Switch modularized sagelib's build systems from setuptools to meson-python / ninja

[mkoeppe]

(from #32874 comment:27)

SciPy has switched to meson-python / ninja (see #34081).
See for example https://github.com/scipy/scipy/blob/main/scipy/linalg/meson.build; this replaces older infrastructure like https://github.com/scipy/scipy/blob/main/tools/cythonize.py

Cython recently added the --depfile switch

• [0.29] implement the depfile command-line option for the "cython" tool cython/cython#4949 (cython --depfile)

This finally enables build systems to do their own dependency tracking (caching dependencies in depfiles) instead of passing all source files to Cython - where it takes a good chunk of the time for a trivial ./sage -b (#32874 comment:27).

What is needed is to make use of cython --depfile in meson:

• Cython dependency handling in .pxd and .pxi files mesonbuild/meson#9049 (Cython dep handling)

Then we can switch from setuptools to meson-python. We would continue to use our own package/module discovery code (sage_setup.find).

In this ticket, we change the build systems of pkgs/sagemath-* (including pkgs/sagemath-standard) to meson-python. Editable builds will continue to use setuptools for a monolithic build via src/setup.py. (meson-python as of 0.11.x does not support PEP 660 editable wheels - mesonbuild/meson-python#47)

Depends on #33577
Depends on #34081
Depends on #34855
Depends on #34897

CC: @dimpase @kwankyu

Component: build

Issue created by migration from https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/34630

[mkoeppe]

Dependencies: #33577, #34081

[dimpase]

comment:2

good idea.

[mkoeppe]

Changed dependencies from #33577, #34081 to #33577, #34081, #33577

[mkoeppe]

Changed dependencies from #33577, #34081, #33577 to #33577, #34081

[mkoeppe]

Changed dependencies from #33577, #34081 to #33577, #34081, #34855

[mkoeppe]

Changed dependencies from #33577, #34081, #34855 to #33577, #34081, #34855, #34897