callbacks.
</p>
<p id="Events-once">
<b class="header">once</b><code>object.once(event, callback, [context])</code>
<br />
Just like <a href="#Events-on">on</a>, but causes the bound callback to only
fire once before being removed. Handy for saying "the next time that X happens, do this".
</p>
<p id="Events-listenTo">
<b class="header">listenTo</b><code>object.listenTo(other, event, callback)</code>
<br />
Tell an <b>object</b> to listen to a particular event on an <b>other</b> object.
The advantage of using this form, instead of <tt>other.on(event, callback)</tt>,
is that <b>listenTo</b> allows the <b>object</b> to keep track of the events,
and they can be removed all at once later on.
</p>
<pre>
view.listenTo(model, 'change', view.render);
</pre>
<p id="Events-stopListening">
<b class="header">stopListening</b><code>object.stopListening([other], [event], [callback])</code>
<br />
Tell an <b>object</b> to stop listening to events. Either call
<b>stopListening</b> with no arguments to have the <b>object</b> remove
all of its <a href="#Events-listenTo">registered</a> callbacks ... or be more
precise by telling it to remove just the events it's listening to on a
specific object, or a specific event, or just a specific callback.
</p>
<pre>
view.stopListening();
view.stopListening(model);
</pre>
<p id="Events-listenToOnce">
<b class="header">listenToOnce</b><code>object.listenToOnce(other, event, callback)</code>
<br />
Just like <a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a>, but causes the bound
callback to only fire once before being removed.
</p>
<p id="Events-catalog">
<b class="header">Catalog of Events</b>
<br />
Here's the complete list of built-in Backbone events, with arguments.
You're also free to trigger your own events on Models, Collections and
Views as you see fit. The <tt>Backbone</tt> object itself mixes in <tt>Events</tt>,
and can be used to emit any global events that your application needs.
</p>
<ul class="small">
<li><b>"add"</b> (model, collection, options) — when a model is added to a collection. </li>
<li><b>"remove"</b> (model, collection, options) — when a model is removed from a collection. </li>
<li><b>"reset"</b> (collection, options) — when the collection's entire contents have been replaced. </li>
<li><b>"sort"</b> (collection, options) — when the collection has been re-sorted. </li>
<li><b>"change"</b> (model, options) — when a model's attributes have changed. </li>
<li><b>"change:[attribute]"</b> (model, value, options) — when a specific attribute has been updated. </li>
<li><b>"destroy"</b> (model, collection, options) — when a model is <a href="#Model-destroy">destroyed</a>. </li>
<li><b>"request"</b> (model, xhr, options) — when a model (or collection) has started a request to the server. </li>
<li><b>"sync"</b> (model, resp, options) — when a model (or collection) has been successfully synced with the server. </li>
<li><b>"error"</b> (model, xhr, options) — when a model's <a href="#Model-save">save</a> call fails on the server. </li>
<li><b>"invalid"</b> (model, error, options) — when a model's <a href="#Model-validate">validation</a> fails on the client. </li>
<li><b>"route:[name]"</b> (params) — Fired by the router when a specific route is matched.</li>
<li><b>"route"</b> (router, route, params) — Fired by history (or router) when <i>any</i> route has been matched.</li>
<li><b>"all"</b> — this special event fires for <i>any</i> triggered event, passing the event name as the first argument. </li>
</ul>
<p>
Generally speaking, when calling a function that emits an event
(<tt>model.set()</tt>, <tt>collection.add</tt>, and so on...),
if you'd like to prevent the event from being triggered, you may pass
<tt>{silent: true}</tt> as an option. Note that this is <i>rarely</i>,
perhaps even never, a good idea. Passing through a specific flag
in the options for your event callback to look at, and choose to ignore,
will usually work out better.
</p>
<h2 id="Model">Backbone.Model</h2>
<p>
<b>Models</b> are the heart of any JavaScript application, containing
the interactive data as well as a large part of the logic surrounding it:
conversions, validations, computed properties, and access control. You
extend <b>Backbone.Model</b> with your domain-specific methods, and
<b>Model</b> provides a basic set of functionality for managing changes.
</p>
<p>
The following is a contrived example, but it demonstrates defining a model
with a custom method, setting an attribute, and firing an event keyed
to changes in that specific attribute.
After running this code once, <tt>sidebar</tt> will be
available in your browser's console, so you can play around with it.
</p>
<pre class="runnable">
var Sidebar = Backbone.Model.extend({
promptColor: function() {
var cssColor = prompt("Please enter a CSS color:");
this.set({color: cssColor});
}
});
window.sidebar = new Sidebar;
sidebar.on('change:color', function(model, color) {
$('#sidebar').css({background: color});
});
sidebar.set({color: 'white'});
sidebar.promptColor();
</pre>
<p id="Model-extend">
<b class="header">extend</b><code>Backbone.Model.extend(properties, [classProperties])</code>
<br />
To create a <b>Model</b> class of your own, you extend <b>Backbone.Model</b>
and provide instance <b>properties</b>, as well as optional
<b>classProperties</b> to be attached directly to the constructor function.
</p>
<p>
<b>extend</b> correctly sets up the prototype chain, so subclasses created
with <b>extend</b> can be further extended and subclassed as far as you like.
</p>
<pre>
var Note = Backbone.Model.extend({
initialize: function() { ... },
author: function() { ... },
coordinates: function() { ... },
allowedToEdit: function(account) {
return true;
}
});
var PrivateNote = Note.extend({
allowedToEdit: function(account) {
return account.owns(this);
}
});
</pre>
<p class="warning">
Brief aside on <tt>super</tt>: JavaScript does not provide
a simple way to call super — the function of the same name defined
higher on the prototype chain. If you override a core function like
<tt>set</tt>, or <tt>save</tt>, and you want to invoke the
parent object's implementation, you'll have to explicitly call it, along these lines:
</p>
<pre>
var Note = Backbone.Model.extend({
set: function(attributes, options) {
Backbone.Model.prototype.set.apply(this, arguments);
...
}
});
</pre>
<p id="Model-constructor">
<b class="header">constructor / initialize</b><code>new Model([attributes], [options])</code>
<br />
When creating an instance of a model, you can pass in the initial values
of the <b>attributes</b>, which will be <a href="#Model-set">set</a> on the
model. If you define an <b>initialize</b> function, it will be invoked when
the model is created.
</p>
<pre>
new Book({
title: "One Thousand and One Nights",
author: "Scheherazade"
});
</pre>
<p>
In rare cases, if you're looking to get fancy,
you may want to override <b>constructor</b>, which allows
you to replace the actual constructor function for your model.
</p>
<pre>
var Library = Backbone.Model.extend({
constructor: function() {
this.books = new Books();
Backbone.Model.apply(this, arguments);
},
parse: function(data, options) {
this.books.reset(data.books);
return data.library;
}
});
</pre>
<p>
If you pass a <tt>{collection: ...}</tt> as the <b>options</b>, the model
gains a <tt>collection</tt> property that will be used to indicate which
collection the model belongs to, and is used to help compute the model's
<a href="#Model-url">url</a>. The <tt>model.collection</tt> property is
otherwise added automatically when you first add a model to a collection.
</p>
<p>
If <tt>{parse: true}</tt> is passed as an <b>option</b>, the <b>attributes</b>
will first be converted by <a href="#Model-parse">parse</a> before being
<a href="#Model-set">set</a> on the model.
</p>
<p id="Model-get">