diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a1865289b05..90196ea5b31 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -7653,6 +7653,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "safe_arith",
  "serde",
  "slog",
+ "ssz_types",
  "strum",
  "tempfile",
  "tree_hash",
@@ -8034,9 +8035,9 @@ checksum = "81cdd64d312baedb58e21336b31bc043b77e01cc99033ce76ef539f78e965ebc"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "superstruct"
-version = "0.7.0"
+version = "0.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6f4e1f478a7728f8855d7e620e9a152cf8932c6614f86564c886f9b8141f3201"
+checksum = "bf0f31f730ad9e579364950e10d6172b4a9bd04b447edf5988b066a860cc340e"
 dependencies = [
  "darling",
  "itertools",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b942d1719e2..d67f6edf1dd 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ smallvec = "1.11.2"
 snap = "1"
 ssz_types = "0.6"
 strum = { version = "0.24", features = ["derive"] }
-superstruct = "0.7"
+superstruct = "0.8"
 syn = "1"
 sysinfo = "0.26"
 tempfile = "3"
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attestation_simulator.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attestation_simulator.rs
index 6453158458a..c97c4490af0 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attestation_simulator.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attestation_simulator.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn produce_unaggregated_attestation<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
     // Store the unaggregated attestation in the validator monitor for later processing
     match chain.produce_unaggregated_attestation(current_slot, beacon_committee_index) {
         Ok(unaggregated_attestation) => {
-            let data = &unaggregated_attestation.data;
+            let data = unaggregated_attestation.data();
 
             debug!(
                 chain.log,
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attestation_verification.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attestation_verification.rs
index b7019d79b43..06fba937d84 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attestation_verification.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attestation_verification.rs
@@ -35,17 +35,23 @@
 mod batch;
 
 use crate::{
-    beacon_chain::VALIDATOR_PUBKEY_CACHE_LOCK_TIMEOUT, metrics,
-    observed_aggregates::ObserveOutcome, observed_attesters::Error as ObservedAttestersError,
+    beacon_chain::VALIDATOR_PUBKEY_CACHE_LOCK_TIMEOUT,
+    metrics,
+    observed_aggregates::{ObserveOutcome, ObservedAttestationKey},
+    observed_attesters::Error as ObservedAttestersError,
     BeaconChain, BeaconChainError, BeaconChainTypes,
 };
 use bls::verify_signature_sets;
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use proto_array::Block as ProtoBlock;
 use slog::debug;
 use slot_clock::SlotClock;
 use state_processing::{
-    common::get_indexed_attestation,
-    per_block_processing::errors::AttestationValidationError,
+    common::{
+        attesting_indices_base,
+        attesting_indices_electra::{self, get_committee_indices},
+    },
+    per_block_processing::errors::{AttestationValidationError, BlockOperationError},
     signature_sets::{
         indexed_attestation_signature_set_from_pubkeys,
         signed_aggregate_selection_proof_signature_set, signed_aggregate_signature_set,
@@ -55,8 +61,9 @@ use std::borrow::Cow;
 use strum::AsRefStr;
 use tree_hash::TreeHash;
 use types::{
-    Attestation, BeaconCommittee, ChainSpec, CommitteeIndex, Epoch, EthSpec, ForkName, Hash256,
-    IndexedAttestation, SelectionProof, SignedAggregateAndProof, Slot, SubnetId,
+    Attestation, AttestationRef, BeaconCommittee, BeaconStateError::NoCommitteeFound, ChainSpec,
+    CommitteeIndex, Epoch, EthSpec, Hash256, IndexedAttestation, SelectionProof,
+    SignedAggregateAndProof, Slot, SubnetId,
 };
 
 pub use batch::{batch_verify_aggregated_attestations, batch_verify_unaggregated_attestations};
@@ -137,6 +144,12 @@ pub enum Error {
     ///
     /// The peer has sent an invalid message.
     ValidatorIndexTooHigh(usize),
+    /// The validator index is not set to zero after Electra.
+    ///
+    /// ## Peer scoring
+    ///
+    /// The peer has sent an invalid message.
+    CommitteeIndexNonZero(usize),
     /// The `attestation.data.beacon_block_root` block is unknown.
     ///
     /// ## Peer scoring
@@ -185,6 +198,12 @@ pub enum Error {
     ///
     /// The peer has sent an invalid message.
     NotExactlyOneAggregationBitSet(usize),
+    /// The attestation doesn't have only one aggregation bit set.
+    ///
+    /// ## Peer scoring
+    ///
+    /// The peer has sent an invalid message.
+    NotExactlyOneCommitteeBitSet(usize),
     /// We have already observed an attestation for the `validator_index` and refuse to process
     /// another.
     ///
@@ -248,7 +267,7 @@ pub enum Error {
 
 impl From<BeaconChainError> for Error {
     fn from(e: BeaconChainError) -> Self {
-        Error::BeaconChainError(e)
+        Self::BeaconChainError(e)
     }
 }
 
@@ -263,10 +282,11 @@ enum CheckAttestationSignature {
 /// `IndexedAttestation` can be derived.
 ///
 /// These attestations have *not* undergone signature verification.
+/// The `observed_attestation_key_root` is the hashed value of an `ObservedAttestationKey`.
 struct IndexedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> {
     signed_aggregate: &'a SignedAggregateAndProof<T::EthSpec>,
     indexed_attestation: IndexedAttestation<T::EthSpec>,
-    attestation_data_root: Hash256,
+    observed_attestation_key_root: Hash256,
 }
 
 /// Wraps a `Attestation` that has been verified up until the point that an `IndexedAttestation` can
@@ -274,7 +294,7 @@ struct IndexedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> {
 ///
 /// These attestations have *not* undergone signature verification.
 struct IndexedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> {
-    attestation: &'a Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
+    attestation: AttestationRef<'a, T::EthSpec>,
     indexed_attestation: IndexedAttestation<T::EthSpec>,
     subnet_id: SubnetId,
     validator_index: u64,
@@ -295,7 +315,7 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
 
 /// Wraps an `Attestation` that has been fully verified for propagation on the gossip network.
 pub struct VerifiedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> {
-    attestation: &'a Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
+    attestation: AttestationRef<'a, T::EthSpec>,
     indexed_attestation: IndexedAttestation<T::EthSpec>,
     subnet_id: SubnetId,
 }
@@ -322,20 +342,20 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> Clone for IndexedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
 /// A helper trait implemented on wrapper types that can be progressed to a state where they can be
 /// verified for application to fork choice.
 pub trait VerifiedAttestation<T: BeaconChainTypes>: Sized {
-    fn attestation(&self) -> &Attestation<T::EthSpec>;
+    fn attestation(&self) -> AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>;
 
     fn indexed_attestation(&self) -> &IndexedAttestation<T::EthSpec>;
 
     // Inefficient default implementation. This is overridden for gossip verified attestations.
     fn into_attestation_and_indices(self) -> (Attestation<T::EthSpec>, Vec<u64>) {
-        let attestation = self.attestation().clone();
-        let attesting_indices = self.indexed_attestation().attesting_indices.clone().into();
+        let attestation = self.attestation().clone_as_attestation();
+        let attesting_indices = self.indexed_attestation().attesting_indices_to_vec();
         (attestation, attesting_indices)
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAttestation<T> for VerifiedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
-    fn attestation(&self) -> &Attestation<T::EthSpec> {
+    fn attestation(&self) -> AttestationRef<T::EthSpec> {
         self.attestation()
     }
 
@@ -345,7 +365,7 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAttestation<T> for VerifiedAggregatedAttes
 }
 
 impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAttestation<T> for VerifiedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
-    fn attestation(&self) -> &Attestation<T::EthSpec> {
+    fn attestation(&self) -> AttestationRef<T::EthSpec> {
         self.attestation
     }
 
@@ -357,7 +377,7 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAttestation<T> for VerifiedUnaggregatedAtt
 /// Information about invalid attestations which might still be slashable despite being invalid.
 pub enum AttestationSlashInfo<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes, TErr> {
     /// The attestation is invalid, but its signature wasn't checked.
-    SignatureNotChecked(&'a Attestation<T::EthSpec>, TErr),
+    SignatureNotChecked(AttestationRef<'a, T::EthSpec>, TErr),
     /// As for `SignatureNotChecked`, but we know the `IndexedAttestation`.
     SignatureNotCheckedIndexed(IndexedAttestation<T::EthSpec>, TErr),
     /// The attestation's signature is invalid, so it will never be slashable.
@@ -382,7 +402,7 @@ fn process_slash_info<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
         let (indexed_attestation, check_signature, err) = match slash_info {
             SignatureNotChecked(attestation, err) => {
                 if let Error::UnknownHeadBlock { .. } = err {
-                    if attestation.data.beacon_block_root == attestation.data.target.root {
+                    if attestation.data().beacon_block_root == attestation.data().target.root {
                         return err;
                     }
                 }
@@ -451,7 +471,7 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
         signed_aggregate: &SignedAggregateAndProof<T::EthSpec>,
         chain: &BeaconChain<T>,
     ) -> Result<Hash256, Error> {
-        let attestation = &signed_aggregate.message.aggregate;
+        let attestation = signed_aggregate.message().aggregate();
 
         // Ensure attestation is within the last ATTESTATION_PROPAGATION_SLOT_RANGE slots (within a
         // MAXIMUM_GOSSIP_CLOCK_DISPARITY allowance).
@@ -460,30 +480,39 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
         verify_propagation_slot_range(&chain.slot_clock, attestation, &chain.spec)?;
 
         // Check the attestation's epoch matches its target.
-        if attestation.data.slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch())
-            != attestation.data.target.epoch
+        if attestation.data().slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch())
+            != attestation.data().target.epoch
         {
             return Err(Error::InvalidTargetEpoch {
-                slot: attestation.data.slot,
-                epoch: attestation.data.target.epoch,
+                slot: attestation.data().slot,
+                epoch: attestation.data().target.epoch,
             });
         }
 
-        // Ensure the valid aggregated attestation has not already been seen locally.
-        let attestation_data = &attestation.data;
-        let attestation_data_root = attestation_data.tree_hash_root();
+        let observed_attestation_key_root = ObservedAttestationKey {
+            committee_index: attestation
+                .committee_index()
+                .ok_or(Error::NotExactlyOneCommitteeBitSet(0))?,
+            attestation_data: attestation.data().clone(),
+        }
+        .tree_hash_root();
+
+        // [New in Electra:EIP7549]
+        verify_committee_index(attestation)?;
 
         if chain
             .observed_attestations
             .write()
-            .is_known_subset(attestation, attestation_data_root)
+            .is_known_subset(attestation, observed_attestation_key_root)
             .map_err(|e| Error::BeaconChainError(e.into()))?
         {
             metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::AGGREGATED_ATTESTATION_SUBSETS);
-            return Err(Error::AttestationSupersetKnown(attestation_data_root));
+            return Err(Error::AttestationSupersetKnown(
+                observed_attestation_key_root,
+            ));
         }
 
-        let aggregator_index = signed_aggregate.message.aggregator_index;
+        let aggregator_index = signed_aggregate.message().aggregator_index();
 
         // Ensure there has been no other observed aggregate for the given `aggregator_index`.
         //
@@ -491,7 +520,7 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
         match chain
             .observed_aggregators
             .read()
-            .validator_has_been_observed(attestation.data.target.epoch, aggregator_index as usize)
+            .validator_has_been_observed(attestation.data().target.epoch, aggregator_index as usize)
         {
             Ok(true) => Err(Error::AggregatorAlreadyKnown(aggregator_index)),
             Ok(false) => Ok(()),
@@ -523,10 +552,10 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
         verify_attestation_target_root::<T::EthSpec>(&head_block, attestation)?;
 
         // Ensure that the attestation has participants.
-        if attestation.aggregation_bits.is_zero() {
+        if attestation.is_aggregation_bits_zero() {
             Err(Error::EmptyAggregationBitfield)
         } else {
-            Ok(attestation_data_root)
+            Ok(observed_attestation_key_root)
         }
     }
 
@@ -536,23 +565,47 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
         chain: &BeaconChain<T>,
     ) -> Result<Self, AttestationSlashInfo<'a, T, Error>> {
         use AttestationSlashInfo::*;
-
-        let attestation = &signed_aggregate.message.aggregate;
-        let aggregator_index = signed_aggregate.message.aggregator_index;
-        let attestation_data_root = match Self::verify_early_checks(signed_aggregate, chain) {
+        let observed_attestation_key_root = match Self::verify_early_checks(signed_aggregate, chain)
+        {
             Ok(root) => root,
-            Err(e) => return Err(SignatureNotChecked(&signed_aggregate.message.aggregate, e)),
+            Err(e) => {
+                return Err(SignatureNotChecked(
+                    signed_aggregate.message().aggregate(),
+                    e,
+                ))
+            }
         };
 
+        // Committees must be sorted by ascending index order 0..committees_per_slot
         let get_indexed_attestation_with_committee =
-            |(committee, _): (BeaconCommittee, CommitteesPerSlot)| {
-                // Note: this clones the signature which is known to be a relatively slow operation.
-                //
-                // Future optimizations should remove this clone.
-                let selection_proof =
-                    SelectionProof::from(signed_aggregate.message.selection_proof.clone());
-
-                if !selection_proof
+            |(committees, _): (Vec<BeaconCommittee>, CommitteesPerSlot)| {
+                let (index, aggregator_index, selection_proof, data) = match signed_aggregate {
+                    SignedAggregateAndProof::Base(signed_aggregate) => (
+                        signed_aggregate.message.aggregate.data.index,
+                        signed_aggregate.message.aggregator_index,
+                        // Note: this clones the signature which is known to be a relatively slow operation.
+                        // Future optimizations should remove this clone.
+                        signed_aggregate.message.selection_proof.clone(),
+                        signed_aggregate.message.aggregate.data.clone(),
+                    ),
+                    SignedAggregateAndProof::Electra(signed_aggregate) => (
+                        signed_aggregate
+                            .message
+                            .aggregate
+                            .committee_index()
+                            .ok_or(Error::NotExactlyOneCommitteeBitSet(0))?,
+                        signed_aggregate.message.aggregator_index,
+                        signed_aggregate.message.selection_proof.clone(),
+                        signed_aggregate.message.aggregate.data.clone(),
+                    ),
+                };
+                let slot = data.slot;
+
+                let committee = committees
+                    .get(index as usize)
+                    .ok_or(Error::NoCommitteeForSlotAndIndex { slot, index })?;
+
+                if !SelectionProof::from(selection_proof)
                     .is_aggregator(committee.committee.len(), &chain.spec)
                     .map_err(|e| Error::BeaconChainError(e.into()))?
                 {
@@ -564,23 +617,44 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
                     return Err(Error::AggregatorNotInCommittee { aggregator_index });
                 }
 
-                get_indexed_attestation(committee.committee, attestation)
-                    .map_err(|e| BeaconChainError::from(e).into())
+                // p2p aggregates have a single committee, we can assert that aggregation_bits is always
+                // less then MaxValidatorsPerCommittee
+                match signed_aggregate {
+                    SignedAggregateAndProof::Base(signed_aggregate) => {
+                        attesting_indices_base::get_indexed_attestation(
+                            committee.committee,
+                            &signed_aggregate.message.aggregate,
+                        )
+                        .map_err(|e| BeaconChainError::from(e).into())
+                    }
+                    SignedAggregateAndProof::Electra(signed_aggregate) => {
+                        attesting_indices_electra::get_indexed_attestation(
+                            &committees,
+                            &signed_aggregate.message.aggregate,
+                        )
+                        .map_err(|e| BeaconChainError::from(e).into())
+                    }
+                }
             };
 
-        let indexed_attestation = match map_attestation_committee(
+        let attestation = signed_aggregate.message().aggregate();
+        let indexed_attestation = match map_attestation_committees(
             chain,
             attestation,
             get_indexed_attestation_with_committee,
         ) {
             Ok(indexed_attestation) => indexed_attestation,
-            Err(e) => return Err(SignatureNotChecked(&signed_aggregate.message.aggregate, e)),
+            Err(e) => {
+                return Err(SignatureNotChecked(
+                    signed_aggregate.message().aggregate(),
+                    e,
+                ))
+            }
         };
-
         Ok(IndexedAggregatedAttestation {
             signed_aggregate,
             indexed_attestation,
-            attestation_data_root,
+            observed_attestation_key_root,
         })
     }
 }
@@ -589,11 +663,11 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
     /// Run the checks that happen after the indexed attestation and signature have been checked.
     fn verify_late_checks(
         signed_aggregate: &SignedAggregateAndProof<T::EthSpec>,
-        attestation_data_root: Hash256,
+        observed_attestation_key_root: Hash256,
         chain: &BeaconChain<T>,
     ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let attestation = &signed_aggregate.message.aggregate;
-        let aggregator_index = signed_aggregate.message.aggregator_index;
+        let attestation = signed_aggregate.message().aggregate();
+        let aggregator_index = signed_aggregate.message().aggregator_index();
 
         // Observe the valid attestation so we do not re-process it.
         //
@@ -602,11 +676,13 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
         if let ObserveOutcome::Subset = chain
             .observed_attestations
             .write()
-            .observe_item(attestation, Some(attestation_data_root))
+            .observe_item(attestation, Some(observed_attestation_key_root))
             .map_err(|e| Error::BeaconChainError(e.into()))?
         {
             metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::AGGREGATED_ATTESTATION_SUBSETS);
-            return Err(Error::AttestationSupersetKnown(attestation_data_root));
+            return Err(Error::AttestationSupersetKnown(
+                observed_attestation_key_root,
+            ));
         }
 
         // Observe the aggregator so we don't process another aggregate from them.
@@ -616,12 +692,12 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
         if chain
             .observed_aggregators
             .write()
-            .observe_validator(attestation.data.target.epoch, aggregator_index as usize)
+            .observe_validator(attestation.data().target.epoch, aggregator_index as usize)
             .map_err(BeaconChainError::from)?
         {
             return Err(Error::PriorAttestationKnown {
                 validator_index: aggregator_index,
-                epoch: attestation.data.target.epoch,
+                epoch: attestation.data().target.epoch,
             });
         }
 
@@ -666,7 +742,7 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
         let IndexedAggregatedAttestation {
             signed_aggregate,
             indexed_attestation,
-            attestation_data_root,
+            observed_attestation_key_root,
         } = signed_aggregate;
 
         match check_signature {
@@ -690,7 +766,9 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
             CheckAttestationSignature::No => (),
         };
 
-        if let Err(e) = Self::verify_late_checks(signed_aggregate, attestation_data_root, chain) {
+        if let Err(e) =
+            Self::verify_late_checks(signed_aggregate, observed_attestation_key_root, chain)
+        {
             return Err(SignatureValid(indexed_attestation, e));
         }
 
@@ -701,8 +779,8 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
     }
 
     /// Returns the underlying `attestation` for the `signed_aggregate`.
-    pub fn attestation(&self) -> &Attestation<T::EthSpec> {
-        &self.signed_aggregate.message.aggregate
+    pub fn attestation(&self) -> AttestationRef<'a, T::EthSpec> {
+        self.signed_aggregate.message().aggregate()
     }
 
     /// Returns the underlying `signed_aggregate`.
@@ -714,16 +792,16 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
 impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
     /// Run the checks that happen before an indexed attestation is constructed.
     pub fn verify_early_checks(
-        attestation: &Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
+        attestation: AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
         chain: &BeaconChain<T>,
     ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let attestation_epoch = attestation.data.slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
+        let attestation_epoch = attestation.data().slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
 
         // Check the attestation's epoch matches its target.
-        if attestation_epoch != attestation.data.target.epoch {
+        if attestation_epoch != attestation.data().target.epoch {
             return Err(Error::InvalidTargetEpoch {
-                slot: attestation.data.slot,
-                epoch: attestation.data.target.epoch,
+                slot: attestation.data().slot,
+                epoch: attestation.data().target.epoch,
             });
         }
 
@@ -735,11 +813,14 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
 
         // Check to ensure that the attestation is "unaggregated". I.e., it has exactly one
         // aggregation bit set.
-        let num_aggregation_bits = attestation.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits();
+        let num_aggregation_bits = attestation.num_set_aggregation_bits();
         if num_aggregation_bits != 1 {
             return Err(Error::NotExactlyOneAggregationBitSet(num_aggregation_bits));
         }
 
+        // [New in Electra:EIP7549]
+        verify_committee_index(attestation)?;
+
         // Attestations must be for a known block. If the block is unknown, we simply drop the
         // attestation and do not delay consideration for later.
         //
@@ -755,14 +836,14 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
 
     /// Run the checks that apply to the indexed attestation before the signature is checked.
     pub fn verify_middle_checks(
-        attestation: &Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
+        attestation: AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
         indexed_attestation: &IndexedAttestation<T::EthSpec>,
         committees_per_slot: u64,
         subnet_id: Option<SubnetId>,
         chain: &BeaconChain<T>,
     ) -> Result<(u64, SubnetId), Error> {
-        let expected_subnet_id = SubnetId::compute_subnet_for_attestation_data::<T::EthSpec>(
-            &indexed_attestation.data,
+        let expected_subnet_id = SubnetId::compute_subnet_for_attestation::<T::EthSpec>(
+            attestation,
             committees_per_slot,
             &chain.spec,
         )
@@ -779,8 +860,7 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
         };
 
         let validator_index = *indexed_attestation
-            .attesting_indices
-            .first()
+            .attesting_indices_first()
             .ok_or(Error::NotExactlyOneAggregationBitSet(0))?;
 
         /*
@@ -790,12 +870,12 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
         if chain
             .observed_gossip_attesters
             .read()
-            .validator_has_been_observed(attestation.data.target.epoch, validator_index as usize)
+            .validator_has_been_observed(attestation.data().target.epoch, validator_index as usize)
             .map_err(BeaconChainError::from)?
         {
             return Err(Error::PriorAttestationKnown {
                 validator_index,
-                epoch: attestation.data.target.epoch,
+                epoch: attestation.data().target.epoch,
             });
         }
 
@@ -812,7 +892,7 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
         subnet_id: Option<SubnetId>,
         chain: &BeaconChain<T>,
     ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        Self::verify_slashable(attestation, subnet_id, chain)
+        Self::verify_slashable(attestation.to_ref(), subnet_id, chain)
             .map(|verified_unaggregated| {
                 if let Some(slasher) = chain.slasher.as_ref() {
                     slasher.accept_attestation(verified_unaggregated.indexed_attestation.clone());
@@ -824,7 +904,7 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
 
     /// Verify the attestation, producing extra information about whether it might be slashable.
     pub fn verify_slashable(
-        attestation: &'a Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
+        attestation: AttestationRef<'a, T::EthSpec>,
         subnet_id: Option<SubnetId>,
         chain: &BeaconChain<T>,
     ) -> Result<Self, AttestationSlashInfo<'a, T, Error>> {
@@ -873,7 +953,7 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> IndexedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
 impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
     /// Run the checks that apply after the signature has been checked.
     fn verify_late_checks(
-        attestation: &Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
+        attestation: AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
         validator_index: u64,
         chain: &BeaconChain<T>,
     ) -> Result<(), Error> {
@@ -886,12 +966,12 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
         if chain
             .observed_gossip_attesters
             .write()
-            .observe_validator(attestation.data.target.epoch, validator_index as usize)
+            .observe_validator(attestation.data().target.epoch, validator_index as usize)
             .map_err(BeaconChainError::from)?
         {
             return Err(Error::PriorAttestationKnown {
                 validator_index,
-                epoch: attestation.data.target.epoch,
+                epoch: attestation.data().target.epoch,
             });
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -967,7 +1047,7 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
     }
 
     /// Returns the wrapped `attestation`.
-    pub fn attestation(&self) -> &Attestation<T::EthSpec> {
+    pub fn attestation(&self) -> AttestationRef<T::EthSpec> {
         self.attestation
     }
 
@@ -997,34 +1077,34 @@ impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedUnaggregatedAttestation<'a, T> {
 /// already finalized.
 fn verify_head_block_is_known<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
     chain: &BeaconChain<T>,
-    attestation: &Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
+    attestation: AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
     max_skip_slots: Option<u64>,
 ) -> Result<ProtoBlock, Error> {
     let block_opt = chain
         .canonical_head
         .fork_choice_read_lock()
-        .get_block(&attestation.data.beacon_block_root)
+        .get_block(&attestation.data().beacon_block_root)
         .or_else(|| {
             chain
                 .early_attester_cache
-                .get_proto_block(attestation.data.beacon_block_root)
+                .get_proto_block(attestation.data().beacon_block_root)
         });
 
     if let Some(block) = block_opt {
         // Reject any block that exceeds our limit on skipped slots.
         if let Some(max_skip_slots) = max_skip_slots {
-            if attestation.data.slot > block.slot + max_skip_slots {
+            if attestation.data().slot > block.slot + max_skip_slots {
                 return Err(Error::TooManySkippedSlots {
                     head_block_slot: block.slot,
-                    attestation_slot: attestation.data.slot,
+                    attestation_slot: attestation.data().slot,
                 });
             }
         }
 
         Ok(block)
-    } else if chain.is_pre_finalization_block(attestation.data.beacon_block_root)? {
+    } else if chain.is_pre_finalization_block(attestation.data().beacon_block_root)? {
         Err(Error::HeadBlockFinalized {
-            beacon_block_root: attestation.data.beacon_block_root,
+            beacon_block_root: attestation.data().beacon_block_root,
         })
     } else {
         // The block is either:
@@ -1034,7 +1114,7 @@ fn verify_head_block_is_known<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
         // 2) A post-finalization block that we don't know about yet. We'll queue
         //    the attestation until the block becomes available (or we time out).
         Err(Error::UnknownHeadBlock {
-            beacon_block_root: attestation.data.beacon_block_root,
+            beacon_block_root: attestation.data().beacon_block_root,
         })
     }
 }
@@ -1045,10 +1125,10 @@ fn verify_head_block_is_known<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
 /// Accounts for `MAXIMUM_GOSSIP_CLOCK_DISPARITY`.
 pub fn verify_propagation_slot_range<S: SlotClock, E: EthSpec>(
     slot_clock: &S,
-    attestation: &Attestation<E>,
+    attestation: AttestationRef<E>,
     spec: &ChainSpec,
 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-    let attestation_slot = attestation.data.slot;
+    let attestation_slot = attestation.data().slot;
     let latest_permissible_slot = slot_clock
         .now_with_future_tolerance(spec.maximum_gossip_clock_disparity())
         .ok_or(BeaconChainError::UnableToReadSlot)?;
@@ -1067,14 +1147,13 @@ pub fn verify_propagation_slot_range<S: SlotClock, E: EthSpec>(
 
     let current_fork =
         spec.fork_name_at_slot::<E>(slot_clock.now().ok_or(BeaconChainError::UnableToReadSlot)?);
-    let earliest_permissible_slot = match current_fork {
-        ForkName::Base | ForkName::Altair | ForkName::Bellatrix | ForkName::Capella => {
-            one_epoch_prior
-        }
-        // EIP-7045
-        ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => one_epoch_prior
+    let earliest_permissible_slot = if !current_fork.deneb_enabled() {
+        one_epoch_prior
+    // EIP-7045
+    } else {
+        one_epoch_prior
             .epoch(E::slots_per_epoch())
-            .start_slot(E::slots_per_epoch()),
+            .start_slot(E::slots_per_epoch())
     };
 
     if attestation_slot < earliest_permissible_slot {
@@ -1102,18 +1181,17 @@ pub fn verify_attestation_signature<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
 
     let fork = chain
         .spec
-        .fork_at_epoch(indexed_attestation.data.target.epoch);
+        .fork_at_epoch(indexed_attestation.data().target.epoch);
 
     let signature_set = indexed_attestation_signature_set_from_pubkeys(
         |validator_index| pubkey_cache.get(validator_index).map(Cow::Borrowed),
-        &indexed_attestation.signature,
+        indexed_attestation.signature(),
         indexed_attestation,
         &fork,
         chain.genesis_validators_root,
         &chain.spec,
     )
     .map_err(BeaconChainError::SignatureSetError)?;
-
     metrics::stop_timer(signature_setup_timer);
 
     let _signature_verification_timer =
@@ -1130,11 +1208,11 @@ pub fn verify_attestation_signature<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
 /// `attestation.data.beacon_block_root`.
 pub fn verify_attestation_target_root<E: EthSpec>(
     head_block: &ProtoBlock,
-    attestation: &Attestation<E>,
+    attestation: AttestationRef<E>,
 ) -> Result<(), Error> {
     // Check the attestation target root.
     let head_block_epoch = head_block.slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
-    let attestation_epoch = attestation.data.slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
+    let attestation_epoch = attestation.data().slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
     if head_block_epoch > attestation_epoch {
         // The epoch references an invalid head block from a future epoch.
         //
@@ -1147,7 +1225,7 @@ pub fn verify_attestation_target_root<E: EthSpec>(
         // Reference:
         // https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/pull/2001#issuecomment-699246659
         return Err(Error::InvalidTargetRoot {
-            attestation: attestation.data.target.root,
+            attestation: attestation.data().target.root,
             // It is not clear what root we should expect in this case, since the attestation is
             // fundamentally invalid.
             expected: None,
@@ -1166,9 +1244,9 @@ pub fn verify_attestation_target_root<E: EthSpec>(
         };
 
         // Reject any attestation with an invalid target root.
-        if target_root != attestation.data.target.root {
+        if target_root != attestation.data().target.root {
             return Err(Error::InvalidTargetRoot {
-                attestation: attestation.data.target.root,
+                attestation: attestation.data().target.root,
                 expected: Some(target_root),
             });
         }
@@ -1199,14 +1277,14 @@ pub fn verify_signed_aggregate_signatures<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
         .try_read_for(VALIDATOR_PUBKEY_CACHE_LOCK_TIMEOUT)
         .ok_or(BeaconChainError::ValidatorPubkeyCacheLockTimeout)?;
 
-    let aggregator_index = signed_aggregate.message.aggregator_index;
+    let aggregator_index = signed_aggregate.message().aggregator_index();
     if aggregator_index >= pubkey_cache.len() as u64 {
         return Err(Error::AggregatorPubkeyUnknown(aggregator_index));
     }
 
     let fork = chain
         .spec
-        .fork_at_epoch(indexed_attestation.data.target.epoch);
+        .fork_at_epoch(indexed_attestation.data().target.epoch);
 
     let signature_sets = vec![
         signed_aggregate_selection_proof_signature_set(
@@ -1227,7 +1305,7 @@ pub fn verify_signed_aggregate_signatures<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
         .map_err(BeaconChainError::SignatureSetError)?,
         indexed_attestation_signature_set_from_pubkeys(
             |validator_index| pubkey_cache.get(validator_index).map(Cow::Borrowed),
-            &indexed_attestation.signature,
+            indexed_attestation.signature(),
             indexed_attestation,
             &fork,
             chain.genesis_validators_root,
@@ -1239,6 +1317,28 @@ pub fn verify_signed_aggregate_signatures<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
     Ok(verify_signature_sets(signature_sets.iter()))
 }
 
+/// Verify that the `attestation` committee index is properly set for the attestation's fork.
+/// This function will only apply verification post-Electra.
+pub fn verify_committee_index<E: EthSpec>(attestation: AttestationRef<E>) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    if let Ok(committee_bits) = attestation.committee_bits() {
+        // Check to ensure that the attestation is for a single committee.
+        let num_committee_bits = get_committee_indices::<E>(committee_bits);
+        if num_committee_bits.len() != 1 {
+            return Err(Error::NotExactlyOneCommitteeBitSet(
+                num_committee_bits.len(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // Ensure the attestation index is set to zero post Electra.
+        if attestation.data().index != 0 {
+            return Err(Error::CommitteeIndexNonZero(
+                attestation.data().index as usize,
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// Assists in readability.
 type CommitteesPerSlot = u64;
 
@@ -1246,35 +1346,71 @@ type CommitteesPerSlot = u64;
 /// public keys cached in the `chain`.
 pub fn obtain_indexed_attestation_and_committees_per_slot<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
     chain: &BeaconChain<T>,
-    attestation: &Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
+    attestation: AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
 ) -> Result<(IndexedAttestation<T::EthSpec>, CommitteesPerSlot), Error> {
-    map_attestation_committee(chain, attestation, |(committee, committees_per_slot)| {
-        get_indexed_attestation(committee.committee, attestation)
-            .map(|attestation| (attestation, committees_per_slot))
-            .map_err(Error::Invalid)
+    map_attestation_committees(chain, attestation, |(committees, committees_per_slot)| {
+        match attestation {
+            AttestationRef::Base(att) => {
+                let committee = committees
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|&committee| committee.index == att.data.index)
+                    .at_most_one()
+                    .map_err(|_| Error::NoCommitteeForSlotAndIndex {
+                        slot: att.data.slot,
+                        index: att.data.index,
+                    })?;
+
+                if let Some(committee) = committee {
+                    attesting_indices_base::get_indexed_attestation(committee.committee, att)
+                        .map(|attestation| (attestation, committees_per_slot))
+                        .map_err(Error::Invalid)
+                } else {
+                    Err(Error::NoCommitteeForSlotAndIndex {
+                        slot: att.data.slot,
+                        index: att.data.index,
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+            AttestationRef::Electra(att) => {
+                attesting_indices_electra::get_indexed_attestation(&committees, att)
+                    .map(|attestation| (attestation, committees_per_slot))
+                    .map_err(|e| {
+                        if let BlockOperationError::BeaconStateError(NoCommitteeFound(index)) = e {
+                            Error::NoCommitteeForSlotAndIndex {
+                                slot: att.data.slot,
+                                index,
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            Error::Invalid(e)
+                        }
+                    })
+            }
+        }
     })
 }
 
 /// Runs the `map_fn` with the committee and committee count per slot for the given `attestation`.
 ///
-/// This function exists in this odd "map" pattern because efficiently obtaining the committee for
-/// an attestation can be complex. It might involve reading straight from the
+/// This function exists in this odd "map" pattern because efficiently obtaining the committees for
+/// an attestation's slot can be complex. It might involve reading straight from the
 /// `beacon_chain.shuffling_cache` or it might involve reading it from a state from the DB. Due to
 /// the complexities of `RwLock`s on the shuffling cache, a simple `Cow` isn't suitable here.
 ///
-/// If the committee for `attestation` isn't found in the `shuffling_cache`, we will read a state
+/// If the committees for an `attestation`'s slot aren't found in the `shuffling_cache`, we will read a state
 /// from disk and then update the `shuffling_cache`.
-fn map_attestation_committee<T, F, R>(
+///
+/// Committees are sorted by ascending index order 0..committees_per_slot
+fn map_attestation_committees<T, F, R>(
     chain: &BeaconChain<T>,
-    attestation: &Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
+    attestation: AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
     map_fn: F,
 ) -> Result<R, Error>
 where
     T: BeaconChainTypes,
-    F: Fn((BeaconCommittee, CommitteesPerSlot)) -> Result<R, Error>,
+    F: Fn((Vec<BeaconCommittee>, CommitteesPerSlot)) -> Result<R, Error>,
 {
-    let attestation_epoch = attestation.data.slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
-    let target = &attestation.data.target;
+    let attestation_epoch = attestation.data().slot.epoch(T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
+    let target = &attestation.data().target;
 
     // Attestation target must be for a known block.
     //
@@ -1297,12 +1433,12 @@ where
             let committees_per_slot = committee_cache.committees_per_slot();
 
             Ok(committee_cache
-                .get_beacon_committee(attestation.data.slot, attestation.data.index)
-                .map(|committee| map_fn((committee, committees_per_slot)))
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                .get_beacon_committees_at_slot(attestation.data().slot)
+                .map(|committees| map_fn((committees, committees_per_slot)))
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
                     Err(Error::NoCommitteeForSlotAndIndex {
-                        slot: attestation.data.slot,
-                        index: attestation.data.index,
+                        slot: attestation.data().slot,
+                        index: attestation.committee_index().unwrap_or(0),
                     })
                 }))
         })
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attestation_verification/batch.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attestation_verification/batch.rs
index 6aec2bef68a..07fad1bd4a8 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attestation_verification/batch.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attestation_verification/batch.rs
@@ -66,14 +66,13 @@ where
             .ok_or(BeaconChainError::ValidatorPubkeyCacheLockTimeout)?;
 
         let mut signature_sets = Vec::with_capacity(num_indexed * 3);
-
         // Iterate, flattening to get only the `Ok` values.
         for indexed in indexing_results.iter().flatten() {
             let signed_aggregate = &indexed.signed_aggregate;
             let indexed_attestation = &indexed.indexed_attestation;
             let fork = chain
                 .spec
-                .fork_at_epoch(indexed_attestation.data.target.epoch);
+                .fork_at_epoch(indexed_attestation.data().target.epoch);
 
             signature_sets.push(
                 signed_aggregate_selection_proof_signature_set(
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ where
             signature_sets.push(
                 indexed_attestation_signature_set_from_pubkeys(
                     |validator_index| pubkey_cache.get(validator_index).map(Cow::Borrowed),
-                    &indexed_attestation.signature,
+                    indexed_attestation.signature(),
                     indexed_attestation,
                     &fork,
                     chain.genesis_validators_root,
@@ -182,11 +181,11 @@ where
             let indexed_attestation = &partially_verified.indexed_attestation;
             let fork = chain
                 .spec
-                .fork_at_epoch(indexed_attestation.data.target.epoch);
+                .fork_at_epoch(indexed_attestation.data().target.epoch);
 
             let signature_set = indexed_attestation_signature_set_from_pubkeys(
                 |validator_index| pubkey_cache.get(validator_index).map(Cow::Borrowed),
-                &indexed_attestation.signature,
+                indexed_attestation.signature(),
                 indexed_attestation,
                 &fork,
                 chain.genesis_validators_root,
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attester_cache.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attester_cache.rs
index 2e07cd32ed9..b5012e8e4e4 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attester_cache.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/attester_cache.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use state_processing::state_advance::{partial_state_advance, Error as StateAdvan
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::ops::Range;
 use types::{
+    attestation::Error as AttestationError,
     beacon_state::{
         compute_committee_index_in_epoch, compute_committee_range_in_epoch, epoch_committee_count,
     },
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ pub enum Error {
     InverseRange {
         range: Range<usize>,
     },
+    AttestationError(AttestationError),
 }
 
 impl From<BeaconStateError> for Error {
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/beacon_block_reward.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/beacon_block_reward.rs
index 5b70215d225..33567001e3c 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/beacon_block_reward.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/beacon_block_reward.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
         let mut previous_epoch_participation = state.previous_epoch_participation()?.clone();
 
         for attestation in block.body().attestations() {
-            let data = &attestation.data;
+            let data = attestation.data();
             let inclusion_delay = state.slot().safe_sub(data.slot)?.as_u64();
             // [Modified in Deneb:EIP7045]
             let participation_flag_indices = get_attestation_participation_flag_indices(
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/beacon_chain.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/beacon_chain.rs
index 77e1bc095ed..f1d9ce791e0 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/beacon_chain.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/beacon_chain.rs
@@ -85,7 +85,9 @@ use futures::channel::mpsc::Sender;
 use itertools::process_results;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use kzg::Kzg;
-use operation_pool::{AttestationRef, OperationPool, PersistedOperationPool, ReceivedPreCapella};
+use operation_pool::{
+    CompactAttestationRef, OperationPool, PersistedOperationPool, ReceivedPreCapella,
+};
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
 use proto_array::{DoNotReOrg, ProposerHeadError};
 use safe_arith::SafeArith;
@@ -1643,14 +1645,49 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
         Ok((duties, dependent_root, execution_status))
     }
 
+    pub fn get_aggregated_attestation(
+        &self,
+        attestation: AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Attestation<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
+        match attestation {
+            AttestationRef::Base(att) => self.get_aggregated_attestation_base(&att.data),
+            AttestationRef::Electra(att) => self.get_aggregated_attestation_electra(
+                att.data.slot,
+                &att.data.tree_hash_root(),
+                att.committee_index()
+                    .ok_or(Error::AttestationCommitteeIndexNotSet)?,
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Returns an aggregated `Attestation`, if any, that has a matching `attestation.data`.
     ///
     /// The attestation will be obtained from `self.naive_aggregation_pool`.
-    pub fn get_aggregated_attestation(
+    pub fn get_aggregated_attestation_base(
         &self,
         data: &AttestationData,
     ) -> Result<Option<Attestation<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
-        if let Some(attestation) = self.naive_aggregation_pool.read().get(data) {
+        let attestation_key = crate::naive_aggregation_pool::AttestationKey::new_base(data);
+        if let Some(attestation) = self.naive_aggregation_pool.read().get(&attestation_key) {
+            self.filter_optimistic_attestation(attestation)
+                .map(Option::Some)
+        } else {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_aggregated_attestation_electra(
+        &self,
+        slot: Slot,
+        attestation_data_root: &Hash256,
+        committee_index: CommitteeIndex,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Attestation<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
+        let attestation_key = crate::naive_aggregation_pool::AttestationKey::new_electra(
+            slot,
+            *attestation_data_root,
+            committee_index,
+        );
+        if let Some(attestation) = self.naive_aggregation_pool.read().get(&attestation_key) {
             self.filter_optimistic_attestation(attestation)
                 .map(Option::Some)
         } else {
@@ -1662,16 +1699,21 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
     /// `attestation.data.tree_hash_root()`.
     ///
     /// The attestation will be obtained from `self.naive_aggregation_pool`.
-    pub fn get_aggregated_attestation_by_slot_and_root(
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: This function will *only* work with pre-electra attestations and it only
+    ///       exists to support the pre-electra validator API method.
+    pub fn get_pre_electra_aggregated_attestation_by_slot_and_root(
         &self,
         slot: Slot,
         attestation_data_root: &Hash256,
     ) -> Result<Option<Attestation<T::EthSpec>>, Error> {
-        if let Some(attestation) = self
-            .naive_aggregation_pool
-            .read()
-            .get_by_slot_and_root(slot, attestation_data_root)
-        {
+        let attestation_key =
+            crate::naive_aggregation_pool::AttestationKey::new_base_from_slot_and_root(
+                slot,
+                *attestation_data_root,
+            );
+
+        if let Some(attestation) = self.naive_aggregation_pool.read().get(&attestation_key) {
             self.filter_optimistic_attestation(attestation)
                 .map(Option::Some)
         } else {
@@ -1685,7 +1727,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
         &self,
         attestation: Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
     ) -> Result<Attestation<T::EthSpec>, Error> {
-        let beacon_block_root = attestation.data.beacon_block_root;
+        let beacon_block_root = attestation.data().beacon_block_root;
         match self
             .canonical_head
             .fork_choice_read_lock()
@@ -1951,17 +1993,15 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
             };
         drop(cache_timer);
 
-        Ok(Attestation {
-            aggregation_bits: BitList::with_capacity(committee_len)?,
-            data: AttestationData {
-                slot: request_slot,
-                index: request_index,
-                beacon_block_root,
-                source: justified_checkpoint,
-                target,
-            },
-            signature: AggregateSignature::empty(),
-        })
+        Ok(Attestation::<T::EthSpec>::empty_for_signing(
+            request_index,
+            committee_len,
+            request_slot,
+            beacon_block_root,
+            justified_checkpoint,
+            target,
+            &self.spec,
+        )?)
     }
 
     /// Performs the same validation as `Self::verify_unaggregated_attestation_for_gossip`, but for
@@ -1999,8 +2039,9 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                 // This method is called for API and gossip attestations, so this covers all unaggregated attestation events
                 if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
                     if event_handler.has_attestation_subscribers() {
-                        event_handler
-                            .register(EventKind::Attestation(Box::new(v.attestation().clone())));
+                        event_handler.register(EventKind::Attestation(Box::new(
+                            v.attestation().clone_as_attestation(),
+                        )));
                     }
                 }
                 metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::UNAGGREGATED_ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_SUCCESSES);
@@ -2036,8 +2077,9 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
             // This method is called for API and gossip attestations, so this covers all aggregated attestation events
             if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
                 if event_handler.has_attestation_subscribers() {
-                    event_handler
-                        .register(EventKind::Attestation(Box::new(v.attestation().clone())));
+                    event_handler.register(EventKind::Attestation(Box::new(
+                        v.attestation().clone_as_attestation(),
+                    )));
                 }
             }
             metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::AGGREGATED_ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_SUCCESSES);
@@ -2146,7 +2188,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
             .fork_choice_write_lock()
             .on_attestation(
                 self.slot()?,
-                verified.indexed_attestation(),
+                verified.indexed_attestation().to_ref(),
                 AttestationFromBlock::False,
             )
             .map_err(Into::into)
@@ -2173,8 +2215,8 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                 self.log,
                 "Stored unaggregated attestation";
                 "outcome" => ?outcome,
-                "index" => attestation.data.index,
-                "slot" => attestation.data.slot.as_u64(),
+                "index" => attestation.committee_index(),
+                "slot" => attestation.data().slot.as_u64(),
             ),
             Err(NaiveAggregationError::SlotTooLow {
                 slot,
@@ -2192,8 +2234,8 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                         self.log,
                         "Failed to store unaggregated attestation";
                         "error" => ?e,
-                        "index" => attestation.data.index,
-                        "slot" => attestation.data.slot.as_u64(),
+                        "index" => attestation.committee_index(),
+                        "slot" => attestation.data().slot.as_u64(),
                 );
                 return Err(Error::from(e).into());
             }
@@ -2317,7 +2359,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
     pub fn filter_op_pool_attestation(
         &self,
         filter_cache: &mut HashMap<(Hash256, Epoch), bool>,
-        att: &AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
+        att: &CompactAttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
         state: &BeaconState<T::EthSpec>,
     ) -> bool {
         *filter_cache
@@ -2508,7 +2550,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
         // Add to fork choice.
         self.canonical_head
             .fork_choice_write_lock()
-            .on_attester_slashing(attester_slashing.as_inner());
+            .on_attester_slashing(attester_slashing.as_inner().to_ref());
 
         if let Some(event_handler) = self.event_handler.as_ref() {
             if event_handler.has_attester_slashing_subscribers() {
@@ -3786,7 +3828,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                         self.log,
                         "Failed to get indexed attestation";
                         "purpose" => "validator monitor",
-                        "attestation_slot" => attestation.data.slot,
+                        "attestation_slot" => attestation.data().slot,
                         "error" => ?e,
                     );
                     continue;
@@ -3842,7 +3884,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                         self.log,
                         "Failed to register observed attestation";
                         "error" => ?e,
-                        "epoch" => a.data.target.epoch
+                        "epoch" => a.data().target.epoch
                     );
                 }
             }
@@ -3854,7 +3896,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                         self.log,
                         "Failed to get indexed attestation";
                         "purpose" => "observation",
-                        "attestation_slot" => a.data.slot,
+                        "attestation_slot" => a.data().slot,
                         "error" => ?e,
                     );
                     continue;
@@ -3863,15 +3905,15 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
 
             let mut observed_block_attesters = self.observed_block_attesters.write();
 
-            for &validator_index in &indexed_attestation.attesting_indices {
+            for &validator_index in indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_iter() {
                 if let Err(e) = observed_block_attesters
-                    .observe_validator(a.data.target.epoch, validator_index as usize)
+                    .observe_validator(a.data().target.epoch, validator_index as usize)
                 {
                     debug!(
                         self.log,
                         "Failed to register observed block attester";
                         "error" => ?e,
-                        "epoch" => a.data.target.epoch,
+                        "epoch" => a.data().target.epoch,
                         "validator_index" => validator_index,
                     )
                 }
@@ -3895,13 +3937,13 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                             self.log,
                             "Failed to get indexed attestation";
                             "purpose" => "slasher",
-                            "attestation_slot" => attestation.data.slot,
+                            "attestation_slot" => attestation.data().slot,
                             "error" => ?e,
                         );
                         continue;
                     }
                 };
-                slasher.accept_attestation(indexed_attestation.clone());
+                slasher.accept_attestation(indexed_attestation.clone_as_indexed_attestation());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -3920,7 +3962,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
         if block.slot() + 2 * T::EthSpec::slots_per_epoch() >= current_slot {
             metrics::observe(
                 &metrics::OPERATIONS_PER_BLOCK_ATTESTATION,
-                block.body().attestations().len() as f64,
+                block.body().attestations_len() as f64,
             );
 
             if let Ok(sync_aggregate) = block.body().sync_aggregate() {
@@ -4934,7 +4976,8 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
             metrics::start_timer(&metrics::BLOCK_PRODUCTION_UNAGGREGATED_TIMES);
         for attestation in self.naive_aggregation_pool.read().iter() {
             let import = |attestation: &Attestation<T::EthSpec>| {
-                let attesting_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, attestation)?;
+                let attesting_indices =
+                    get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, attestation.to_ref())?;
                 self.op_pool
                     .insert_attestation(attestation.clone(), attesting_indices)
             };
@@ -4957,11 +5000,11 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
         initialize_epoch_cache(&mut state, &self.spec)?;
 
         let mut prev_filter_cache = HashMap::new();
-        let prev_attestation_filter = |att: &AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>| {
+        let prev_attestation_filter = |att: &CompactAttestationRef<T::EthSpec>| {
             self.filter_op_pool_attestation(&mut prev_filter_cache, att, &state)
         };
         let mut curr_filter_cache = HashMap::new();
-        let curr_attestation_filter = |att: &AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>| {
+        let curr_attestation_filter = |att: &CompactAttestationRef<T::EthSpec>| {
             self.filter_op_pool_attestation(&mut curr_filter_cache, att, &state)
         };
 
@@ -4984,7 +5027,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
             attestations.retain(|att| {
                 verify_attestation_for_block_inclusion(
                     &state,
-                    att,
+                    att.to_ref(),
                     &mut tmp_ctxt,
                     VerifySignatures::True,
                     &self.spec,
@@ -5115,6 +5158,28 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
             bls_to_execution_changes,
         } = partial_beacon_block;
 
+        let (attester_slashings_base, attester_slashings_electra) =
+            attester_slashings.into_iter().fold(
+                (Vec::new(), Vec::new()),
+                |(mut base, mut electra), slashing| {
+                    match slashing {
+                        AttesterSlashing::Base(slashing) => base.push(slashing),
+                        AttesterSlashing::Electra(slashing) => electra.push(slashing),
+                    }
+                    (base, electra)
+                },
+            );
+        let (attestations_base, attestations_electra) = attestations.into_iter().fold(
+            (Vec::new(), Vec::new()),
+            |(mut base, mut electra), attestation| {
+                match attestation {
+                    Attestation::Base(attestation) => base.push(attestation),
+                    Attestation::Electra(attestation) => electra.push(attestation),
+                }
+                (base, electra)
+            },
+        );
+
         let (inner_block, maybe_blobs_and_proofs, execution_payload_value) = match &state {
             BeaconState::Base(_) => (
                 BeaconBlock::Base(BeaconBlockBase {
@@ -5127,8 +5192,8 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                         eth1_data,
                         graffiti,
                         proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
-                        attester_slashings: attester_slashings.into(),
-                        attestations: attestations.into(),
+                        attester_slashings: attester_slashings_base.into(),
+                        attestations: attestations_base.into(),
                         deposits: deposits.into(),
                         voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                         _phantom: PhantomData,
@@ -5148,8 +5213,8 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                         eth1_data,
                         graffiti,
                         proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
-                        attester_slashings: attester_slashings.into(),
-                        attestations: attestations.into(),
+                        attester_slashings: attester_slashings_base.into(),
+                        attestations: attestations_base.into(),
                         deposits: deposits.into(),
                         voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                         sync_aggregate: sync_aggregate
@@ -5175,8 +5240,8 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                             eth1_data,
                             graffiti,
                             proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
-                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings.into(),
-                            attestations: attestations.into(),
+                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings_base.into(),
+                            attestations: attestations_base.into(),
                             deposits: deposits.into(),
                             voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                             sync_aggregate: sync_aggregate
@@ -5207,8 +5272,8 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                             eth1_data,
                             graffiti,
                             proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
-                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings.into(),
-                            attestations: attestations.into(),
+                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings_base.into(),
+                            attestations: attestations_base.into(),
                             deposits: deposits.into(),
                             voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                             sync_aggregate: sync_aggregate
@@ -5241,8 +5306,8 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                             eth1_data,
                             graffiti,
                             proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
-                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings.into(),
-                            attestations: attestations.into(),
+                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings_base.into(),
+                            attestations: attestations_base.into(),
                             deposits: deposits.into(),
                             voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                             sync_aggregate: sync_aggregate
@@ -5279,8 +5344,8 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                             eth1_data,
                             graffiti,
                             proposer_slashings: proposer_slashings.into(),
-                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings.into(),
-                            attestations: attestations.into(),
+                            attester_slashings: attester_slashings_electra.into(),
+                            attestations: attestations_electra.into(),
                             deposits: deposits.into(),
                             voluntary_exits: voluntary_exits.into(),
                             sync_aggregate: sync_aggregate
@@ -5291,6 +5356,8 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
                             bls_to_execution_changes: bls_to_execution_changes.into(),
                             blob_kzg_commitments: kzg_commitments
                                 .ok_or(BlockProductionError::InvalidPayloadFork)?,
+                            // TODO(electra): finish consolidations when they're more spec'd out
+                            consolidations: Vec::new().into(),
                         },
                     }),
                     maybe_blobs_and_proofs,
@@ -5396,7 +5463,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
             self.log,
             "Produced beacon block";
             "parent" => ?block.parent_root(),
-            "attestations" => block.body().attestations().len(),
+            "attestations" => block.body().attestations_len(),
             "slot" => block.slot()
         );
 
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/bellatrix_readiness.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/bellatrix_readiness.rs
index bf9e8481261..60b1abaf098 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/bellatrix_readiness.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/bellatrix_readiness.rs
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
             });
         }
 
-        if let Some(&expected) = expected_withdrawals_root {
-            if let Some(&got) = got_withdrawals_root {
+        if let Some(expected) = expected_withdrawals_root {
+            if let Some(got) = got_withdrawals_root {
                 if got != expected {
                     return Ok(GenesisExecutionPayloadStatus::WithdrawalsRootMismatch {
                         got,
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/block_reward.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/block_reward.rs
index fd0cfc7e9bd..69eecc89b8a 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/block_reward.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/block_reward.rs
@@ -27,10 +27,12 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
         let split_attestations = block
             .body()
             .attestations()
-            .iter()
             .map(|att| {
                 let attesting_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(state, att)?;
-                Ok(SplitAttestation::new(att.clone(), attesting_indices))
+                Ok(SplitAttestation::new(
+                    att.clone_as_attestation(),
+                    attesting_indices,
+                ))
             })
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, BeaconChainError>>()?;
 
@@ -86,8 +88,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> BeaconChain<T> {
             block
                 .body()
                 .attestations()
-                .iter()
-                .map(|a| a.data.clone())
+                .map(|a| a.data().clone())
                 .collect()
         } else {
             vec![]
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/block_verification.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/block_verification.rs
index f4f6526a56b..b24921e317e 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/block_verification.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/block_verification.rs
@@ -1625,7 +1625,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> ExecutionPendingBlock<T> {
         }
 
         // Register each attestation in the block with fork choice.
-        for (i, attestation) in block.message().body().attestations().iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, attestation) in block.message().body().attestations().enumerate() {
             let _fork_choice_attestation_timer =
                 metrics::start_timer(&metrics::FORK_CHOICE_PROCESS_ATTESTATION_TIMES);
 
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/early_attester_cache.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/early_attester_cache.rs
index 79d732f51b1..dda699cc6c1 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/early_attester_cache.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/early_attester_cache.rs
@@ -122,18 +122,16 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> EarlyAttesterCache<E> {
             item.committee_lengths
                 .get_committee_length::<E>(request_slot, request_index, spec)?;
 
-        let attestation = Attestation {
-            aggregation_bits: BitList::with_capacity(committee_len)
-                .map_err(BeaconStateError::from)?,
-            data: AttestationData {
-                slot: request_slot,
-                index: request_index,
-                beacon_block_root: item.beacon_block_root,
-                source: item.source,
-                target: item.target,
-            },
-            signature: AggregateSignature::empty(),
-        };
+        let attestation = Attestation::empty_for_signing(
+            request_index,
+            committee_len,
+            request_slot,
+            item.beacon_block_root,
+            item.source,
+            item.target,
+            spec,
+        )
+        .map_err(Error::AttestationError)?;
 
         metrics::inc_counter(&metrics::BEACON_EARLY_ATTESTER_CACHE_HITS);
 
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/errors.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/errors.rs
index 340f1f9f797..3d61d4f32d7 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/errors.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/errors.rs
@@ -226,6 +226,8 @@ pub enum BeaconChainError {
     LightClientError(LightClientError),
     UnsupportedFork,
     MilhouseError(MilhouseError),
+    AttestationError(AttestationError),
+    AttestationCommitteeIndexNotSet,
 }
 
 easy_from_to!(SlotProcessingError, BeaconChainError);
@@ -256,6 +258,7 @@ easy_from_to!(AvailabilityCheckError, BeaconChainError);
 easy_from_to!(EpochCacheError, BeaconChainError);
 easy_from_to!(LightClientError, BeaconChainError);
 easy_from_to!(MilhouseError, BeaconChainError);
+easy_from_to!(AttestationError, BeaconChainError);
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum BlockProductionError {
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/lib.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/lib.rs
index f419429e090..466ab0b67e7 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/lib.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/lib.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ mod light_client_server_cache;
 pub mod metrics;
 pub mod migrate;
 mod naive_aggregation_pool;
-mod observed_aggregates;
+pub mod observed_aggregates;
 mod observed_attesters;
 mod observed_blob_sidecars;
 pub mod observed_block_producers;
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/naive_aggregation_pool.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/naive_aggregation_pool.rs
index 7eeb9bb56f6..211aecfe63d 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/naive_aggregation_pool.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/naive_aggregation_pool.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,124 @@
 use crate::metrics;
+use crate::observed_aggregates::AsReference;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use tree_hash::TreeHash;
+use tree_hash::{MerkleHasher, TreeHash, TreeHashType};
 use types::consts::altair::SYNC_COMMITTEE_SUBNET_COUNT;
 use types::slot_data::SlotData;
 use types::sync_committee_contribution::SyncContributionData;
-use types::{Attestation, AttestationData, EthSpec, Hash256, Slot, SyncCommitteeContribution};
+use types::{
+    Attestation, AttestationData, AttestationRef, CommitteeIndex, EthSpec, Hash256, Slot,
+    SyncCommitteeContribution,
+};
 
-type AttestationDataRoot = Hash256;
+type AttestationKeyRoot = Hash256;
 type SyncDataRoot = Hash256;
 
+/// Post-Electra, we need a new key for Attestations that includes the committee index
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct AttestationKey {
+    data_root: Hash256,
+    committee_index: Option<CommitteeIndex>,
+    slot: Slot,
+}
+
+// A custom implementation of `TreeHash` such that:
+//     AttestationKey(data, None).tree_hash_root() == data.tree_hash_root()
+//     AttestationKey(data, Some(index)).tree_hash_root() == (data, index).tree_hash_root()
+// This is necessary because pre-Electra, the validator will ask for the tree_hash_root()
+// of the `AttestationData`
+impl TreeHash for AttestationKey {
+    fn tree_hash_type() -> TreeHashType {
+        TreeHashType::Container
+    }
+
+    fn tree_hash_packed_encoding(&self) -> SmallVec<[u8; 32]> {
+        unreachable!("AttestationKey should never be packed.")
+    }
+
+    fn tree_hash_packing_factor() -> usize {
+        unreachable!("AttestationKey should never be packed.")
+    }
+
+    fn tree_hash_root(&self) -> Hash256 {
+        match self.committee_index {
+            None => self.data_root, // Return just the data root if no committee index is present
+            Some(index) => {
+                // Combine the hash of the data with the hash of the index
+                let mut hasher = MerkleHasher::with_leaves(2);
+                hasher
+                    .write(self.data_root.as_bytes())
+                    .expect("should write data hash");
+                hasher
+                    .write(&index.to_le_bytes())
+                    .expect("should write index");
+                hasher.finish().expect("should give tree hash")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AttestationKey {
+    pub fn from_attestation_ref<E: EthSpec>(attestation: AttestationRef<E>) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        let slot = attestation.data().slot;
+        match attestation {
+            AttestationRef::Base(att) => Ok(Self {
+                data_root: att.data.tree_hash_root(),
+                committee_index: None,
+                slot,
+            }),
+            AttestationRef::Electra(att) => {
+                let committee_index = att
+                    .committee_bits
+                    .iter()
+                    .enumerate()
+                    .filter_map(|(i, bit)| if bit { Some(i) } else { None })
+                    .at_most_one()
+                    .map_err(|_| Error::MoreThanOneCommitteeBitSet)?
+                    .ok_or(Error::NoCommitteeBitSet)?;
+
+                Ok(Self {
+                    data_root: att.data.tree_hash_root(),
+                    committee_index: Some(committee_index as u64),
+                    slot,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_base(data: &AttestationData) -> Self {
+        let slot = data.slot;
+        Self {
+            data_root: data.tree_hash_root(),
+            committee_index: None,
+            slot,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_electra(slot: Slot, data_root: Hash256, committee_index: CommitteeIndex) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data_root,
+            committee_index: Some(committee_index),
+            slot,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_base_from_slot_and_root(slot: Slot, data_root: Hash256) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data_root,
+            committee_index: None,
+            slot,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SlotData for AttestationKey {
+    fn get_slot(&self) -> Slot {
+        self.slot
+    }
+}
+
 /// The number of slots that will be stored in the pool.
 ///
 /// For example, if `SLOTS_RETAINED == 3` and the pool is pruned at slot `6`, then all items
@@ -46,6 +156,10 @@ pub enum Error {
     /// The given `aggregation_bits` field had more than one signature. The number of
     /// signatures found is included.
     MoreThanOneAggregationBitSet(usize),
+    /// The electra attestation has more than one committee bit set
+    MoreThanOneCommitteeBitSet,
+    /// The electra attestation has NO committee bit set
+    NoCommitteeBitSet,
     /// We have reached the maximum number of unique items that can be stored in a
     /// slot. This is a DoS protection function.
     ReachedMaxItemsPerSlot(usize),
@@ -59,12 +173,15 @@ pub enum Error {
 
 /// Implemented for items in the `NaiveAggregationPool`. Requires that items implement `SlotData`,
 /// which means they have an associated slot. This handles aggregation of items that are inserted.
-pub trait AggregateMap {
+pub trait AggregateMap
+where
+    for<'a> <Self::Value as AsReference>::Reference<'a>: SlotData,
+{
     /// `Key` should be a hash of `Data`.
     type Key;
 
     /// The item stored in the map
-    type Value: Clone + SlotData;
+    type Value: Clone + SlotData + AsReference;
 
     /// The unique fields of `Value`, hashed to create `Key`.
     type Data: SlotData;
@@ -73,7 +190,10 @@ pub trait AggregateMap {
     fn new(initial_capacity: usize) -> Self;
 
     /// Insert a `Value` into `Self`, returning a result.
-    fn insert(&mut self, value: &Self::Value) -> Result<InsertOutcome, Error>;
+    fn insert(
+        &mut self,
+        value: <Self::Value as AsReference>::Reference<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<InsertOutcome, Error>;
 
     /// Get a `Value` from `Self` based on `Data`.
     fn get(&self, data: &Self::Data) -> Option<Self::Value>;
@@ -81,9 +201,6 @@ pub trait AggregateMap {
     /// Get a reference to the inner `HashMap`.
     fn get_map(&self) -> &HashMap<Self::Key, Self::Value>;
 
-    /// Get a `Value` from `Self` based on `Key`, which is a hash of `Data`.
-    fn get_by_root(&self, root: &Self::Key) -> Option<&Self::Value>;
-
     /// The number of items store in `Self`.
     fn len(&self) -> usize;
 
@@ -103,13 +220,13 @@ pub trait AggregateMap {
 /// A collection of `Attestation` objects, keyed by their `attestation.data`. Enforces that all
 /// `attestation` are from the same slot.
 pub struct AggregatedAttestationMap<E: EthSpec> {
-    map: HashMap<AttestationDataRoot, Attestation<E>>,
+    map: HashMap<AttestationKeyRoot, Attestation<E>>,
 }
 
 impl<E: EthSpec> AggregateMap for AggregatedAttestationMap<E> {
-    type Key = AttestationDataRoot;
+    type Key = AttestationKeyRoot;
     type Value = Attestation<E>;
-    type Data = AttestationData;
+    type Data = AttestationKey;
 
     /// Create an empty collection with the given `initial_capacity`.
     fn new(initial_capacity: usize) -> Self {
@@ -121,48 +238,45 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AggregateMap for AggregatedAttestationMap<E> {
     /// Insert an attestation into `self`, aggregating it into the pool.
     ///
     /// The given attestation (`a`) must only have one signature.
-    fn insert(&mut self, a: &Self::Value) -> Result<InsertOutcome, Error> {
+    fn insert(&mut self, a: AttestationRef<E>) -> Result<InsertOutcome, Error> {
         let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_AGG_POOL_CORE_INSERT);
 
-        let set_bits = a
-            .aggregation_bits
+        let aggregation_bit = *a
+            .set_aggregation_bits()
             .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .filter(|(_i, bit)| *bit)
-            .map(|(i, _bit)| i)
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        let committee_index = set_bits
-            .first()
-            .copied()
+            .at_most_one()
+            .map_err(|iter| Error::MoreThanOneAggregationBitSet(iter.count()))?
             .ok_or(Error::NoAggregationBitsSet)?;
 
-        if set_bits.len() > 1 {
-            return Err(Error::MoreThanOneAggregationBitSet(set_bits.len()));
-        }
-
-        let attestation_data_root = a.data.tree_hash_root();
+        let attestation_key = AttestationKey::from_attestation_ref(a)?;
+        let attestation_key_root = attestation_key.tree_hash_root();
 
-        if let Some(existing_attestation) = self.map.get_mut(&attestation_data_root) {
+        if let Some(existing_attestation) = self.map.get_mut(&attestation_key_root) {
             if existing_attestation
-                .aggregation_bits
-                .get(committee_index)
+                .get_aggregation_bit(aggregation_bit)
                 .map_err(|_| Error::InconsistentBitfieldLengths)?
             {
-                Ok(InsertOutcome::SignatureAlreadyKnown { committee_index })
+                Ok(InsertOutcome::SignatureAlreadyKnown {
+                    committee_index: aggregation_bit,
+                })
             } else {
                 let _timer =
                     metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_PROCESSING_AGG_POOL_AGGREGATION);
                 existing_attestation.aggregate(a);
-                Ok(InsertOutcome::SignatureAggregated { committee_index })
+                Ok(InsertOutcome::SignatureAggregated {
+                    committee_index: aggregation_bit,
+                })
             }
         } else {
             if self.map.len() >= MAX_ATTESTATIONS_PER_SLOT {
                 return Err(Error::ReachedMaxItemsPerSlot(MAX_ATTESTATIONS_PER_SLOT));
             }
 
-            self.map.insert(attestation_data_root, a.clone());
-            Ok(InsertOutcome::NewItemInserted { committee_index })
+            self.map
+                .insert(attestation_key_root, a.clone_as_attestation());
+            Ok(InsertOutcome::NewItemInserted {
+                committee_index: aggregation_bit,
+            })
         }
     }
 
@@ -177,11 +291,6 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AggregateMap for AggregatedAttestationMap<E> {
         &self.map
     }
 
-    /// Returns an aggregated `Attestation` with the given `root`, if any.
-    fn get_by_root(&self, root: &Self::Key) -> Option<&Self::Value> {
-        self.map.get(root)
-    }
-
     fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.map.len()
     }
@@ -288,11 +397,6 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AggregateMap for SyncContributionAggregateMap<E> {
         &self.map
     }
 
-    /// Returns an aggregated `SyncCommitteeContribution` with the given `root`, if any.
-    fn get_by_root(&self, root: &SyncDataRoot) -> Option<&SyncCommitteeContribution<E>> {
-        self.map.get(root)
-    }
-
     fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.map.len()
     }
@@ -336,12 +440,20 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AggregateMap for SyncContributionAggregateMap<E> {
 /// `current_slot - SLOTS_RETAINED` will be removed and any future item with a slot lower
 /// than that will also be refused. Pruning is done automatically based upon the items it
 /// receives and it can be triggered manually.
-pub struct NaiveAggregationPool<T: AggregateMap> {
+pub struct NaiveAggregationPool<T>
+where
+    T: AggregateMap,
+    for<'a> <T::Value as AsReference>::Reference<'a>: SlotData,
+{
     lowest_permissible_slot: Slot,
     maps: HashMap<Slot, T>,
 }
 
-impl<T: AggregateMap> Default for NaiveAggregationPool<T> {
+impl<T> Default for NaiveAggregationPool<T>
+where
+    T: AggregateMap,
+    for<'a> <T::Value as AsReference>::Reference<'a>: SlotData,
+{
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             lowest_permissible_slot: Slot::new(0),
@@ -350,7 +462,11 @@ impl<T: AggregateMap> Default for NaiveAggregationPool<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: AggregateMap> NaiveAggregationPool<T> {
+impl<T> NaiveAggregationPool<T>
+where
+    T: AggregateMap,
+    for<'a> <T::Value as AsReference>::Reference<'a>: SlotData,
+{
     /// Insert an item into `self`, aggregating it into the pool.
     ///
     /// The given item must only have one signature and have an
@@ -358,7 +474,10 @@ impl<T: AggregateMap> NaiveAggregationPool<T> {
     ///
     /// The pool may be pruned if the given item has a slot higher than any
     /// previously seen.
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, item: &T::Value) -> Result<InsertOutcome, Error> {
+    pub fn insert(
+        &mut self,
+        item: <T::Value as AsReference>::Reference<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<InsertOutcome, Error> {
         let _timer = T::start_insert_timer();
         let slot = item.get_slot();
         let lowest_permissible_slot = self.lowest_permissible_slot;
@@ -412,13 +531,6 @@ impl<T: AggregateMap> NaiveAggregationPool<T> {
             .and_then(|map| map.get(data))
     }
 
-    /// Returns an aggregated `T::Value` with the given `slot` and `root`, if any.
-    pub fn get_by_slot_and_root(&self, slot: Slot, root: &T::Key) -> Option<T::Value> {
-        self.maps
-            .get(&slot)
-            .and_then(|map| map.get_by_root(root).cloned())
-    }
-
     /// Iterate all items in all slots of `self`.
     pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &T::Value> {
         self.maps.values().flat_map(|map| map.get_map().values())
@@ -467,18 +579,30 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use ssz_types::BitList;
     use store::BitVector;
+    use tree_hash::TreeHash;
     use types::{
         test_utils::{generate_deterministic_keypair, test_random_instance},
-        Fork, Hash256, SyncCommitteeMessage,
+        Attestation, AttestationBase, AttestationElectra, Fork, Hash256, SyncCommitteeMessage,
     };
 
     type E = types::MainnetEthSpec;
 
-    fn get_attestation(slot: Slot) -> Attestation<E> {
-        let mut a: Attestation<E> = test_random_instance();
+    fn get_attestation_base(slot: Slot) -> Attestation<E> {
+        let mut a: AttestationBase<E> = test_random_instance();
         a.data.slot = slot;
         a.aggregation_bits = BitList::with_capacity(4).expect("should create bitlist");
-        a
+        Attestation::Base(a)
+    }
+
+    fn get_attestation_electra(slot: Slot) -> Attestation<E> {
+        let mut a: AttestationElectra<E> = test_random_instance();
+        a.data.slot = slot;
+        a.aggregation_bits = BitList::with_capacity(4).expect("should create bitlist");
+        a.committee_bits = BitVector::new();
+        a.committee_bits
+            .set(0, true)
+            .expect("should set committee bit");
+        Attestation::Electra(a)
     }
 
     fn get_sync_contribution(slot: Slot) -> SyncCommitteeContribution<E> {
@@ -521,9 +645,16 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn unset_attestation_bit(a: &mut Attestation<E>, i: usize) {
-        a.aggregation_bits
-            .set(i, false)
-            .expect("should unset aggregation bit")
+        match a {
+            Attestation::Base(ref mut att) => att
+                .aggregation_bits
+                .set(i, false)
+                .expect("should unset aggregation bit"),
+            Attestation::Electra(ref mut att) => att
+                .aggregation_bits
+                .set(i, false)
+                .expect("should unset aggregation bit"),
+        }
     }
 
     fn unset_sync_contribution_bit(a: &mut SyncCommitteeContribution<E>, i: usize) {
@@ -533,19 +664,19 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn mutate_attestation_block_root(a: &mut Attestation<E>, block_root: Hash256) {
-        a.data.beacon_block_root = block_root
+        a.data_mut().beacon_block_root = block_root
     }
 
     fn mutate_attestation_slot(a: &mut Attestation<E>, slot: Slot) {
-        a.data.slot = slot
+        a.data_mut().slot = slot
     }
 
     fn attestation_block_root_comparator(a: &Attestation<E>, block_root: Hash256) -> bool {
-        a.data.beacon_block_root == block_root
+        a.data().beacon_block_root == block_root
     }
 
-    fn key_from_attestation(a: &Attestation<E>) -> AttestationData {
-        a.data.clone()
+    fn key_from_attestation(a: &Attestation<E>) -> AttestationKey {
+        AttestationKey::from_attestation_ref(a.to_ref()).expect("should create attestation key")
     }
 
     fn mutate_sync_contribution_block_root(
@@ -570,6 +701,45 @@ mod tests {
         SyncContributionData::from_contribution(a)
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn attestation_key_tree_hash_tests() {
+        let attestation_base = get_attestation_base(Slot::new(42));
+        // for a base attestation, the tree_hash_root() of the key should be the same as the tree_hash_root() of the data
+        let attestation_key_base = AttestationKey::from_attestation_ref(attestation_base.to_ref())
+            .expect("should create attestation key");
+        assert_eq!(
+            attestation_key_base.tree_hash_root(),
+            attestation_base.data().tree_hash_root()
+        );
+        let mut attestation_electra = get_attestation_electra(Slot::new(42));
+        // for an electra attestation, the tree_hash_root() of the key should be different from the tree_hash_root() of the data
+        let attestation_key_electra =
+            AttestationKey::from_attestation_ref(attestation_electra.to_ref())
+                .expect("should create attestation key");
+        assert_ne!(
+            attestation_key_electra.tree_hash_root(),
+            attestation_electra.data().tree_hash_root()
+        );
+        // for an electra attestation, the tree_hash_root() of the key should be dependent on which committee bit is set
+        let committe_bits = attestation_electra
+            .committee_bits_mut()
+            .expect("should get committee bits");
+        committe_bits
+            .set(0, false)
+            .expect("should set committee bit");
+        committe_bits
+            .set(1, true)
+            .expect("should set committee bit");
+        let new_attestation_key_electra =
+            AttestationKey::from_attestation_ref(attestation_electra.to_ref())
+                .expect("should create attestation key");
+        // this new key should have a different tree_hash_root() than the previous key
+        assert_ne!(
+            attestation_key_electra.tree_hash_root(),
+            new_attestation_key_electra.tree_hash_root()
+        );
+    }
+
     macro_rules! test_suite {
         (
             $mod_name: ident,
@@ -592,10 +762,10 @@ mod tests {
                     let mut a = $get_method_name(Slot::new(0));
 
                     let mut pool: NaiveAggregationPool<$map_type<E>> =
-                        NaiveAggregationPool::default();
+                        NaiveAggregationPool::<$map_type<E>>::default();
 
                     assert_eq!(
-                        pool.insert(&a),
+                        pool.insert(a.as_reference()),
                         Err(Error::NoAggregationBitsSet),
                         "should not accept item without any signatures"
                     );
@@ -603,12 +773,12 @@ mod tests {
                     $sign_method_name(&mut a, 0, Hash256::random());
 
                     assert_eq!(
-                        pool.insert(&a),
+                        pool.insert(a.as_reference()),
                         Ok(InsertOutcome::NewItemInserted { committee_index: 0 }),
                         "should accept new item"
                     );
                     assert_eq!(
-                        pool.insert(&a),
+                        pool.insert(a.as_reference()),
                         Ok(InsertOutcome::SignatureAlreadyKnown { committee_index: 0 }),
                         "should acknowledge duplicate signature"
                     );
@@ -621,7 +791,7 @@ mod tests {
                     $sign_method_name(&mut a, 1, Hash256::random());
 
                     assert_eq!(
-                        pool.insert(&a),
+                        pool.insert(a.as_reference()),
                         Err(Error::MoreThanOneAggregationBitSet(2)),
                         "should not accept item with multiple signatures"
                     );
@@ -637,15 +807,15 @@ mod tests {
                     $sign_method_name(&mut a_1, 1, genesis_validators_root);
 
                     let mut pool: NaiveAggregationPool<$map_type<E>> =
-                        NaiveAggregationPool::default();
+                        NaiveAggregationPool::<$map_type<E>>::default();
 
                     assert_eq!(
-                        pool.insert(&a_0),
+                        pool.insert(a_0.as_reference()),
                         Ok(InsertOutcome::NewItemInserted { committee_index: 0 }),
                         "should accept a_0"
                     );
                     assert_eq!(
-                        pool.insert(&a_1),
+                        pool.insert(a_1.as_reference()),
                         Ok(InsertOutcome::SignatureAggregated { committee_index: 1 }),
                         "should accept a_1"
                     );
@@ -655,7 +825,7 @@ mod tests {
                         .expect("should not error while getting attestation");
 
                     let mut a_01 = a_0.clone();
-                    a_01.aggregate(&a_1);
+                    a_01.aggregate(a_1.as_reference());
 
                     assert_eq!(retrieved, a_01, "retrieved item should be aggregated");
 
@@ -671,7 +841,7 @@ mod tests {
                     $block_root_mutator(&mut a_different, different_root);
 
                     assert_eq!(
-                        pool.insert(&a_different),
+                        pool.insert(a_different.as_reference()),
                         Ok(InsertOutcome::NewItemInserted { committee_index: 2 }),
                         "should accept a_different"
                     );
@@ -690,7 +860,7 @@ mod tests {
                     $sign_method_name(&mut base, 0, Hash256::random());
 
                     let mut pool: NaiveAggregationPool<$map_type<E>> =
-                        NaiveAggregationPool::default();
+                        NaiveAggregationPool::<$map_type<E>>::default();
 
                     for i in 0..SLOTS_RETAINED * 2 {
                         let slot = Slot::from(i);
@@ -698,7 +868,7 @@ mod tests {
                         $slot_mutator(&mut a, slot);
 
                         assert_eq!(
-                            pool.insert(&a),
+                            pool.insert(a.as_reference()),
                             Ok(InsertOutcome::NewItemInserted { committee_index: 0 }),
                             "should accept new item"
                         );
@@ -739,7 +909,7 @@ mod tests {
                     $sign_method_name(&mut base, 0, Hash256::random());
 
                     let mut pool: NaiveAggregationPool<$map_type<E>> =
-                        NaiveAggregationPool::default();
+                        NaiveAggregationPool::<$map_type<E>>::default();
 
                     for i in 0..=$item_limit {
                         let mut a = base.clone();
@@ -747,13 +917,13 @@ mod tests {
 
                         if i < $item_limit {
                             assert_eq!(
-                                pool.insert(&a),
+                                pool.insert(a.as_reference()),
                                 Ok(InsertOutcome::NewItemInserted { committee_index: 0 }),
                                 "should accept item below limit"
                             );
                         } else {
                             assert_eq!(
-                                pool.insert(&a),
+                                pool.insert(a.as_reference()),
                                 Err(Error::ReachedMaxItemsPerSlot($item_limit)),
                                 "should not accept item above limit"
                             );
@@ -765,8 +935,21 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     test_suite! {
-        attestation_tests,
-        get_attestation,
+        attestation_tests_base,
+        get_attestation_base,
+        sign_attestation,
+        unset_attestation_bit,
+        mutate_attestation_block_root,
+        mutate_attestation_slot,
+        attestation_block_root_comparator,
+        key_from_attestation,
+        AggregatedAttestationMap,
+        MAX_ATTESTATIONS_PER_SLOT
+    }
+
+    test_suite! {
+        attestation_tests_electra,
+        get_attestation_electra,
         sign_attestation,
         unset_attestation_bit,
         mutate_attestation_block_root,
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/observed_aggregates.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/observed_aggregates.rs
index ab00aefcd3e..00476bfe7af 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/observed_aggregates.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/observed_aggregates.rs
@@ -6,22 +6,33 @@ use ssz_types::{BitList, BitVector};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use tree_hash::TreeHash;
+use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 use types::consts::altair::{
     SYNC_COMMITTEE_SUBNET_COUNT, TARGET_AGGREGATORS_PER_SYNC_SUBCOMMITTEE,
 };
 use types::slot_data::SlotData;
-use types::{Attestation, EthSpec, Hash256, Slot, SyncCommitteeContribution};
+use types::{
+    Attestation, AttestationData, AttestationRef, EthSpec, Hash256, Slot, SyncCommitteeContribution,
+};
 
 pub type ObservedSyncContributions<E> = ObservedAggregates<
     SyncCommitteeContribution<E>,
     E,
     BitVector<<E as types::EthSpec>::SyncSubcommitteeSize>,
 >;
-pub type ObservedAggregateAttestations<E> = ObservedAggregates<
-    Attestation<E>,
-    E,
-    BitList<<E as types::EthSpec>::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee>,
->;
+pub type ObservedAggregateAttestations<E> =
+    ObservedAggregates<Attestation<E>, E, BitList<<E as types::EthSpec>::MaxValidatorsPerSlot>>;
+
+/// Attestation data augmented with committee index
+///
+/// This is hashed and used to key the map of observed aggregate attestations. This is important
+/// post-Electra where the attestation data committee index is 0 and we want to avoid accidentally
+/// comparing aggregation bits for *different* committees.
+#[derive(TreeHash)]
+pub struct ObservedAttestationKey {
+    pub committee_index: u64,
+    pub attestation_data: AttestationData,
+}
 
 /// A trait use to associate capacity constants with the type being stored in `ObservedAggregates`.
 pub trait Consts {
@@ -95,35 +106,60 @@ pub trait SubsetItem {
 
     /// Returns the item that gets stored in `ObservedAggregates` for later subset
     /// comparison with incoming aggregates.
-    fn get_item(&self) -> Self::Item;
+    fn get_item(&self) -> Result<Self::Item, Error>;
 
     /// Returns a unique value that keys the object to the item that is being stored
     /// in `ObservedAggregates`.
-    fn root(&self) -> Hash256;
+    fn root(&self) -> Result<Hash256, Error>;
 }
 
-impl<E: EthSpec> SubsetItem for Attestation<E> {
-    type Item = BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee>;
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> SubsetItem for AttestationRef<'a, E> {
+    type Item = BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerSlot>;
     fn is_subset(&self, other: &Self::Item) -> bool {
-        self.aggregation_bits.is_subset(other)
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(att) => {
+                if let Ok(extended_aggregation_bits) = att.extend_aggregation_bits() {
+                    return extended_aggregation_bits.is_subset(other);
+                }
+                false
+            }
+            Self::Electra(att) => att.aggregation_bits.is_subset(other),
+        }
     }
 
     fn is_superset(&self, other: &Self::Item) -> bool {
-        other.is_subset(&self.aggregation_bits)
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(att) => {
+                if let Ok(extended_aggregation_bits) = att.extend_aggregation_bits() {
+                    return other.is_subset(&extended_aggregation_bits);
+                }
+                false
+            }
+            Self::Electra(att) => other.is_subset(&att.aggregation_bits),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Returns the sync contribution aggregation bits.
-    fn get_item(&self) -> Self::Item {
-        self.aggregation_bits.clone()
+    fn get_item(&self) -> Result<Self::Item, Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(att) => att
+                .extend_aggregation_bits()
+                .map_err(|_| Error::GetItemError),
+            Self::Electra(att) => Ok(att.aggregation_bits.clone()),
+        }
     }
 
-    /// Returns the hash tree root of the attestation data.
-    fn root(&self) -> Hash256 {
-        self.data.tree_hash_root()
+    /// Returns the hash tree root of the attestation data augmented with the committee index.
+    fn root(&self) -> Result<Hash256, Error> {
+        Ok(ObservedAttestationKey {
+            committee_index: self.committee_index().ok_or(Error::RootError)?,
+            attestation_data: self.data().clone(),
+        }
+        .tree_hash_root())
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: EthSpec> SubsetItem for SyncCommitteeContribution<E> {
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> SubsetItem for &'a SyncCommitteeContribution<E> {
     type Item = BitVector<E::SyncSubcommitteeSize>;
     fn is_subset(&self, other: &Self::Item) -> bool {
         self.aggregation_bits.is_subset(other)
@@ -134,19 +170,19 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SubsetItem for SyncCommitteeContribution<E> {
     }
 
     /// Returns the sync contribution aggregation bits.
-    fn get_item(&self) -> Self::Item {
-        self.aggregation_bits.clone()
+    fn get_item(&self) -> Result<Self::Item, Error> {
+        Ok(self.aggregation_bits.clone())
     }
 
     /// Returns the hash tree root of the root, slot and subcommittee index
     /// of the sync contribution.
-    fn root(&self) -> Hash256 {
-        SyncCommitteeData {
+    fn root(&self) -> Result<Hash256, Error> {
+        Ok(SyncCommitteeData {
             root: self.beacon_block_root,
             slot: self.slot,
             subcommittee_index: self.subcommittee_index,
         }
-        .tree_hash_root()
+        .tree_hash_root())
     }
 }
 
@@ -173,6 +209,8 @@ pub enum Error {
         expected: Slot,
         attestation: Slot,
     },
+    GetItemError,
+    RootError,
 }
 
 /// A `HashMap` that contains entries related to some `Slot`.
@@ -196,7 +234,7 @@ impl<I> SlotHashSet<I> {
     /// Store the items in self so future observations recognise its existence.
     pub fn observe_item<S: SlotData + SubsetItem<Item = I>>(
         &mut self,
-        item: &S,
+        item: S,
         root: Hash256,
     ) -> Result<ObserveOutcome, Error> {
         if item.get_slot() != self.slot {
@@ -215,7 +253,7 @@ impl<I> SlotHashSet<I> {
                 // If true, we replace the new item with its existing subset. This allows us
                 // to hold fewer items in the list.
                 } else if item.is_superset(existing) {
-                    *existing = item.get_item();
+                    *existing = item.get_item()?;
                     return Ok(ObserveOutcome::New);
                 }
             }
@@ -233,7 +271,7 @@ impl<I> SlotHashSet<I> {
             return Err(Error::ReachedMaxObservationsPerSlot(self.max_capacity));
         }
 
-        let item = item.get_item();
+        let item = item.get_item()?;
         self.map.entry(root).or_default().push(item);
         Ok(ObserveOutcome::New)
     }
@@ -242,7 +280,7 @@ impl<I> SlotHashSet<I> {
     /// the given root and slot.
     pub fn is_known_subset<S: SlotData + SubsetItem<Item = I>>(
         &self,
-        item: &S,
+        item: S,
         root: Hash256,
     ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
         if item.get_slot() != self.slot {
@@ -264,16 +302,43 @@ impl<I> SlotHashSet<I> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Trait for observable items that can be observed from their reference type.
+///
+/// This is used to make observations for `Attestation`s from `AttestationRef`s.
+pub trait AsReference {
+    type Reference<'a>
+    where
+        Self: 'a;
+
+    fn as_reference(&self) -> Self::Reference<'_>;
+}
+
+impl<E: EthSpec> AsReference for Attestation<E> {
+    type Reference<'a> = AttestationRef<'a, E>;
+
+    fn as_reference(&self) -> AttestationRef<'_, E> {
+        self.to_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: EthSpec> AsReference for SyncCommitteeContribution<E> {
+    type Reference<'a> = &'a Self;
+
+    fn as_reference(&self) -> &Self {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 /// Stores the roots of objects for some number of `Slots`, so we can determine if
 /// these have previously been seen on the network.
-pub struct ObservedAggregates<T: SlotData + Consts, E: EthSpec, I> {
+pub struct ObservedAggregates<T: Consts + AsReference, E: EthSpec, I> {
     lowest_permissible_slot: Slot,
     sets: Vec<SlotHashSet<I>>,
     _phantom_spec: PhantomData<E>,
     _phantom_tree_hash: PhantomData<T>,
 }
 
-impl<T: SlotData + Consts, E: EthSpec, I> Default for ObservedAggregates<T, E, I> {
+impl<T: Consts + AsReference, E: EthSpec, I> Default for ObservedAggregates<T, E, I> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             lowest_permissible_slot: Slot::new(0),
@@ -284,17 +349,22 @@ impl<T: SlotData + Consts, E: EthSpec, I> Default for ObservedAggregates<T, E, I
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: SlotData + Consts + SubsetItem<Item = I>, E: EthSpec, I> ObservedAggregates<T, E, I> {
+impl<T, E, I> ObservedAggregates<T, E, I>
+where
+    T: Consts + AsReference,
+    E: EthSpec,
+    for<'a> T::Reference<'a>: SubsetItem<Item = I> + SlotData,
+{
     /// Store `item` in `self` keyed at `root`.
     ///
     /// `root` must equal `item.root::<SubsetItem>()`.
     pub fn observe_item(
         &mut self,
-        item: &T,
+        item: T::Reference<'_>,
         root_opt: Option<Hash256>,
     ) -> Result<ObserveOutcome, Error> {
         let index = self.get_set_index(item.get_slot())?;
-        let root = root_opt.unwrap_or_else(|| item.root());
+        let root = root_opt.map_or_else(|| item.root(), Ok)?;
 
         self.sets
             .get_mut(index)
@@ -307,7 +377,11 @@ impl<T: SlotData + Consts + SubsetItem<Item = I>, E: EthSpec, I> ObservedAggrega
     ///
     /// `root` must equal `item.root::<SubsetItem>()`.
     #[allow(clippy::wrong_self_convention)]
-    pub fn is_known_subset(&mut self, item: &T, root: Hash256) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+    pub fn is_known_subset(
+        &mut self,
+        item: T::Reference<'_>,
+        root: Hash256,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
         let index = self.get_set_index(item.get_slot())?;
 
         self.sets
@@ -399,14 +473,15 @@ impl<T: SlotData + Consts + SubsetItem<Item = I>, E: EthSpec, I> ObservedAggrega
 #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use types::{test_utils::test_random_instance, Hash256};
+    use types::{test_utils::test_random_instance, AttestationBase, Hash256};
 
     type E = types::MainnetEthSpec;
 
     fn get_attestation(slot: Slot, beacon_block_root: u64) -> Attestation<E> {
-        let mut a: Attestation<E> = test_random_instance();
-        a.data.slot = slot;
-        a.data.beacon_block_root = Hash256::from_low_u64_be(beacon_block_root);
+        let a: AttestationBase<E> = test_random_instance();
+        let mut a = Attestation::Base(a);
+        a.data_mut().slot = slot;
+        a.data_mut().beacon_block_root = Hash256::from_low_u64_be(beacon_block_root);
         a
     }
 
@@ -432,12 +507,15 @@ mod tests {
 
                     for a in &items {
                         assert_eq!(
-                            store.is_known_subset(a, a.root()),
+                            store.is_known_subset(
+                                a.as_reference(),
+                                a.as_reference().root().unwrap()
+                            ),
                             Ok(false),
                             "should indicate an unknown attestation is unknown"
                         );
                         assert_eq!(
-                            store.observe_item(a, None),
+                            store.observe_item(a.as_reference(), None),
                             Ok(ObserveOutcome::New),
                             "should observe new attestation"
                         );
@@ -445,12 +523,18 @@ mod tests {
 
                     for a in &items {
                         assert_eq!(
-                            store.is_known_subset(a, a.root()),
+                            store.is_known_subset(
+                                a.as_reference(),
+                                a.as_reference().root().unwrap()
+                            ),
                             Ok(true),
                             "should indicate a known attestation is known"
                         );
                         assert_eq!(
-                            store.observe_item(a, Some(a.root())),
+                            store.observe_item(
+                                a.as_reference(),
+                                Some(a.as_reference().root().unwrap())
+                            ),
                             Ok(ObserveOutcome::Subset),
                             "should acknowledge an existing attestation"
                         );
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/observed_operations.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/observed_operations.rs
index 04861fbe318..969d03a11b6 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/observed_operations.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/observed_operations.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use derivative::Derivative;
 use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
-use ssz::{Decode, Encode};
-use state_processing::{SigVerifiedOp, VerifyOperation, VerifyOperationAt};
+use state_processing::{SigVerifiedOp, TransformPersist, VerifyOperation, VerifyOperationAt};
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use types::{
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ pub struct ObservedOperations<T: ObservableOperation<E>, E: EthSpec> {
 
 /// Was the observed operation new and valid for further processing, or a useless duplicate?
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
-pub enum ObservationOutcome<T: Encode + Decode, E: EthSpec> {
+pub enum ObservationOutcome<T: TransformPersist, E: EthSpec> {
     New(SigVerifiedOp<T, E>),
     AlreadyKnown,
 }
@@ -62,15 +61,13 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ObservableOperation<E> for ProposerSlashing {
 impl<E: EthSpec> ObservableOperation<E> for AttesterSlashing<E> {
     fn observed_validators(&self) -> SmallVec<[u64; SMALL_VEC_SIZE]> {
         let attestation_1_indices = self
-            .attestation_1
-            .attesting_indices
-            .iter()
+            .attestation_1()
+            .attesting_indices_iter()
             .copied()
             .collect::<HashSet<u64>>();
         let attestation_2_indices = self
-            .attestation_2
-            .attesting_indices
-            .iter()
+            .attestation_2()
+            .attesting_indices_iter()
             .copied()
             .collect::<HashSet<u64>>();
         attestation_1_indices
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/schema_change.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/schema_change.rs
index 63eb72c43ab..06d189a8c01 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/schema_change.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/schema_change.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 mod migration_schema_v17;
 mod migration_schema_v18;
 mod migration_schema_v19;
+mod migration_schema_v20;
 
 use crate::beacon_chain::BeaconChainTypes;
 use crate::types::ChainSpec;
@@ -78,6 +79,14 @@ pub fn migrate_schema<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
             let ops = migration_schema_v19::downgrade_from_v19::<T>(db.clone(), log)?;
             db.store_schema_version_atomically(to, ops)
         }
+        (SchemaVersion(19), SchemaVersion(20)) => {
+            let ops = migration_schema_v20::upgrade_to_v20::<T>(db.clone(), log)?;
+            db.store_schema_version_atomically(to, ops)
+        }
+        (SchemaVersion(20), SchemaVersion(19)) => {
+            let ops = migration_schema_v20::downgrade_from_v20::<T>(db.clone(), log)?;
+            db.store_schema_version_atomically(to, ops)
+        }
         // Anything else is an error.
         (_, _) => Err(HotColdDBError::UnsupportedSchemaVersion {
             target_version: to,
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/schema_change/migration_schema_v20.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/schema_change/migration_schema_v20.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..737fcd0a935
--- /dev/null
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/schema_change/migration_schema_v20.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+use crate::beacon_chain::{BeaconChainTypes, OP_POOL_DB_KEY};
+use operation_pool::{
+    PersistedOperationPool, PersistedOperationPoolV15, PersistedOperationPoolV20,
+};
+use slog::{debug, info, Logger};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use store::{Error, HotColdDB, KeyValueStoreOp, StoreItem};
+use types::Attestation;
+
+pub fn upgrade_to_v20<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
+    db: Arc<HotColdDB<T::EthSpec, T::HotStore, T::ColdStore>>,
+    log: Logger,
+) -> Result<Vec<KeyValueStoreOp>, Error> {
+    // Load a V15 op pool and transform it to V20.
+    let Some(PersistedOperationPoolV15::<T::EthSpec> {
+        attestations_v15,
+        sync_contributions,
+        attester_slashings_v15,
+        proposer_slashings,
+        voluntary_exits,
+        bls_to_execution_changes,
+        capella_bls_change_broadcast_indices,
+    }) = db.get_item(&OP_POOL_DB_KEY)?
+    else {
+        debug!(log, "Nothing to do, no operation pool stored");
+        return Ok(vec![]);
+    };
+
+    let attestations = attestations_v15
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(attestation, indices)| (Attestation::Base(attestation).into(), indices))
+        .collect();
+
+    let attester_slashings = attester_slashings_v15
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|slashing| slashing.into())
+        .collect();
+
+    let v20 = PersistedOperationPool::V20(PersistedOperationPoolV20 {
+        attestations,
+        sync_contributions,
+        attester_slashings,
+        proposer_slashings,
+        voluntary_exits,
+        bls_to_execution_changes,
+        capella_bls_change_broadcast_indices,
+    });
+    Ok(vec![v20.as_kv_store_op(OP_POOL_DB_KEY)])
+}
+
+pub fn downgrade_from_v20<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
+    db: Arc<HotColdDB<T::EthSpec, T::HotStore, T::ColdStore>>,
+    log: Logger,
+) -> Result<Vec<KeyValueStoreOp>, Error> {
+    // Load a V20 op pool and transform it to V15.
+    let Some(PersistedOperationPoolV20::<T::EthSpec> {
+        attestations,
+        sync_contributions,
+        attester_slashings,
+        proposer_slashings,
+        voluntary_exits,
+        bls_to_execution_changes,
+        capella_bls_change_broadcast_indices,
+    }) = db.get_item(&OP_POOL_DB_KEY)?
+    else {
+        debug!(log, "Nothing to do, no operation pool stored");
+        return Ok(vec![]);
+    };
+
+    let attestations_v15 = attestations
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter_map(|(attestation, indices)| {
+            if let Attestation::Base(attestation) = attestation.into() {
+                Some((attestation, indices))
+            } else {
+                info!(log, "Dropping attestation during downgrade"; "reason" => "not a base attestation");
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    let attester_slashings_v15 = attester_slashings
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter_map(|slashing| match slashing.try_into() {
+            Ok(slashing) => Some(slashing),
+            Err(_) => {
+                info!(log, "Dropping attester slashing during downgrade"; "reason" => "not a base attester slashing");
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    let v15 = PersistedOperationPool::V15(PersistedOperationPoolV15 {
+        attestations_v15,
+        sync_contributions,
+        attester_slashings_v15,
+        proposer_slashings,
+        voluntary_exits,
+        bls_to_execution_changes,
+        capella_bls_change_broadcast_indices,
+    });
+    Ok(vec![v15.as_kv_store_op(OP_POOL_DB_KEY)])
+}
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/test_utils.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/test_utils.rs
index 465aa707824..bd98f19af6f 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/test_utils.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/test_utils.rs
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ use store::{config::StoreConfig, HotColdDB, ItemStore, LevelDB, MemoryStore};
 use task_executor::TaskExecutor;
 use task_executor::{test_utils::TestRuntime, ShutdownReason};
 use tree_hash::TreeHash;
+use types::indexed_attestation::IndexedAttestationBase;
 use types::payload::BlockProductionVersion;
 pub use types::test_utils::generate_deterministic_keypairs;
 use types::test_utils::TestRandom;
@@ -1031,20 +1032,18 @@ where
             *state.get_block_root(target_slot)?
         };
 
-        Ok(Attestation {
-            aggregation_bits: BitList::with_capacity(committee_len)?,
-            data: AttestationData {
-                slot,
-                index,
-                beacon_block_root,
-                source: state.current_justified_checkpoint(),
-                target: Checkpoint {
-                    epoch,
-                    root: target_root,
-                },
+        Ok(Attestation::empty_for_signing(
+            index,
+            committee_len,
+            slot,
+            beacon_block_root,
+            state.current_justified_checkpoint(),
+            Checkpoint {
+                epoch,
+                root: target_root,
             },
-            signature: AggregateSignature::empty(),
-        })
+            &self.spec,
+        )?)
     }
 
     /// A list of attestations for each committee for the given slot.
@@ -1119,17 +1118,24 @@ where
                             )
                             .unwrap();
 
-                        attestation.aggregation_bits.set(i, true).unwrap();
+                        match attestation {
+                            Attestation::Base(ref mut att) => {
+                                att.aggregation_bits.set(i, true).unwrap()
+                            }
+                            Attestation::Electra(ref mut att) => {
+                                att.aggregation_bits.set(i, true).unwrap()
+                            }
+                        }
 
-                        attestation.signature = {
+                        *attestation.signature_mut() = {
                             let domain = self.spec.get_domain(
-                                attestation.data.target.epoch,
+                                attestation.data().target.epoch,
                                 Domain::BeaconAttester,
                                 &fork,
                                 state.genesis_validators_root(),
                             );
 
-                            let message = attestation.data.signing_root(domain);
+                            let message = attestation.data().signing_root(domain);
 
                             let mut agg_sig = AggregateSignature::infinity();
 
@@ -1140,8 +1146,8 @@ where
                             agg_sig
                         };
 
-                        let subnet_id = SubnetId::compute_subnet_for_attestation_data::<E>(
-                            &attestation.data,
+                        let subnet_id = SubnetId::compute_subnet_for_attestation::<E>(
+                            attestation.to_ref(),
                             committee_count,
                             &self.chain.spec,
                         )
@@ -1315,7 +1321,10 @@ where
                     // If there are any attestations in this committee, create an aggregate.
                     if let Some((attestation, _)) = committee_attestations.first() {
                         let bc = state
-                            .get_beacon_committee(attestation.data.slot, attestation.data.index)
+                            .get_beacon_committee(
+                                attestation.data().slot,
+                                attestation.committee_index().unwrap(),
+                            )
                             .unwrap();
 
                         // Find an aggregator if one exists. Return `None` if there are no
@@ -1342,25 +1351,35 @@ where
                             })
                             .copied()?;
 
+                        let fork_name = self.spec.fork_name_at_slot::<E>(slot);
+
+                        let aggregate = if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+                            self.chain.get_aggregated_attestation_electra(
+                                slot,
+                                &attestation.data().tree_hash_root(),
+                                bc.index,
+                            )
+                        } else {
+                            self.chain
+                                .get_aggregated_attestation_base(attestation.data())
+                        }
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                            committee_attestations.iter().skip(1).fold(
+                                attestation.clone(),
+                                |mut agg, (att, _)| {
+                                    agg.aggregate(att.to_ref());
+                                    agg
+                                },
+                            )
+                        });
+
                         // If the chain is able to produce an aggregate, use that. Otherwise, build an
                         // aggregate locally.
-                        let aggregate = self
-                            .chain
-                            .get_aggregated_attestation(&attestation.data)
-                            .unwrap()
-                            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                                committee_attestations.iter().skip(1).fold(
-                                    attestation.clone(),
-                                    |mut agg, (att, _)| {
-                                        agg.aggregate(att);
-                                        agg
-                                    },
-                                )
-                            });
 
                         let signed_aggregate = SignedAggregateAndProof::from_aggregate(
                             aggregator_index as u64,
-                            aggregate,
+                            aggregate.to_ref(),
                             None,
                             &self.validator_keypairs[aggregator_index].sk,
                             &fork,
@@ -1486,50 +1505,89 @@ where
     ) -> AttesterSlashing<E> {
         let fork = self.chain.canonical_head.cached_head().head_fork();
 
-        let mut attestation_1 = IndexedAttestation {
-            attesting_indices: VariableList::new(validator_indices).unwrap(),
-            data: AttestationData {
-                slot: Slot::new(0),
-                index: 0,
-                beacon_block_root: Hash256::zero(),
-                target: Checkpoint {
-                    root: Hash256::zero(),
-                    epoch: target1.unwrap_or(fork.epoch),
-                },
-                source: Checkpoint {
-                    root: Hash256::zero(),
-                    epoch: source1.unwrap_or(Epoch::new(0)),
-                },
+        let fork_name = self.spec.fork_name_at_slot::<E>(Slot::new(0));
+
+        let data = AttestationData {
+            slot: Slot::new(0),
+            index: 0,
+            beacon_block_root: Hash256::zero(),
+            target: Checkpoint {
+                root: Hash256::zero(),
+                epoch: target1.unwrap_or(fork.epoch),
+            },
+            source: Checkpoint {
+                root: Hash256::zero(),
+                epoch: source1.unwrap_or(Epoch::new(0)),
             },
-            signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
+        };
+        let mut attestation_1 = if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+            IndexedAttestation::Electra(IndexedAttestationElectra {
+                attesting_indices: VariableList::new(validator_indices).unwrap(),
+                data,
+                signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
+            })
+        } else {
+            IndexedAttestation::Base(IndexedAttestationBase {
+                attesting_indices: VariableList::new(validator_indices).unwrap(),
+                data,
+                signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
+            })
         };
 
         let mut attestation_2 = attestation_1.clone();
-        attestation_2.data.index += 1;
-        attestation_2.data.source.epoch = source2.unwrap_or(Epoch::new(0));
-        attestation_2.data.target.epoch = target2.unwrap_or(fork.epoch);
+        attestation_2.data_mut().index += 1;
+        attestation_2.data_mut().source.epoch = source2.unwrap_or(Epoch::new(0));
+        attestation_2.data_mut().target.epoch = target2.unwrap_or(fork.epoch);
 
         for attestation in &mut [&mut attestation_1, &mut attestation_2] {
-            for &i in &attestation.attesting_indices {
-                let sk = &self.validator_keypairs[i as usize].sk;
+            match attestation {
+                IndexedAttestation::Base(attestation) => {
+                    for i in attestation.attesting_indices.iter() {
+                        let sk = &self.validator_keypairs[*i as usize].sk;
 
-                let genesis_validators_root = self.chain.genesis_validators_root;
+                        let genesis_validators_root = self.chain.genesis_validators_root;
 
-                let domain = self.chain.spec.get_domain(
-                    attestation.data.target.epoch,
-                    Domain::BeaconAttester,
-                    &fork,
-                    genesis_validators_root,
-                );
-                let message = attestation.data.signing_root(domain);
+                        let domain = self.chain.spec.get_domain(
+                            attestation.data.target.epoch,
+                            Domain::BeaconAttester,
+                            &fork,
+                            genesis_validators_root,
+                        );
+                        let message = attestation.data.signing_root(domain);
+
+                        attestation.signature.add_assign(&sk.sign(message));
+                    }
+                }
+                IndexedAttestation::Electra(attestation) => {
+                    for i in attestation.attesting_indices.iter() {
+                        let sk = &self.validator_keypairs[*i as usize].sk;
 
-                attestation.signature.add_assign(&sk.sign(message));
+                        let genesis_validators_root = self.chain.genesis_validators_root;
+
+                        let domain = self.chain.spec.get_domain(
+                            attestation.data.target.epoch,
+                            Domain::BeaconAttester,
+                            &fork,
+                            genesis_validators_root,
+                        );
+                        let message = attestation.data.signing_root(domain);
+
+                        attestation.signature.add_assign(&sk.sign(message));
+                    }
+                }
             }
         }
 
-        AttesterSlashing {
-            attestation_1,
-            attestation_2,
+        if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+            AttesterSlashing::Electra(AttesterSlashingElectra {
+                attestation_1: attestation_1.as_electra().unwrap().clone(),
+                attestation_2: attestation_2.as_electra().unwrap().clone(),
+            })
+        } else {
+            AttesterSlashing::Base(AttesterSlashingBase {
+                attestation_1: attestation_1.as_base().unwrap().clone(),
+                attestation_2: attestation_2.as_base().unwrap().clone(),
+            })
         }
     }
 
@@ -1538,6 +1596,8 @@ where
         validator_indices_1: Vec<u64>,
         validator_indices_2: Vec<u64>,
     ) -> AttesterSlashing<E> {
+        let fork_name = self.spec.fork_name_at_slot::<E>(Slot::new(0));
+
         let data = AttestationData {
             slot: Slot::new(0),
             index: 0,
@@ -1552,42 +1612,94 @@ where
             },
         };
 
-        let mut attestation_1 = IndexedAttestation {
-            attesting_indices: VariableList::new(validator_indices_1).unwrap(),
-            data: data.clone(),
-            signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
-        };
+        let (mut attestation_1, mut attestation_2) = if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+            let attestation_1 = IndexedAttestationElectra {
+                attesting_indices: VariableList::new(validator_indices_1).unwrap(),
+                data: data.clone(),
+                signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
+            };
+
+            let attestation_2 = IndexedAttestationElectra {
+                attesting_indices: VariableList::new(validator_indices_2).unwrap(),
+                data,
+                signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
+            };
+
+            (
+                IndexedAttestation::Electra(attestation_1),
+                IndexedAttestation::Electra(attestation_2),
+            )
+        } else {
+            let attestation_1 = IndexedAttestationBase {
+                attesting_indices: VariableList::new(validator_indices_1).unwrap(),
+                data: data.clone(),
+                signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
+            };
+
+            let attestation_2 = IndexedAttestationBase {
+                attesting_indices: VariableList::new(validator_indices_2).unwrap(),
+                data,
+                signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
+            };
 
-        let mut attestation_2 = IndexedAttestation {
-            attesting_indices: VariableList::new(validator_indices_2).unwrap(),
-            data,
-            signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
+            (
+                IndexedAttestation::Base(attestation_1),
+                IndexedAttestation::Base(attestation_2),
+            )
         };
 
-        attestation_2.data.index += 1;
+        attestation_2.data_mut().index += 1;
 
         let fork = self.chain.canonical_head.cached_head().head_fork();
         for attestation in &mut [&mut attestation_1, &mut attestation_2] {
-            for &i in &attestation.attesting_indices {
-                let sk = &self.validator_keypairs[i as usize].sk;
+            match attestation {
+                IndexedAttestation::Base(attestation) => {
+                    for i in attestation.attesting_indices.iter() {
+                        let sk = &self.validator_keypairs[*i as usize].sk;
+
+                        let genesis_validators_root = self.chain.genesis_validators_root;
+
+                        let domain = self.chain.spec.get_domain(
+                            attestation.data.target.epoch,
+                            Domain::BeaconAttester,
+                            &fork,
+                            genesis_validators_root,
+                        );
+                        let message = attestation.data.signing_root(domain);
 
-                let genesis_validators_root = self.chain.genesis_validators_root;
+                        attestation.signature.add_assign(&sk.sign(message));
+                    }
+                }
+                IndexedAttestation::Electra(attestation) => {
+                    for i in attestation.attesting_indices.iter() {
+                        let sk = &self.validator_keypairs[*i as usize].sk;
 
-                let domain = self.chain.spec.get_domain(
-                    attestation.data.target.epoch,
-                    Domain::BeaconAttester,
-                    &fork,
-                    genesis_validators_root,
-                );
-                let message = attestation.data.signing_root(domain);
+                        let genesis_validators_root = self.chain.genesis_validators_root;
 
-                attestation.signature.add_assign(&sk.sign(message));
+                        let domain = self.chain.spec.get_domain(
+                            attestation.data.target.epoch,
+                            Domain::BeaconAttester,
+                            &fork,
+                            genesis_validators_root,
+                        );
+                        let message = attestation.data.signing_root(domain);
+
+                        attestation.signature.add_assign(&sk.sign(message));
+                    }
+                }
             }
         }
 
-        AttesterSlashing {
-            attestation_1,
-            attestation_2,
+        if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+            AttesterSlashing::Electra(AttesterSlashingElectra {
+                attestation_1: attestation_1.as_electra().unwrap().clone(),
+                attestation_2: attestation_2.as_electra().unwrap().clone(),
+            })
+        } else {
+            AttesterSlashing::Base(AttesterSlashingBase {
+                attestation_1: attestation_1.as_base().unwrap().clone(),
+                attestation_2: attestation_2.as_base().unwrap().clone(),
+            })
         }
     }
 
@@ -2380,6 +2492,7 @@ where
             AttestationStrategy::AllValidators => self.get_all_validators(),
             AttestationStrategy::SomeValidators(vals) => vals,
         };
+
         let state_root = state.update_tree_hash_cache().unwrap();
         let (_, _, last_produced_block_hash, _) = self
             .add_attested_blocks_at_slots_with_sync(
@@ -2506,6 +2619,7 @@ pub fn generate_rand_block_and_blobs<E: EthSpec>(
     rng: &mut impl Rng,
 ) -> (SignedBeaconBlock<E, FullPayload<E>>, Vec<BlobSidecar<E>>) {
     let inner = map_fork_name!(fork_name, BeaconBlock, <_>::random_for_test(rng));
+
     let mut block = SignedBeaconBlock::from_block(inner, types::Signature::random_for_test(rng));
     let mut blob_sidecars = vec![];
 
@@ -2542,7 +2656,6 @@ pub fn generate_rand_block_and_blobs<E: EthSpec>(
             };
             let (bundle, transactions) =
                 execution_layer::test_utils::generate_blobs::<E>(num_blobs).unwrap();
-
             payload.execution_payload.transactions = <_>::default();
             for tx in Vec::from(transactions) {
                 payload.execution_payload.transactions.push(tx).unwrap();
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/validator_monitor.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/validator_monitor.rs
index f6cd5e857e6..4ce53838191 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/validator_monitor.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/validator_monitor.rs
@@ -25,9 +25,10 @@ use types::consts::altair::{
     TIMELY_HEAD_FLAG_INDEX, TIMELY_SOURCE_FLAG_INDEX, TIMELY_TARGET_FLAG_INDEX,
 };
 use types::{
-    Attestation, AttestationData, AttesterSlashing, BeaconBlockRef, BeaconState, BeaconStateError,
-    ChainSpec, Epoch, EthSpec, Hash256, IndexedAttestation, ProposerSlashing, PublicKeyBytes,
-    SignedAggregateAndProof, SignedContributionAndProof, Slot, SyncCommitteeMessage, VoluntaryExit,
+    Attestation, AttestationData, AttesterSlashingRef, BeaconBlockRef, BeaconState,
+    BeaconStateError, ChainSpec, Epoch, EthSpec, Hash256, IndexedAttestation,
+    IndexedAttestationRef, ProposerSlashing, PublicKeyBytes, SignedAggregateAndProof,
+    SignedContributionAndProof, Slot, SyncCommitteeMessage, VoluntaryExit,
 };
 
 /// Used for Prometheus labels.
@@ -469,7 +470,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ValidatorMonitor<E> {
                 unaggregated_attestations.remove(&oldest_slot);
             }
         }
-        let slot = attestation.data.slot;
+        let slot = attestation.data().slot;
         self.unaggregated_attestations.insert(slot, attestation);
     }
 
@@ -730,12 +731,12 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ValidatorMonitor<E> {
                 // that qualifies the committee index for reward is included
                 let inclusion_delay = spec.min_attestation_inclusion_delay;
 
-                let data = &unaggregated_attestation.data;
+                let data = unaggregated_attestation.data();
 
                 // Get the reward indices for the unaggregated attestation or log an error
                 match get_attestation_participation_flag_indices(
                     state,
-                    &unaggregated_attestation.data,
+                    unaggregated_attestation.data(),
                     inclusion_delay,
                     spec,
                 ) {
@@ -1233,7 +1234,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ValidatorMonitor<E> {
         indexed_attestation: &IndexedAttestation<E>,
         slot_clock: &S,
     ) {
-        let data = &indexed_attestation.data;
+        let data = indexed_attestation.data();
         let epoch = data.slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
         let delay = get_message_delay_ms(
             seen_timestamp,
@@ -1242,7 +1243,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ValidatorMonitor<E> {
             slot_clock,
         );
 
-        indexed_attestation.attesting_indices.iter().for_each(|i| {
+        indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_iter().for_each(|i| {
             if let Some(validator) = self.get_validator(*i) {
                 let id = &validator.id;
 
@@ -1321,7 +1322,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ValidatorMonitor<E> {
         indexed_attestation: &IndexedAttestation<E>,
         slot_clock: &S,
     ) {
-        let data = &indexed_attestation.data;
+        let data = indexed_attestation.data();
         let epoch = data.slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
         let delay = get_message_delay_ms(
             seen_timestamp,
@@ -1330,7 +1331,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ValidatorMonitor<E> {
             slot_clock,
         );
 
-        let aggregator_index = signed_aggregate_and_proof.message.aggregator_index;
+        let aggregator_index = signed_aggregate_and_proof.message().aggregator_index();
         if let Some(validator) = self.get_validator(aggregator_index) {
             let id = &validator.id;
 
@@ -1365,7 +1366,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ValidatorMonitor<E> {
             });
         }
 
-        indexed_attestation.attesting_indices.iter().for_each(|i| {
+        indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_iter().for_each(|i| {
             if let Some(validator) = self.get_validator(*i) {
                 let id = &validator.id;
 
@@ -1410,11 +1411,11 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ValidatorMonitor<E> {
     /// Note: Blocks that get orphaned will skew the inclusion distance calculation.
     pub fn register_attestation_in_block(
         &self,
-        indexed_attestation: &IndexedAttestation<E>,
+        indexed_attestation: IndexedAttestationRef<'_, E>,
         parent_slot: Slot,
         spec: &ChainSpec,
     ) {
-        let data = &indexed_attestation.data;
+        let data = indexed_attestation.data();
         // Best effort inclusion distance which ignores skip slots between the parent
         // and the current block. Skipped slots between the attestation slot and the parent
         // slot are still counted for simplicity's sake.
@@ -1423,7 +1424,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ValidatorMonitor<E> {
         let delay = inclusion_distance - spec.min_attestation_inclusion_delay;
         let epoch = data.slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
 
-        indexed_attestation.attesting_indices.iter().for_each(|i| {
+        indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_iter().for_each(|i| {
             if let Some(validator) = self.get_validator(*i) {
                 let id = &validator.id;
 
@@ -1783,33 +1784,31 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ValidatorMonitor<E> {
     }
 
     /// Register an attester slashing from the gossip network.
-    pub fn register_gossip_attester_slashing(&self, slashing: &AttesterSlashing<E>) {
+    pub fn register_gossip_attester_slashing(&self, slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<'_, E>) {
         self.register_attester_slashing("gossip", slashing)
     }
 
     /// Register an attester slashing from the HTTP API.
-    pub fn register_api_attester_slashing(&self, slashing: &AttesterSlashing<E>) {
+    pub fn register_api_attester_slashing(&self, slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<'_, E>) {
         self.register_attester_slashing("api", slashing)
     }
 
     /// Register an attester slashing included in a *valid* `BeaconBlock`.
-    pub fn register_block_attester_slashing(&self, slashing: &AttesterSlashing<E>) {
+    pub fn register_block_attester_slashing(&self, slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<'_, E>) {
         self.register_attester_slashing("block", slashing)
     }
 
-    fn register_attester_slashing(&self, src: &str, slashing: &AttesterSlashing<E>) {
-        let data = &slashing.attestation_1.data;
+    fn register_attester_slashing(&self, src: &str, slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<'_, E>) {
+        let data = slashing.attestation_1().data();
         let attestation_1_indices: HashSet<u64> = slashing
-            .attestation_1
-            .attesting_indices
-            .iter()
+            .attestation_1()
+            .attesting_indices_iter()
             .copied()
             .collect();
 
         slashing
-            .attestation_2
-            .attesting_indices
-            .iter()
+            .attestation_2()
+            .attesting_indices_iter()
             .filter(|index| attestation_1_indices.contains(index))
             .filter_map(|index| self.get_validator(*index))
             .for_each(|validator| {
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/attestation_production.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/attestation_production.rs
index ff83b253205..697e449dc6e 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/attestation_production.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/attestation_production.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ use beacon_chain::{metrics, StateSkipConfig, WhenSlotSkipped};
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tree_hash::TreeHash;
-use types::{AggregateSignature, EthSpec, Keypair, MainnetEthSpec, RelativeEpoch, Slot};
+use types::{
+    AggregateSignature, Attestation, EthSpec, Keypair, MainnetEthSpec, RelativeEpoch, Slot,
+};
 
 pub const VALIDATOR_COUNT: usize = 16;
 
@@ -188,20 +190,22 @@ async fn produces_attestations() {
                 .produce_unaggregated_attestation(slot, index)
                 .expect("should produce attestation");
 
-            let data = &attestation.data;
+            let (aggregation_bits_len, aggregation_bits_zero) = match &attestation {
+                Attestation::Base(att) => {
+                    (att.aggregation_bits.len(), att.aggregation_bits.is_zero())
+                }
+                Attestation::Electra(att) => {
+                    (att.aggregation_bits.len(), att.aggregation_bits.is_zero())
+                }
+            };
+            assert_eq!(aggregation_bits_len, committee_len, "bad committee len");
+            assert!(aggregation_bits_zero, "some committee bits are set");
+
+            let data = attestation.data();
 
             assert_eq!(
-                attestation.aggregation_bits.len(),
-                committee_len,
-                "bad committee len"
-            );
-            assert!(
-                attestation.aggregation_bits.is_zero(),
-                "some committee bits are set"
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                attestation.signature,
-                AggregateSignature::empty(),
+                attestation.signature(),
+                &AggregateSignature::infinity(),
                 "bad signature"
             );
             assert_eq!(data.index, index, "bad index");
@@ -329,10 +333,10 @@ async fn early_attester_cache_old_request() {
         .produce_unaggregated_attestation(attest_slot, 0)
         .unwrap();
 
-    assert_eq!(attestation.data.slot, attest_slot);
+    assert_eq!(attestation.data().slot, attest_slot);
     let attested_block = harness
         .chain
-        .get_blinded_block(&attestation.data.beacon_block_root)
+        .get_blinded_block(&attestation.data().beacon_block_root)
         .unwrap()
         .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(attested_block.slot(), attest_slot);
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/attestation_verification.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/attestation_verification.rs
index 1463d1c5c15..19efe10c6d0 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/attestation_verification.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/attestation_verification.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 use beacon_chain::attestation_verification::{
     batch_verify_aggregated_attestations, batch_verify_unaggregated_attestations, Error,
 };
+use beacon_chain::observed_aggregates::ObservedAttestationKey;
 use beacon_chain::test_utils::{MakeAttestationOptions, HARNESS_GENESIS_TIME};
 use beacon_chain::{
     attestation_verification::Error as AttnError,
@@ -14,14 +15,17 @@ use beacon_chain::{
 use genesis::{interop_genesis_state, DEFAULT_ETH1_BLOCK_HASH};
 use int_to_bytes::int_to_bytes32;
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+use ssz_types::BitVector;
 use state_processing::{
     per_block_processing::errors::AttestationValidationError, per_slot_processing,
 };
 use tree_hash::TreeHash;
 use types::{
+    signed_aggregate_and_proof::SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut,
     test_utils::generate_deterministic_keypair, Address, AggregateSignature, Attestation,
-    BeaconStateError, BitList, ChainSpec, Epoch, EthSpec, ForkName, Hash256, Keypair,
-    MainnetEthSpec, SecretKey, SelectionProof, SignedAggregateAndProof, Slot, SubnetId, Unsigned,
+    AttestationRef, AttestationRefMut, BeaconStateError, BitList, ChainSpec, Epoch, EthSpec,
+    ForkName, Hash256, Keypair, MainnetEthSpec, SecretKey, SelectionProof, SignedAggregateAndProof,
+    Slot, SubnetId, Unsigned,
 };
 
 pub type E = MainnetEthSpec;
@@ -125,7 +129,12 @@ fn get_valid_unaggregated_attestation<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
     let validator_committee_index = 0;
     let validator_index = *head
         .beacon_state
-        .get_beacon_committee(current_slot, valid_attestation.data.index)
+        .get_beacon_committee(
+            current_slot,
+            valid_attestation
+                .committee_index()
+                .expect("should get committee index"),
+        )
         .expect("should get committees")
         .committee
         .get(validator_committee_index)
@@ -143,8 +152,8 @@ fn get_valid_unaggregated_attestation<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
         )
         .expect("should sign attestation");
 
-    let subnet_id = SubnetId::compute_subnet_for_attestation_data::<E>(
-        &valid_attestation.data,
+    let subnet_id = SubnetId::compute_subnet_for_attestation::<T::EthSpec>(
+        valid_attestation.to_ref(),
         head.beacon_state
             .get_committee_count_at_slot(current_slot)
             .expect("should get committee count"),
@@ -170,7 +179,12 @@ fn get_valid_aggregated_attestation<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
     let current_slot = chain.slot().expect("should get slot");
 
     let committee = state
-        .get_beacon_committee(current_slot, aggregate.data.index)
+        .get_beacon_committee(
+            current_slot,
+            aggregate
+                .committee_index()
+                .expect("should get committee index"),
+        )
         .expect("should get committees");
     let committee_len = committee.committee.len();
 
@@ -181,7 +195,7 @@ fn get_valid_aggregated_attestation<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
             let aggregator_sk = generate_deterministic_keypair(val_index).sk;
 
             let proof = SelectionProof::new::<T::EthSpec>(
-                aggregate.data.slot,
+                aggregate.data().slot,
                 &aggregator_sk,
                 &state.fork(),
                 chain.genesis_validators_root,
@@ -198,7 +212,7 @@ fn get_valid_aggregated_attestation<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
 
     let signed_aggregate = SignedAggregateAndProof::from_aggregate(
         aggregator_index as u64,
-        aggregate,
+        aggregate.to_ref(),
         None,
         &aggregator_sk,
         &state.fork(),
@@ -213,14 +227,19 @@ fn get_valid_aggregated_attestation<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
 /// attestation.
 fn get_non_aggregator<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
     chain: &BeaconChain<T>,
-    aggregate: &Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
+    aggregate: AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
 ) -> (usize, SecretKey) {
     let head = chain.head_snapshot();
     let state = &head.beacon_state;
     let current_slot = chain.slot().expect("should get slot");
 
     let committee = state
-        .get_beacon_committee(current_slot, aggregate.data.index)
+        .get_beacon_committee(
+            current_slot,
+            aggregate
+                .committee_index()
+                .expect("should get committee index"),
+        )
         .expect("should get committees");
     let committee_len = committee.committee.len();
 
@@ -231,7 +250,7 @@ fn get_non_aggregator<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
             let aggregator_sk = generate_deterministic_keypair(val_index).sk;
 
             let proof = SelectionProof::new::<T::EthSpec>(
-                aggregate.data.slot,
+                aggregate.data().slot,
                 &aggregator_sk,
                 &state.fork(),
                 chain.genesis_validators_root,
@@ -301,15 +320,19 @@ impl GossipTester {
             get_valid_aggregated_attestation(&harness.chain, valid_attestation.clone());
 
         let mut invalid_attestation = valid_attestation.clone();
-        invalid_attestation.data.beacon_block_root = Hash256::repeat_byte(13);
+        invalid_attestation.data_mut().beacon_block_root = Hash256::repeat_byte(13);
 
         let (mut invalid_aggregate, _, _) =
             get_valid_aggregated_attestation(&harness.chain, invalid_attestation.clone());
-        invalid_aggregate.message.aggregator_index = invalid_aggregate
-            .message
-            .aggregator_index
-            .checked_sub(1)
-            .unwrap();
+
+        match invalid_aggregate.to_mut() {
+            SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                att.message.aggregator_index = att.message.aggregator_index.checked_sub(1).unwrap();
+            }
+            SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                att.message.aggregator_index = att.message.aggregator_index.checked_sub(1).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
 
         Self {
             harness,
@@ -361,7 +384,10 @@ impl GossipTester {
     }
 
     pub fn non_aggregator(&self) -> (usize, SecretKey) {
-        get_non_aggregator(&self.harness.chain, &self.valid_aggregate.message.aggregate)
+        get_non_aggregator(
+            &self.harness.chain,
+            self.valid_aggregate.message().aggregate(),
+        )
     }
 
     pub fn import_valid_aggregate(self) -> Self {
@@ -418,6 +444,7 @@ impl GossipTester {
                 vec![&self.invalid_aggregate, &aggregate].into_iter(),
             )
             .unwrap();
+
         assert_eq!(results.len(), 2);
         let batch_err = results.pop().unwrap().err().expect(&format!(
             "{} should error during batch_verify_aggregated_attestations_for_gossip",
@@ -490,7 +517,14 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_aggregate_err(
             "aggregate from future slot",
-            |tester, a| a.message.aggregate.data.slot = tester.slot() + 1,
+            |tester, a| match a.to_mut() {
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregate.data.slot = tester.slot() + 1
+                }
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregate.data.slot = tester.slot() + 1
+                }
+            },
             |tester, err| {
                 assert!(matches!(
                     err,
@@ -504,8 +538,18 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
             "aggregate from past slot",
             |tester, a| {
                 let too_early_slot = tester.earliest_valid_attestation_slot() - 1;
-                a.message.aggregate.data.slot = too_early_slot;
-                a.message.aggregate.data.target.epoch = too_early_slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
+                match a.to_mut() {
+                    SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                        att.message.aggregate.data.slot = too_early_slot;
+                        att.message.aggregate.data.target.epoch =
+                            too_early_slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
+                    }
+                    SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                        att.message.aggregate.data.slot = too_early_slot;
+                        att.message.aggregate.data.target.epoch =
+                            too_early_slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
+                    }
+                }
             },
             |tester, err| {
                 let valid_early_slot = tester.earliest_valid_attestation_slot();
@@ -529,7 +573,14 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_aggregate_err(
             "attestation with invalid target epoch",
-            |_, a| a.message.aggregate.data.target.epoch += 1,
+            |_, a| match a.to_mut() {
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregate.data.target.epoch += 1
+                }
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregate.data.target.epoch += 1
+                }
+            },
             |_, err| assert!(matches!(err, AttnError::InvalidTargetEpoch { .. })),
         )
         /*
@@ -538,7 +589,14 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_aggregate_err(
             "attestation with invalid target root",
-            |_, a| a.message.aggregate.data.target.root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42),
+            |_, a| match a.to_mut() {
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregate.data.target.root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42)
+                }
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregate.data.target.root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42)
+                }
+            },
             |_, err| assert!(matches!(err, AttnError::InvalidTargetRoot { .. })),
         )
         /*
@@ -548,7 +606,14 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_aggregate_err(
             "aggregate with unknown head block",
-            |_, a| a.message.aggregate.data.beacon_block_root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42),
+            |_, a| match a.to_mut() {
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregate.data.beacon_block_root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42)
+                }
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregate.data.beacon_block_root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42)
+                }
+            },
             |_, err| {
                 assert!(matches!(
                     err,
@@ -566,11 +631,19 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_aggregate_err(
             "aggregate with no participants",
-            |_, a| {
-                let aggregation_bits = &mut a.message.aggregate.aggregation_bits;
-                aggregation_bits.difference_inplace(&aggregation_bits.clone());
-                assert!(aggregation_bits.is_zero());
-                a.message.aggregate.signature = AggregateSignature::infinity();
+            |_, a| match a.to_mut() {
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                    let aggregation_bits = &mut att.message.aggregate.aggregation_bits;
+                    aggregation_bits.difference_inplace(&aggregation_bits.clone());
+                    assert!(aggregation_bits.is_zero());
+                    att.message.aggregate.signature = AggregateSignature::infinity()
+                }
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                    let aggregation_bits = &mut att.message.aggregate.aggregation_bits;
+                    aggregation_bits.difference_inplace(&aggregation_bits.clone());
+                    assert!(aggregation_bits.is_zero());
+                    att.message.aggregate.signature = AggregateSignature::infinity()
+                }
             },
             |_, err| assert!(matches!(err, AttnError::EmptyAggregationBitfield)),
         )
@@ -581,7 +654,14 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_aggregate_err(
             "aggregate with bad signature",
-            |tester, a| a.signature = tester.aggregator_sk.sign(Hash256::repeat_byte(42)),
+            |tester, a| match a.to_mut() {
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                    att.signature = tester.aggregator_sk.sign(Hash256::repeat_byte(42))
+                }
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                    att.signature = tester.aggregator_sk.sign(Hash256::repeat_byte(42))
+                }
+            },
             |_, err| assert!(matches!(err, AttnError::InvalidSignature)),
         )
         /*
@@ -598,7 +678,7 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
                     .chain
                     .head_snapshot()
                     .beacon_state
-                    .get_beacon_committee(tester.slot(), a.message.aggregate.data.index)
+                    .get_beacon_committee(tester.slot(), a.message().aggregate().committee_index().expect("should get committee index"))
                     .expect("should get committees")
                     .committee
                     .len();
@@ -608,19 +688,38 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
                 //
                 // Could run for ever, but that seems _really_ improbable.
                 let mut i: u64 = 0;
-                a.message.selection_proof = loop {
-                    i += 1;
-                    let proof: SelectionProof = tester
-                        .aggregator_sk
-                        .sign(Hash256::from_slice(&int_to_bytes32(i)))
-                        .into();
-                    if proof
-                        .is_aggregator(committee_len, &tester.harness.chain.spec)
-                        .unwrap()
-                    {
-                        break proof.into();
+                match a.to_mut() {
+                    SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                        att.message.selection_proof = loop {
+                            i += 1;
+                            let proof: SelectionProof = tester
+                                .aggregator_sk
+                                .sign(Hash256::from_slice(&int_to_bytes32(i)))
+                                .into();
+                            if proof
+                                .is_aggregator(committee_len, &tester.harness.chain.spec)
+                                .unwrap()
+                            {
+                                break proof.into();
+                            }
+                        };
                     }
-                };
+                    SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                        att.message.selection_proof = loop {
+                            i += 1;
+                            let proof: SelectionProof = tester
+                                .aggregator_sk
+                                .sign(Hash256::from_slice(&int_to_bytes32(i)))
+                                .into();
+                            if proof
+                                .is_aggregator(committee_len, &tester.harness.chain.spec)
+                                .unwrap()
+                            {
+                                break proof.into();
+                            }
+                        };
+                    }
+                }
             },
             |_, err| assert!(matches!(err, AttnError::InvalidSignature)),
         )
@@ -634,7 +733,14 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
             |tester, a| {
                 let mut agg_sig = AggregateSignature::infinity();
                 agg_sig.add_assign(&tester.aggregator_sk.sign(Hash256::repeat_byte(42)));
-                a.message.aggregate.signature = agg_sig;
+                match a.to_mut() {
+                    SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                        att.message.aggregate.signature = agg_sig;
+                    }
+                    SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                        att.message.aggregate.signature = agg_sig;
+                    }
+                }
             },
             |_, err| assert!(matches!(err, AttnError::InvalidSignature)),
         )
@@ -643,8 +749,15 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_aggregate_err(
             "aggregate with too-high aggregator index",
-            |_, a| {
-                a.message.aggregator_index = <E as EthSpec>::ValidatorRegistryLimit::to_u64() + 1
+            |_, a| match a.to_mut() {
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregator_index =
+                        <E as EthSpec>::ValidatorRegistryLimit::to_u64() + 1
+                }
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregator_index =
+                        <E as EthSpec>::ValidatorRegistryLimit::to_u64() + 1
+                }
             },
             |_, err| {
                 assert!(matches!(
@@ -663,7 +776,14 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_aggregate_err(
             "aggregate with unknown aggregator index",
-            |_, a| a.message.aggregator_index = VALIDATOR_COUNT as u64,
+            |_, a| match a.to_mut() {
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregator_index = VALIDATOR_COUNT as u64
+                }
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregator_index = VALIDATOR_COUNT as u64
+                }
+            },
             |_, err| {
                 assert!(matches!(
                     err,
@@ -671,7 +791,7 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
                     //
                     // AttnError::AggregatorPubkeyUnknown(unknown_validator)
                     //
-                    // However the following error is triggered first:
+                    // However, the following error is triggered first:
                     AttnError::AggregatorNotInCommittee {
                         aggregator_index
                     }
@@ -683,7 +803,7 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
          * The following test ensures:
          *
          * aggregate_and_proof.selection_proof selects the validator as an aggregator for the slot --
-         * i.e. is_aggregator(state, aggregate.data.slot, aggregate.data.index,
+         * i.e. is_aggregator(state, aggregate.data.slot, aggregate.committee_index(),
          * aggregate_and_proof.selection_proof) returns True.
          */
         .inspect_aggregate_err(
@@ -693,7 +813,7 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
                 let (index, sk) = tester.non_aggregator();
                 *a = SignedAggregateAndProof::from_aggregate(
                     index as u64,
-                    tester.valid_aggregate.message.aggregate.clone(),
+                    tester.valid_aggregate.message().aggregate().clone(),
                     None,
                     &sk,
                     &chain.canonical_head.cached_head().head_fork(),
@@ -703,6 +823,7 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
             },
             |tester, err| {
                 let (val_index, _) = tester.non_aggregator();
+
                 assert!(matches!(
                     err,
                     AttnError::InvalidSelectionProof {
@@ -729,7 +850,12 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
                 assert!(matches!(
                     err,
                     AttnError::AttestationSupersetKnown(hash)
-                    if hash == tester.valid_aggregate.message.aggregate.data.tree_hash_root()
+                    if hash == ObservedAttestationKey {
+                        committee_index: tester.valid_aggregate.message().aggregate()
+                            .committee_index()
+                            .expect("should get committee index"),
+                        attestation_data: tester.valid_aggregate.message().aggregate().data().clone(),
+                    }.tree_hash_root()
                 ))
             },
         )
@@ -741,7 +867,14 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_aggregate_err(
             "aggregate from aggregator that has already been seen",
-            |_, a| a.message.aggregate.data.beacon_block_root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42),
+            |_, a| match a.to_mut() {
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Base(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregate.data.beacon_block_root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42)
+                }
+                SignedAggregateAndProofRefMut::Electra(att) => {
+                    att.message.aggregate.data.beacon_block_root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42)
+                }
+            },
             |tester, err| {
                 assert!(matches!(
                     err,
@@ -766,13 +899,29 @@ async fn unaggregated_gossip_verification() {
         .inspect_unaggregate_err(
             "attestation with invalid committee index",
             |tester, a, _| {
-                a.data.index = tester
-                    .harness
-                    .chain
-                    .head_snapshot()
-                    .beacon_state
-                    .get_committee_count_at_slot(a.data.slot)
-                    .unwrap()
+                match a.to_mut() {
+                    AttestationRefMut::Base(attn) => {
+                        attn.data.index =  tester
+                            .harness
+                            .chain
+                            .head_snapshot()
+                            .beacon_state
+                            .get_committee_count_at_slot(attn.data.slot)
+                            .unwrap();
+                    }
+                    AttestationRefMut::Electra(attn) => {
+                        let committee_index = tester
+                            .harness
+                            .chain
+                            .head_snapshot()
+                            .beacon_state
+                            .get_committee_count_at_slot(attn.data.slot)
+                            .unwrap();
+                        // overwrite the existing committee bits before setting
+                        attn.committee_bits = BitVector::default();
+                        attn.committee_bits.set(committee_index as usize, true).unwrap();
+                    }
+                }
             },
             |_, err| assert!(matches!(err, AttnError::NoCommitteeForSlotAndIndex { .. })),
         )
@@ -806,7 +955,7 @@ async fn unaggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_unaggregate_err(
             "attestation from future slot",
-            |tester, a, _| a.data.slot = tester.slot() + 1,
+            |tester, a, _| a.data_mut().slot = tester.slot() + 1,
             |tester, err| {
                 assert!(matches!(
                     err,
@@ -822,8 +971,8 @@ async fn unaggregated_gossip_verification() {
             "attestation from past slot",
             |tester, a, _| {
                 let too_early_slot = tester.earliest_valid_attestation_slot() - 1;
-                a.data.slot = too_early_slot;
-                a.data.target.epoch = too_early_slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
+                a.data_mut().slot = too_early_slot;
+                a.data_mut().target.epoch = too_early_slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
             },
             |tester, err| {
                 let valid_early_slot = tester.earliest_valid_attestation_slot();
@@ -847,7 +996,7 @@ async fn unaggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_unaggregate_err(
             "attestation with invalid target epoch",
-            |_, a, _| a.data.target.epoch += 1,
+            |_, a, _| a.data_mut().target.epoch += 1,
             |_, err| {
                 assert!(matches!(
                     err,
@@ -863,15 +1012,29 @@ async fn unaggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_unaggregate_err(
             "attestation without any aggregation bits set",
-            |tester, a, _| {
-                a.aggregation_bits
-                    .set(tester.attester_committee_index, false)
-                    .expect("should unset aggregation bit");
-                assert_eq!(
-                    a.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits(),
-                    0,
-                    "test requires no set bits"
-                );
+            |tester, mut a, _| {
+                match &mut a {
+                    Attestation::Base(ref mut att) => {
+                        att.aggregation_bits
+                            .set(tester.attester_committee_index, false)
+                            .expect("should unset aggregation bit");
+                        assert_eq!(
+                            att.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits(),
+                            0,
+                            "test requires no set bits"
+                        );
+                    }
+                    Attestation::Electra(ref mut att) => {
+                        att.aggregation_bits
+                            .set(tester.attester_committee_index, false)
+                            .expect("should unset aggregation bit");
+                        assert_eq!(
+                            att.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits(),
+                            0,
+                            "test requires no set bits"
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
             },
             |_, err| {
                 assert!(matches!(
@@ -882,10 +1045,19 @@ async fn unaggregated_gossip_verification() {
         )
         .inspect_unaggregate_err(
             "attestation with two aggregation bits set",
-            |tester, a, _| {
-                a.aggregation_bits
-                    .set(tester.attester_committee_index + 1, true)
-                    .expect("should set second aggregation bit");
+            |tester, mut a, _| {
+                match &mut a {
+                    Attestation::Base(ref mut att) => {
+                        att.aggregation_bits
+                            .set(tester.attester_committee_index + 1, true)
+                            .expect("should set second aggregation bit");
+                    }
+                    Attestation::Electra(ref mut att) => {
+                        att.aggregation_bits
+                            .set(tester.attester_committee_index + 1, true)
+                            .expect("should set second aggregation bit");
+                    }
+                }
             },
             |_, err| {
                 assert!(matches!(
@@ -903,11 +1075,22 @@ async fn unaggregated_gossip_verification() {
          */
         .inspect_unaggregate_err(
             "attestation with invalid bitfield",
-            |_, a, _| {
-                let bits = a.aggregation_bits.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                a.aggregation_bits = BitList::with_capacity(bits.len() + 1).unwrap();
-                for (i, bit) in bits.into_iter().enumerate() {
-                    a.aggregation_bits.set(i, bit).unwrap();
+            |_, mut a, _| {
+                match &mut a {
+                    Attestation::Base(ref mut att) => {
+                        let bits = att.aggregation_bits.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                        att.aggregation_bits = BitList::with_capacity(bits.len() + 1).unwrap();
+                        for (i, bit) in bits.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                            att.aggregation_bits.set(i, bit).unwrap();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Attestation::Electra(ref mut att) => {
+                        let bits = att.aggregation_bits.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                        att.aggregation_bits = BitList::with_capacity(bits.len() + 1).unwrap();
+                        for (i, bit) in bits.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                            att.aggregation_bits.set(i, bit).unwrap();
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             },
             |_, err| {
@@ -927,7 +1110,7 @@ async fn unaggregated_gossip_verification() {
         .inspect_unaggregate_err(
             "attestation with unknown head block",
             |_, a, _| {
-                a.data.beacon_block_root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42);
+                a.data_mut().beacon_block_root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42);
             },
             |_, err| {
                 assert!(matches!(
@@ -949,7 +1132,7 @@ async fn unaggregated_gossip_verification() {
         .inspect_unaggregate_err(
             "attestation with invalid target root",
             |_, a, _| {
-                a.data.target.root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42);
+                a.data_mut().target.root = Hash256::repeat_byte(42);
             },
             |_, err| {
                 assert!(matches!(
@@ -968,7 +1151,7 @@ async fn unaggregated_gossip_verification() {
             |tester, a, _| {
                 let mut agg_sig = AggregateSignature::infinity();
                 agg_sig.add_assign(&tester.attester_sk.sign(Hash256::repeat_byte(42)));
-                a.signature = agg_sig;
+                *a.signature_mut() = agg_sig;
             },
             |_, err| {
                 assert!(matches!(
@@ -1055,7 +1238,7 @@ async fn attestation_that_skips_epochs() {
         .cloned()
         .expect("should have at least one attestation in committee");
 
-    let block_root = attestation.data.beacon_block_root;
+    let block_root = attestation.data().beacon_block_root;
     let block_slot = harness
         .chain
         .store
@@ -1066,7 +1249,7 @@ async fn attestation_that_skips_epochs() {
         .slot();
 
     assert!(
-        attestation.data.slot - block_slot > E::slots_per_epoch() * 2,
+        attestation.data().slot - block_slot > E::slots_per_epoch() * 2,
         "the attestation must skip more than two epochs"
     );
 
@@ -1228,7 +1411,7 @@ async fn attestation_to_finalized_block() {
         .first()
         .cloned()
         .expect("should have at least one attestation in committee");
-    assert_eq!(attestation.data.beacon_block_root, earlier_block_root);
+    assert_eq!(attestation.data().beacon_block_root, earlier_block_root);
 
     // Attestation should be rejected for attesting to a pre-finalization block.
     let res = harness
@@ -1281,8 +1464,8 @@ async fn verify_aggregate_for_gossip_doppelganger_detection() {
         .verify_aggregated_attestation_for_gossip(&valid_aggregate)
         .expect("should verify aggregate attestation");
 
-    let epoch = valid_aggregate.message.aggregate.data.target.epoch;
-    let index = valid_aggregate.message.aggregator_index as usize;
+    let epoch = valid_aggregate.message().aggregate().data().target.epoch;
+    let index = valid_aggregate.message().aggregator_index() as usize;
     assert!(harness.chain.validator_seen_at_epoch(index, epoch));
 
     // Check the correct beacon cache is populated
@@ -1338,7 +1521,7 @@ async fn verify_attestation_for_gossip_doppelganger_detection() {
         .verify_unaggregated_attestation_for_gossip(&valid_attestation, Some(subnet_id))
         .expect("should verify attestation");
 
-    let epoch = valid_attestation.data.target.epoch;
+    let epoch = valid_attestation.data().target.epoch;
     assert!(harness.chain.validator_seen_at_epoch(index, epoch));
 
     // Check the correct beacon cache is populated
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/block_verification.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/block_verification.rs
index 9c196b12e16..d9c9a3b6a74 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/block_verification.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/block_verification.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 use beacon_chain::block_verification_types::{AsBlock, ExecutedBlock, RpcBlock};
 use beacon_chain::{
-    test_utils::{AttestationStrategy, BeaconChainHarness, BlockStrategy, EphemeralHarnessType},
+    test_utils::{
+        test_spec, AttestationStrategy, BeaconChainHarness, BlockStrategy, EphemeralHarnessType,
+    },
     AvailabilityProcessingStatus, BeaconChain, BeaconChainTypes, ExecutionPendingBlock,
 };
 use beacon_chain::{
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use logging::test_logger;
 use slasher::{Config as SlasherConfig, Slasher};
 use state_processing::{
-    common::get_indexed_attestation,
+    common::{attesting_indices_base, attesting_indices_electra},
     per_block_processing::{per_block_processing, BlockSignatureStrategy},
     per_slot_processing, BlockProcessingError, ConsensusContext, VerifyBlockRoot,
 };
@@ -666,37 +668,95 @@ async fn invalid_signature_attester_slashing() {
     for &block_index in BLOCK_INDICES {
         let harness = get_invalid_sigs_harness(&chain_segment).await;
         let mut snapshots = chain_segment.clone();
-        let indexed_attestation = IndexedAttestation {
-            attesting_indices: vec![0].into(),
-            data: AttestationData {
-                slot: Slot::new(0),
-                index: 0,
-                beacon_block_root: Hash256::zero(),
-                source: Checkpoint {
-                    epoch: Epoch::new(0),
-                    root: Hash256::zero(),
+        let fork_name = harness.chain.spec.fork_name_at_slot::<E>(Slot::new(0));
+
+        let attester_slashing = if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+            let indexed_attestation = IndexedAttestationElectra {
+                attesting_indices: vec![0].into(),
+                data: AttestationData {
+                    slot: Slot::new(0),
+                    index: 0,
+                    beacon_block_root: Hash256::zero(),
+                    source: Checkpoint {
+                        epoch: Epoch::new(0),
+                        root: Hash256::zero(),
+                    },
+                    target: Checkpoint {
+                        epoch: Epoch::new(0),
+                        root: Hash256::zero(),
+                    },
                 },
-                target: Checkpoint {
-                    epoch: Epoch::new(0),
-                    root: Hash256::zero(),
+                signature: junk_aggregate_signature(),
+            };
+            let attester_slashing = AttesterSlashingElectra {
+                attestation_1: indexed_attestation.clone(),
+                attestation_2: indexed_attestation,
+            };
+
+            AttesterSlashing::Electra(attester_slashing)
+        } else {
+            let indexed_attestation = IndexedAttestationBase {
+                attesting_indices: vec![0].into(),
+                data: AttestationData {
+                    slot: Slot::new(0),
+                    index: 0,
+                    beacon_block_root: Hash256::zero(),
+                    source: Checkpoint {
+                        epoch: Epoch::new(0),
+                        root: Hash256::zero(),
+                    },
+                    target: Checkpoint {
+                        epoch: Epoch::new(0),
+                        root: Hash256::zero(),
+                    },
                 },
-            },
-            signature: junk_aggregate_signature(),
-        };
-        let attester_slashing = AttesterSlashing {
-            attestation_1: indexed_attestation.clone(),
-            attestation_2: indexed_attestation,
+                signature: junk_aggregate_signature(),
+            };
+            let attester_slashing = AttesterSlashingBase {
+                attestation_1: indexed_attestation.clone(),
+                attestation_2: indexed_attestation,
+            };
+
+            AttesterSlashing::Base(attester_slashing)
         };
+
         let (mut block, signature) = snapshots[block_index]
             .beacon_block
             .as_ref()
             .clone()
             .deconstruct();
-        block
-            .body_mut()
-            .attester_slashings_mut()
-            .push(attester_slashing)
-            .expect("should update attester slashing");
+        match &mut block.body_mut() {
+            BeaconBlockBodyRefMut::Base(ref mut blk) => {
+                blk.attester_slashings
+                    .push(attester_slashing.as_base().unwrap().clone())
+                    .expect("should update attester slashing");
+            }
+            BeaconBlockBodyRefMut::Altair(ref mut blk) => {
+                blk.attester_slashings
+                    .push(attester_slashing.as_base().unwrap().clone())
+                    .expect("should update attester slashing");
+            }
+            BeaconBlockBodyRefMut::Bellatrix(ref mut blk) => {
+                blk.attester_slashings
+                    .push(attester_slashing.as_base().unwrap().clone())
+                    .expect("should update attester slashing");
+            }
+            BeaconBlockBodyRefMut::Capella(ref mut blk) => {
+                blk.attester_slashings
+                    .push(attester_slashing.as_base().unwrap().clone())
+                    .expect("should update attester slashing");
+            }
+            BeaconBlockBodyRefMut::Deneb(ref mut blk) => {
+                blk.attester_slashings
+                    .push(attester_slashing.as_base().unwrap().clone())
+                    .expect("should update attester slashing");
+            }
+            BeaconBlockBodyRefMut::Electra(ref mut blk) => {
+                blk.attester_slashings
+                    .push(attester_slashing.as_electra().unwrap().clone())
+                    .expect("should update attester slashing");
+            }
+        }
         snapshots[block_index].beacon_block =
             Arc::new(SignedBeaconBlock::from_block(block, signature));
         update_parent_roots(&mut snapshots, &mut chain_segment_blobs);
@@ -726,8 +786,34 @@ async fn invalid_signature_attestation() {
             .as_ref()
             .clone()
             .deconstruct();
-        if let Some(attestation) = block.body_mut().attestations_mut().get_mut(0) {
-            attestation.signature = junk_aggregate_signature();
+        match &mut block.body_mut() {
+            BeaconBlockBodyRefMut::Base(ref mut blk) => blk
+                .attestations
+                .get_mut(0)
+                .map(|att| att.signature = junk_aggregate_signature()),
+            BeaconBlockBodyRefMut::Altair(ref mut blk) => blk
+                .attestations
+                .get_mut(0)
+                .map(|att| att.signature = junk_aggregate_signature()),
+            BeaconBlockBodyRefMut::Bellatrix(ref mut blk) => blk
+                .attestations
+                .get_mut(0)
+                .map(|att| att.signature = junk_aggregate_signature()),
+            BeaconBlockBodyRefMut::Capella(ref mut blk) => blk
+                .attestations
+                .get_mut(0)
+                .map(|att| att.signature = junk_aggregate_signature()),
+            BeaconBlockBodyRefMut::Deneb(ref mut blk) => blk
+                .attestations
+                .get_mut(0)
+                .map(|att| att.signature = junk_aggregate_signature()),
+            BeaconBlockBodyRefMut::Electra(ref mut blk) => blk
+                .attestations
+                .get_mut(0)
+                .map(|att| att.signature = junk_aggregate_signature()),
+        };
+
+        if block.body().attestations_len() > 0 {
             snapshots[block_index].beacon_block =
                 Arc::new(SignedBeaconBlock::from_block(block, signature));
             update_parent_roots(&mut snapshots, &mut chain_segment_blobs);
@@ -1126,8 +1212,14 @@ async fn block_gossip_verification() {
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn verify_block_for_gossip_slashing_detection() {
     let slasher_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let spec = Arc::new(test_spec::<E>());
     let slasher = Arc::new(
-        Slasher::open(SlasherConfig::new(slasher_dir.path().into()), test_logger()).unwrap(),
+        Slasher::open(
+            SlasherConfig::new(slasher_dir.path().into()),
+            spec,
+            test_logger(),
+        )
+        .unwrap(),
     );
 
     let inner_slasher = slasher.clone();
@@ -1191,9 +1283,13 @@ async fn verify_block_for_gossip_doppelganger_detection() {
 
     let state = harness.get_current_state();
     let ((block, _), _) = harness.make_block(state.clone(), Slot::new(1)).await;
-
+    let attestations = block
+        .message()
+        .body()
+        .attestations()
+        .map(|att| att.clone_as_attestation())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     let verified_block = harness.chain.verify_block_for_gossip(block).await.unwrap();
-    let attestations = verified_block.block.message().body().attestations().clone();
     harness
         .chain
         .process_block(
@@ -1207,13 +1303,23 @@ async fn verify_block_for_gossip_doppelganger_detection() {
         .unwrap();
 
     for att in attestations.iter() {
-        let epoch = att.data.target.epoch;
-        let committee = state
-            .get_beacon_committee(att.data.slot, att.data.index)
-            .unwrap();
-        let indexed_attestation = get_indexed_attestation(committee.committee, att).unwrap();
+        let epoch = att.data().target.epoch;
+        let indexed_attestation = match att {
+            Attestation::Base(att) => {
+                let committee = state
+                    .get_beacon_committee(att.data.slot, att.data.index)
+                    .unwrap();
+                attesting_indices_base::get_indexed_attestation(committee.committee, att).unwrap()
+            }
+            Attestation::Electra(att) => {
+                attesting_indices_electra::get_indexed_attestation_from_state(&state, att).unwrap()
+            }
+        };
 
-        for &index in &indexed_attestation.attesting_indices {
+        for index in match indexed_attestation {
+            IndexedAttestation::Base(att) => att.attesting_indices.into_iter(),
+            IndexedAttestation::Electra(att) => att.attesting_indices.into_iter(),
+        } {
             let index = index as usize;
 
             assert!(harness.chain.validator_seen_at_epoch(index, epoch));
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/payload_invalidation.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/payload_invalidation.rs
index 0c36d21f2ec..4dc7d20e227 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/payload_invalidation.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/payload_invalidation.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use task_executor::ShutdownReason;
-use tree_hash::TreeHash;
 use types::*;
 
 const VALIDATOR_COUNT: usize = 32;
@@ -1193,15 +1192,23 @@ async fn attesting_to_optimistic_head() {
             .produce_unaggregated_attestation(Slot::new(0), 0)
             .unwrap();
 
-        attestation.aggregation_bits.set(0, true).unwrap();
-        attestation.data.slot = slot;
-        attestation.data.beacon_block_root = root;
+        match &mut attestation {
+            Attestation::Base(ref mut att) => {
+                att.aggregation_bits.set(0, true).unwrap();
+            }
+            Attestation::Electra(ref mut att) => {
+                att.aggregation_bits.set(0, true).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+
+        attestation.data_mut().slot = slot;
+        attestation.data_mut().beacon_block_root = root;
 
         rig.harness
             .chain
             .naive_aggregation_pool
             .write()
-            .insert(&attestation)
+            .insert(attestation.to_ref())
             .unwrap();
 
         attestation
@@ -1216,16 +1223,13 @@ async fn attesting_to_optimistic_head() {
     let get_aggregated = || {
         rig.harness
             .chain
-            .get_aggregated_attestation(&attestation.data)
+            .get_aggregated_attestation(attestation.to_ref())
     };
 
     let get_aggregated_by_slot_and_root = || {
         rig.harness
             .chain
-            .get_aggregated_attestation_by_slot_and_root(
-                attestation.data.slot,
-                &attestation.data.tree_hash_root(),
-            )
+            .get_aggregated_attestation(attestation.to_ref())
     };
 
     /*
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/store_tests.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/store_tests.rs
index 5da92573f77..c2468102eed 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/store_tests.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/store_tests.rs
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ async fn epoch_boundary_state_attestation_processing() {
 
     for (attestation, subnet_id) in late_attestations.into_iter().flatten() {
         // load_epoch_boundary_state is idempotent!
-        let block_root = attestation.data.beacon_block_root;
+        let block_root = attestation.data().beacon_block_root;
         let block = store
             .get_blinded_block(&block_root)
             .unwrap()
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ async fn epoch_boundary_state_attestation_processing() {
             .verify_unaggregated_attestation_for_gossip(&attestation, Some(subnet_id));
 
         let current_slot = harness.chain.slot().expect("should get slot");
-        let expected_attestation_slot = attestation.data.slot;
+        let expected_attestation_slot = attestation.data().slot;
         // Extra -1 to handle gossip clock disparity.
         let expected_earliest_permissible_slot = current_slot - E::slots_per_epoch() - 1;
 
@@ -1014,6 +1014,7 @@ async fn multiple_attestations_per_block() {
         .await;
 
     let head = harness.chain.head_snapshot();
+
     let committees_per_slot = head
         .beacon_state
         .get_committee_count_at_slot(head.beacon_state.slot())
@@ -1022,16 +1023,29 @@ async fn multiple_attestations_per_block() {
 
     for snapshot in harness.chain.chain_dump().unwrap() {
         let slot = snapshot.beacon_block.slot();
-        assert_eq!(
-            snapshot
-                .beacon_block
-                .as_ref()
-                .message()
-                .body()
-                .attestations()
-                .len() as u64,
-            if slot <= 1 { 0 } else { committees_per_slot }
-        );
+        let fork_name = harness.chain.spec.fork_name_at_slot::<E>(slot);
+
+        if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+            assert_eq!(
+                snapshot
+                    .beacon_block
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .message()
+                    .body()
+                    .attestations_len() as u64,
+                if slot <= 1 { 0 } else { 1 }
+            );
+        } else {
+            assert_eq!(
+                snapshot
+                    .beacon_block
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .message()
+                    .body()
+                    .attestations_len() as u64,
+                if slot <= 1 { 0 } else { committees_per_slot }
+            );
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/sync_committee_verification.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/sync_committee_verification.rs
index 0e4745ff6b8..242ed558475 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/sync_committee_verification.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/sync_committee_verification.rs
@@ -318,7 +318,6 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
      * The contribution_and_proof.selection_proof is a valid signature of the `SyncAggregatorSelectionData`
      * derived from the contribution by the validator with index `contribution_and_proof.aggregator_index`.
      */
-
     assert_invalid!(
         "aggregate with bad selection proof signature",
         {
@@ -354,7 +353,6 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
      * derived from the participation info in `aggregation_bits` for the subcommittee specified by
      * the `contribution.subcommittee_index`.
      */
-
     assert_invalid!(
         "aggregate with bad aggregate signature",
         {
@@ -450,6 +448,7 @@ async fn aggregated_gossip_verification() {
         root: contribution.beacon_block_root,
         subcommittee_index: contribution.subcommittee_index,
     };
+
     assert_invalid!(
         "aggregate that has already been seen",
         valid_aggregate.clone(),
diff --git a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/tests.rs b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/tests.rs
index 2f496eecd71..2a0854e78f6 100644
--- a/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/beacon_chain/tests/tests.rs
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ async fn attestations_with_increasing_slots() {
             .verify_unaggregated_attestation_for_gossip(&attestation, Some(subnet_id));
 
         let current_slot = harness.chain.slot().expect("should get slot");
-        let expected_attestation_slot = attestation.data.slot;
+        let expected_attestation_slot = attestation.data().slot;
         let expected_earliest_permissible_slot =
             current_slot - MinimalEthSpec::slots_per_epoch() - 1;
 
diff --git a/beacon_node/client/src/notifier.rs b/beacon_node/client/src/notifier.rs
index 7c224671ff3..632188014eb 100644
--- a/beacon_node/client/src/notifier.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/client/src/notifier.rs
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ async fn electra_readiness_logging<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
         .snapshot
         .beacon_state
         .fork_name_unchecked()
-        >= ForkName::Electra;
+        .electra_enabled();
 
     let has_execution_layer = beacon_chain.execution_layer.is_some();
 
diff --git a/beacon_node/execution_layer/src/lib.rs b/beacon_node/execution_layer/src/lib.rs
index 3a744e3e71c..f78803a9098 100644
--- a/beacon_node/execution_layer/src/lib.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/execution_layer/src/lib.rs
@@ -2162,7 +2162,7 @@ fn verify_builder_bid<E: EthSpec>(
         .ok()
         .cloned()
         .map(|withdrawals| Withdrawals::<E>::from(withdrawals).tree_hash_root());
-    let payload_withdrawals_root = header.withdrawals_root().ok().copied();
+    let payload_withdrawals_root = header.withdrawals_root().ok();
 
     if header.parent_hash() != parent_hash {
         Err(Box::new(InvalidBuilderPayload::ParentHash {
diff --git a/beacon_node/http_api/src/block_packing_efficiency.rs b/beacon_node/http_api/src/block_packing_efficiency.rs
index f105fdf0a7d..66c71872786 100644
--- a/beacon_node/http_api/src/block_packing_efficiency.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/http_api/src/block_packing_efficiency.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use types::{
-    BeaconCommittee, BeaconState, BeaconStateError, BlindedPayload, ChainSpec, Epoch, EthSpec,
-    Hash256, OwnedBeaconCommittee, RelativeEpoch, SignedBeaconBlock, Slot,
+    AttestationRef, BeaconCommittee, BeaconState, BeaconStateError, BlindedPayload, ChainSpec,
+    Epoch, EthSpec, Hash256, OwnedBeaconCommittee, RelativeEpoch, SignedBeaconBlock, Slot,
 };
 use warp_utils::reject::{beacon_chain_error, custom_bad_request, custom_server_error};
 
@@ -111,22 +111,45 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> PackingEfficiencyHandler<E> {
         let attestations = block_body.attestations();
 
         let mut attestations_in_block = HashMap::new();
-        for attestation in attestations.iter() {
-            for (position, voted) in attestation.aggregation_bits.iter().enumerate() {
-                if voted {
-                    let unique_attestation = UniqueAttestation {
-                        slot: attestation.data.slot,
-                        committee_index: attestation.data.index,
-                        committee_position: position,
-                    };
-                    let inclusion_distance: u64 = block
-                        .slot()
-                        .as_u64()
-                        .checked_sub(attestation.data.slot.as_u64())
-                        .ok_or(PackingEfficiencyError::InvalidAttestationError)?;
-
-                    self.available_attestations.remove(&unique_attestation);
-                    attestations_in_block.insert(unique_attestation, inclusion_distance);
+        for attestation in attestations {
+            match attestation {
+                AttestationRef::Base(attn) => {
+                    for (position, voted) in attn.aggregation_bits.iter().enumerate() {
+                        if voted {
+                            let unique_attestation = UniqueAttestation {
+                                slot: attn.data.slot,
+                                committee_index: attn.data.index,
+                                committee_position: position,
+                            };
+                            let inclusion_distance: u64 = block
+                                .slot()
+                                .as_u64()
+                                .checked_sub(attn.data.slot.as_u64())
+                                .ok_or(PackingEfficiencyError::InvalidAttestationError)?;
+
+                            self.available_attestations.remove(&unique_attestation);
+                            attestations_in_block.insert(unique_attestation, inclusion_distance);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                AttestationRef::Electra(attn) => {
+                    for (position, voted) in attn.aggregation_bits.iter().enumerate() {
+                        if voted {
+                            let unique_attestation = UniqueAttestation {
+                                slot: attn.data.slot,
+                                committee_index: attn.data.index,
+                                committee_position: position,
+                            };
+                            let inclusion_distance: u64 = block
+                                .slot()
+                                .as_u64()
+                                .checked_sub(attn.data.slot.as_u64())
+                                .ok_or(PackingEfficiencyError::InvalidAttestationError)?;
+
+                            self.available_attestations.remove(&unique_attestation);
+                            attestations_in_block.insert(unique_attestation, inclusion_distance);
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/beacon_node/http_api/src/lib.rs b/beacon_node/http_api/src/lib.rs
index 02db6b6a052..7c8f64a722c 100644
--- a/beacon_node/http_api/src/lib.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/http_api/src/lib.rs
@@ -1635,7 +1635,12 @@ pub fn serve<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
                     let (block, execution_optimistic, finalized) =
                         block_id.blinded_block(&chain)?;
                     Ok(api_types::GenericResponse::from(
-                        block.message().body().attestations().clone(),
+                        block
+                            .message()
+                            .body()
+                            .attestations()
+                            .map(|att| att.clone_as_attestation())
+                            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     )
                     .add_execution_optimistic_finalized(execution_optimistic, finalized))
                 })
@@ -1799,7 +1804,7 @@ pub fn serve<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
                             .naive_aggregation_pool
                             .read()
                             .iter()
-                            .filter(|&att| query_filter(&att.data))
+                            .filter(|&att| query_filter(att.data()))
                             .cloned(),
                     );
                     Ok(api_types::GenericResponse::from(attestations))
@@ -1833,7 +1838,7 @@ pub fn serve<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
                     chain
                         .validator_monitor
                         .read()
-                        .register_api_attester_slashing(&slashing);
+                        .register_api_attester_slashing(slashing.to_ref());
 
                     if let ObservationOutcome::New(slashing) = outcome {
                         publish_pubsub_message(
@@ -3162,7 +3167,7 @@ pub fn serve<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
 
                     chain
                         .produce_unaggregated_attestation(query.slot, query.committee_index)
-                        .map(|attestation| attestation.data)
+                        .map(|attestation| attestation.data().clone())
                         .map(api_types::GenericResponse::from)
                         .map_err(warp_utils::reject::beacon_chain_error)
                 })
@@ -3186,7 +3191,7 @@ pub fn serve<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
                 task_spawner.blocking_json_task(Priority::P0, move || {
                     not_synced_filter?;
                     chain
-                        .get_aggregated_attestation_by_slot_and_root(
+                        .get_pre_electra_aggregated_attestation_by_slot_and_root(
                             query.slot,
                             &query.attestation_data_root,
                         )
@@ -3363,9 +3368,9 @@ pub fn serve<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
                                     "Failure verifying aggregate and proofs";
                                     "error" => format!("{:?}", e),
                                     "request_index" => index,
-                                    "aggregator_index" => aggregate.message.aggregator_index,
-                                    "attestation_index" => aggregate.message.aggregate.data.index,
-                                    "attestation_slot" => aggregate.message.aggregate.data.slot,
+                                    "aggregator_index" => aggregate.message().aggregator_index(),
+                                    "attestation_index" => aggregate.message().aggregate().committee_index(),
+                                    "attestation_slot" => aggregate.message().aggregate().data().slot,
                                 );
                                 failures.push(api_types::Failure::new(index, format!("Verification: {:?}", e)));
                             }
@@ -3384,9 +3389,9 @@ pub fn serve<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
                                     "Failure applying verified aggregate attestation to fork choice";
                                     "error" => format!("{:?}", e),
                                     "request_index" => index,
-                                    "aggregator_index" => verified_aggregate.aggregate().message.aggregator_index,
-                                    "attestation_index" => verified_aggregate.attestation().data.index,
-                                    "attestation_slot" => verified_aggregate.attestation().data.slot,
+                                    "aggregator_index" => verified_aggregate.aggregate().message().aggregator_index(),
+                                    "attestation_index" => verified_aggregate.attestation().committee_index(),
+                                    "attestation_slot" => verified_aggregate.attestation().data().slot,
                                 );
                             failures.push(api_types::Failure::new(index, format!("Fork choice: {:?}", e)));
                         }
diff --git a/beacon_node/http_api/src/publish_attestations.rs b/beacon_node/http_api/src/publish_attestations.rs
index ed7f1ed17c9..00654765325 100644
--- a/beacon_node/http_api/src/publish_attestations.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/http_api/src/publish_attestations.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn verify_and_publish_attestation<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
         .send(NetworkMessage::Publish {
             messages: vec![PubsubMessage::Attestation(Box::new((
                 attestation.subnet_id(),
-                attestation.attestation().clone(),
+                attestation.attestation().clone_as_attestation(),
             )))],
         })
         .map_err(|_| Error::Publication)?;
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pub async fn publish_attestations<T: BeaconChainTypes>(
     // move the `attestations` vec into the blocking task, so this small overhead is unavoidable.
     let attestation_metadata = attestations
         .iter()
-        .map(|att| (att.data.slot, att.data.index))
+        .map(|att| (att.data().slot, att.committee_index()))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     // Gossip validate and publish attestations that can be immediately processed.
diff --git a/beacon_node/http_api/tests/tests.rs b/beacon_node/http_api/tests/tests.rs
index bf5dbe359eb..86f2096224b 100644
--- a/beacon_node/http_api/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/http_api/tests/tests.rs
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ use tokio::time::Duration;
 use tree_hash::TreeHash;
 use types::application_domain::ApplicationDomain;
 use types::{
-    AggregateSignature, BitList, Domain, EthSpec, ExecutionBlockHash, Hash256, Keypair,
-    MainnetEthSpec, RelativeEpoch, SelectionProof, SignedRoot, Slot,
+    attestation::AttestationBase, AggregateSignature, BitList, Domain, EthSpec, ExecutionBlockHash,
+    Hash256, Keypair, MainnetEthSpec, RelativeEpoch, SelectionProof, SignedRoot, Slot,
 };
 
 type E = MainnetEthSpec;
@@ -1640,7 +1640,13 @@ impl ApiTester {
 
             let expected = block_id.full_block(&self.chain).await.ok().map(
                 |(block, _execution_optimistic, _finalized)| {
-                    block.message().body().attestations().clone().into()
+                    block
+                        .message()
+                        .body()
+                        .attestations()
+                        .map(|att| att.clone_as_attestation())
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .into()
                 },
             );
 
@@ -1676,7 +1682,7 @@ impl ApiTester {
         let mut attestations = Vec::new();
         for attestation in &self.attestations {
             let mut invalid_attestation = attestation.clone();
-            invalid_attestation.data.slot += 1;
+            invalid_attestation.data_mut().slot += 1;
 
             // add both to ensure we only fail on invalid attestations
             attestations.push(attestation.clone());
@@ -1800,7 +1806,14 @@ impl ApiTester {
 
     pub async fn test_post_beacon_pool_attester_slashings_invalid(mut self) -> Self {
         let mut slashing = self.attester_slashing.clone();
-        slashing.attestation_1.data.slot += 1;
+        match &mut slashing {
+            AttesterSlashing::Base(ref mut slashing) => {
+                slashing.attestation_1.data.slot += 1;
+            }
+            AttesterSlashing::Electra(ref mut slashing) => {
+                slashing.attestation_1.data.slot += 1;
+            }
+        }
 
         self.client
             .post_beacon_pool_attester_slashings(&slashing)
@@ -3175,7 +3188,8 @@ impl ApiTester {
                 .chain
                 .produce_unaggregated_attestation(slot, index)
                 .unwrap()
-                .data;
+                .data()
+                .clone();
 
             assert_eq!(result, expected);
         }
@@ -3189,14 +3203,16 @@ impl ApiTester {
             .head_beacon_block()
             .message()
             .body()
-            .attestations()[0]
-            .clone();
+            .attestations()
+            .next()
+            .unwrap()
+            .clone_as_attestation();
 
         let result = self
             .client
             .get_validator_aggregate_attestation(
-                attestation.data.slot,
-                attestation.data.tree_hash_root(),
+                attestation.data().slot,
+                attestation.data().tree_hash_root(),
             )
             .await
             .unwrap()
@@ -3276,11 +3292,12 @@ impl ApiTester {
             .unwrap()
             .data;
 
-        let mut attestation = Attestation {
+        // TODO(electra) make fork-agnostic
+        let mut attestation = Attestation::Base(AttestationBase {
             aggregation_bits: BitList::with_capacity(duty.committee_length as usize).unwrap(),
             data: attestation_data,
             signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
-        };
+        });
 
         attestation
             .sign(
@@ -3294,7 +3311,7 @@ impl ApiTester {
 
         SignedAggregateAndProof::from_aggregate(
             i as u64,
-            attestation,
+            attestation.to_ref(),
             Some(proof),
             &kp.sk,
             &fork,
@@ -3318,8 +3335,14 @@ impl ApiTester {
 
     pub async fn test_get_validator_aggregate_and_proofs_invalid(mut self) -> Self {
         let mut aggregate = self.get_aggregate().await;
-
-        aggregate.message.aggregate.data.slot += 1;
+        match &mut aggregate {
+            SignedAggregateAndProof::Base(ref mut aggregate) => {
+                aggregate.message.aggregate.data.slot += 1;
+            }
+            SignedAggregateAndProof::Electra(ref mut aggregate) => {
+                aggregate.message.aggregate.data.slot += 1;
+            }
+        }
 
         self.client
             .post_validator_aggregate_and_proof::<E>(&[aggregate])
diff --git a/beacon_node/lighthouse_network/src/types/pubsub.rs b/beacon_node/lighthouse_network/src/types/pubsub.rs
index ed63ad014c9..b443ecd1b9b 100644
--- a/beacon_node/lighthouse_network/src/types/pubsub.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/lighthouse_network/src/types/pubsub.rs
@@ -7,12 +7,14 @@ use ssz::{Decode, Encode};
 use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use types::{
-    Attestation, AttesterSlashing, BlobSidecar, EthSpec, ForkContext, ForkName,
+    Attestation, AttestationBase, AttestationElectra, AttesterSlashing, AttesterSlashingBase,
+    AttesterSlashingElectra, BlobSidecar, EthSpec, ForkContext, ForkName,
     LightClientFinalityUpdate, LightClientOptimisticUpdate, ProposerSlashing,
-    SignedAggregateAndProof, SignedBeaconBlock, SignedBeaconBlockAltair, SignedBeaconBlockBase,
-    SignedBeaconBlockBellatrix, SignedBeaconBlockCapella, SignedBeaconBlockDeneb,
-    SignedBeaconBlockElectra, SignedBlsToExecutionChange, SignedContributionAndProof,
-    SignedVoluntaryExit, SubnetId, SyncCommitteeMessage, SyncSubnetId,
+    SignedAggregateAndProof, SignedAggregateAndProofBase, SignedAggregateAndProofElectra,
+    SignedBeaconBlock, SignedBeaconBlockAltair, SignedBeaconBlockBase, SignedBeaconBlockBellatrix,
+    SignedBeaconBlockCapella, SignedBeaconBlockDeneb, SignedBeaconBlockElectra,
+    SignedBlsToExecutionChange, SignedContributionAndProof, SignedVoluntaryExit, SubnetId,
+    SyncCommitteeMessage, SyncSubnetId,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
@@ -154,15 +156,55 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> PubsubMessage<E> {
                 // the ssz decoders
                 match gossip_topic.kind() {
                     GossipKind::BeaconAggregateAndProof => {
-                        let agg_and_proof = SignedAggregateAndProof::from_ssz_bytes(data)
-                            .map_err(|e| format!("{:?}", e))?;
+                        let signed_aggregate_and_proof =
+                            match fork_context.from_context_bytes(gossip_topic.fork_digest) {
+                                Some(&fork_name) => {
+                                    if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+                                        SignedAggregateAndProof::Electra(
+                                            SignedAggregateAndProofElectra::from_ssz_bytes(data)
+                                                .map_err(|e| format!("{:?}", e))?,
+                                        )
+                                    } else {
+                                        SignedAggregateAndProof::Base(
+                                            SignedAggregateAndProofBase::from_ssz_bytes(data)
+                                                .map_err(|e| format!("{:?}", e))?,
+                                        )
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                None => {
+                                    return Err(format!(
+                                        "Unknown gossipsub fork digest: {:?}",
+                                        gossip_topic.fork_digest
+                                    ))
+                                }
+                            };
                         Ok(PubsubMessage::AggregateAndProofAttestation(Box::new(
-                            agg_and_proof,
+                            signed_aggregate_and_proof,
                         )))
                     }
                     GossipKind::Attestation(subnet_id) => {
                         let attestation =
-                            Attestation::from_ssz_bytes(data).map_err(|e| format!("{:?}", e))?;
+                            match fork_context.from_context_bytes(gossip_topic.fork_digest) {
+                                Some(&fork_name) => {
+                                    if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+                                        Attestation::Electra(
+                                            AttestationElectra::from_ssz_bytes(data)
+                                                .map_err(|e| format!("{:?}", e))?,
+                                        )
+                                    } else {
+                                        Attestation::Base(
+                                            AttestationBase::from_ssz_bytes(data)
+                                                .map_err(|e| format!("{:?}", e))?,
+                                        )
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                None => {
+                                    return Err(format!(
+                                        "Unknown gossipsub fork digest: {:?}",
+                                        gossip_topic.fork_digest
+                                    ))
+                                }
+                            };
                         Ok(PubsubMessage::Attestation(Box::new((
                             *subnet_id,
                             attestation,
@@ -239,8 +281,28 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> PubsubMessage<E> {
                         Ok(PubsubMessage::ProposerSlashing(Box::new(proposer_slashing)))
                     }
                     GossipKind::AttesterSlashing => {
-                        let attester_slashing = AttesterSlashing::from_ssz_bytes(data)
-                            .map_err(|e| format!("{:?}", e))?;
+                        let attester_slashing =
+                            match fork_context.from_context_bytes(gossip_topic.fork_digest) {
+                                Some(&fork_name) => {
+                                    if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+                                        AttesterSlashing::Electra(
+                                            AttesterSlashingElectra::from_ssz_bytes(data)
+                                                .map_err(|e| format!("{:?}", e))?,
+                                        )
+                                    } else {
+                                        AttesterSlashing::Base(
+                                            AttesterSlashingBase::from_ssz_bytes(data)
+                                                .map_err(|e| format!("{:?}", e))?,
+                                        )
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                None => {
+                                    return Err(format!(
+                                        "Unknown gossipsub fork digest: {:?}",
+                                        gossip_topic.fork_digest
+                                    ))
+                                }
+                            };
                         Ok(PubsubMessage::AttesterSlashing(Box::new(attester_slashing)))
                     }
                     GossipKind::SignedContributionAndProof => {
@@ -342,15 +404,17 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> std::fmt::Display for PubsubMessage<E> {
             ),
             PubsubMessage::AggregateAndProofAttestation(att) => write!(
                 f,
-                "Aggregate and Proof: slot: {}, index: {}, aggregator_index: {}",
-                att.message.aggregate.data.slot,
-                att.message.aggregate.data.index,
-                att.message.aggregator_index,
+                "Aggregate and Proof: slot: {}, index: {:?}, aggregator_index: {}",
+                att.message().aggregate().data().slot,
+                att.message().aggregate().committee_index(),
+                att.message().aggregator_index(),
             ),
             PubsubMessage::Attestation(data) => write!(
                 f,
-                "Attestation: subnet_id: {}, attestation_slot: {}, attestation_index: {}",
-                *data.0, data.1.data.slot, data.1.data.index,
+                "Attestation: subnet_id: {}, attestation_slot: {}, attestation_index: {:?}",
+                *data.0,
+                data.1.data().slot,
+                data.1.committee_index(),
             ),
             PubsubMessage::VoluntaryExit(_data) => write!(f, "Voluntary Exit"),
             PubsubMessage::ProposerSlashing(_data) => write!(f, "Proposer Slashing"),
diff --git a/beacon_node/network/src/network_beacon_processor/gossip_methods.rs b/beacon_node/network/src/network_beacon_processor/gossip_methods.rs
index f178fa56c36..8baa0f773db 100644
--- a/beacon_node/network/src/network_beacon_processor/gossip_methods.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/network/src/network_beacon_processor/gossip_methods.rs
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ use std::time::{Duration, Instant, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 use store::hot_cold_store::HotColdDBError;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 use types::{
-    beacon_block::BlockImportSource, Attestation, AttesterSlashing, BlobSidecar, EthSpec, Hash256,
-    IndexedAttestation, LightClientFinalityUpdate, LightClientOptimisticUpdate, ProposerSlashing,
-    SignedAggregateAndProof, SignedBeaconBlock, SignedBlsToExecutionChange,
+    beacon_block::BlockImportSource, Attestation, AttestationRef, AttesterSlashing, BlobSidecar,
+    EthSpec, Hash256, IndexedAttestation, LightClientFinalityUpdate, LightClientOptimisticUpdate,
+    ProposerSlashing, SignedAggregateAndProof, SignedBeaconBlock, SignedBlsToExecutionChange,
     SignedContributionAndProof, SignedVoluntaryExit, Slot, SubnetId, SyncCommitteeMessage,
     SyncSubnetId,
 };
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ struct VerifiedUnaggregate<T: BeaconChainTypes> {
 /// This implementation allows `Self` to be imported to fork choice and other functions on the
 /// `BeaconChain`.
 impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAttestation<T> for VerifiedUnaggregate<T> {
-    fn attestation(&self) -> &Attestation<T::EthSpec> {
-        &self.attestation
+    fn attestation(&self) -> AttestationRef<T::EthSpec> {
+        self.attestation.to_ref()
     }
 
     fn indexed_attestation(&self) -> &IndexedAttestation<T::EthSpec> {
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAttestation<T> for VerifiedUnaggregate<T> {
 
     fn into_attestation_and_indices(self) -> (Attestation<T::EthSpec>, Vec<u64>) {
         let attestation = *self.attestation;
-        let attesting_indices = self.indexed_attestation.attesting_indices.into();
+        let attesting_indices = self.indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_to_vec();
         (attestation, attesting_indices)
     }
 }
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ struct VerifiedAggregate<T: BeaconChainTypes> {
 /// This implementation allows `Self` to be imported to fork choice and other functions on the
 /// `BeaconChain`.
 impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAttestation<T> for VerifiedAggregate<T> {
-    fn attestation(&self) -> &Attestation<T::EthSpec> {
-        &self.signed_aggregate.message.aggregate
+    fn attestation(&self) -> AttestationRef<T::EthSpec> {
+        self.signed_aggregate.message().aggregate()
     }
 
     fn indexed_attestation(&self) -> &IndexedAttestation<T::EthSpec> {
@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAttestation<T> for VerifiedAggregate<T> {
 
     /// Efficient clone-free implementation that moves out of the `Box`.
     fn into_attestation_and_indices(self) -> (Attestation<T::EthSpec>, Vec<u64>) {
-        let attestation = self.signed_aggregate.message.aggregate;
-        let attesting_indices = self.indexed_attestation.attesting_indices.into();
+        let attestation = self.signed_aggregate.into_attestation();
+        let attesting_indices = self.indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_to_vec();
         (attestation, attesting_indices)
     }
 }
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ enum FailedAtt<E: EthSpec> {
 
 impl<E: EthSpec> FailedAtt<E> {
     pub fn beacon_block_root(&self) -> &Hash256 {
-        &self.attestation().data.beacon_block_root
+        &self.attestation().data().beacon_block_root
     }
 
     pub fn kind(&self) -> &'static str {
@@ -143,10 +143,10 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> FailedAtt<E> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn attestation(&self) -> &Attestation<E> {
+    pub fn attestation(&self) -> AttestationRef<E> {
         match self {
-            FailedAtt::Unaggregate { attestation, .. } => attestation,
-            FailedAtt::Aggregate { attestation, .. } => &attestation.message.aggregate,
+            FailedAtt::Unaggregate { attestation, .. } => attestation.to_ref(),
+            FailedAtt::Aggregate { attestation, .. } => attestation.message().aggregate(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> NetworkBeaconProcessor<T> {
         match result {
             Ok(verified_attestation) => {
                 let indexed_attestation = &verified_attestation.indexed_attestation;
-                let beacon_block_root = indexed_attestation.data.beacon_block_root;
+                let beacon_block_root = indexed_attestation.data().beacon_block_root;
 
                 // Register the attestation with any monitored validators.
                 self.chain
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> NetworkBeaconProcessor<T> {
         reprocess_tx: Option<mpsc::Sender<ReprocessQueueMessage>>,
         seen_timestamp: Duration,
     ) {
-        let beacon_block_root = aggregate.message.aggregate.data.beacon_block_root;
+        let beacon_block_root = aggregate.message().aggregate().data().beacon_block_root;
 
         let result = match self
             .chain
@@ -1476,7 +1476,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> NetworkBeaconProcessor<T> {
         self.chain
             .validator_monitor
             .read()
-            .register_gossip_attester_slashing(slashing.as_inner());
+            .register_gossip_attester_slashing(slashing.as_inner().to_ref());
 
         self.chain.import_attester_slashing(slashing);
         debug!(self.log, "Successfully imported attester slashing");
@@ -2077,6 +2077,27 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> NetworkBeaconProcessor<T> {
                     "attn_val_index_too_high",
                 );
             }
+            AttnError::CommitteeIndexNonZero(index) => {
+                /*
+                 * The validator index is not set to zero after Electra.
+                 *
+                 * The peer has published an invalid consensus message.
+                 */
+                debug!(
+                    self.log,
+                    "Committee index non zero";
+                    "peer_id" => %peer_id,
+                    "block" => ?beacon_block_root,
+                    "type" => ?attestation_type,
+                    "committee_index" => index,
+                );
+                self.propagate_validation_result(message_id, peer_id, MessageAcceptance::Reject);
+                self.gossip_penalize_peer(
+                    peer_id,
+                    PeerAction::LowToleranceError,
+                    "attn_comm_index_non_zero",
+                );
+            }
             AttnError::UnknownHeadBlock { beacon_block_root } => {
                 trace!(
                     self.log,
@@ -2232,6 +2253,19 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> NetworkBeaconProcessor<T> {
                     "attn_too_many_agg_bits",
                 );
             }
+            AttnError::NotExactlyOneCommitteeBitSet(_) => {
+                /*
+                 * The attestation doesn't have only one committee bit set.
+                 *
+                 * The peer has published an invalid consensus message.
+                 */
+                self.propagate_validation_result(message_id, peer_id, MessageAcceptance::Reject);
+                self.gossip_penalize_peer(
+                    peer_id,
+                    PeerAction::LowToleranceError,
+                    "attn_too_many_comm_bits",
+                );
+            }
             AttnError::AttestsToFutureBlock { .. } => {
                 /*
                  * The beacon_block_root is from a higher slot than the attestation.
@@ -2330,7 +2364,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> NetworkBeaconProcessor<T> {
                     self.log,
                     "Ignored attestation to finalized block";
                     "block_root" => ?beacon_block_root,
-                    "attestation_slot" => failed_att.attestation().data.slot,
+                    "attestation_slot" => failed_att.attestation().data().slot,
                 );
 
                 self.propagate_validation_result(message_id, peer_id, MessageAcceptance::Ignore);
@@ -2353,9 +2387,9 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> NetworkBeaconProcessor<T> {
                 debug!(
                     self.log,
                     "Dropping attestation";
-                    "target_root" => ?failed_att.attestation().data.target.root,
+                    "target_root" => ?failed_att.attestation().data().target.root,
                     "beacon_block_root" => ?beacon_block_root,
-                    "slot" => ?failed_att.attestation().data.slot,
+                    "slot" => ?failed_att.attestation().data().slot,
                     "type" => ?attestation_type,
                     "error" => ?e,
                     "peer_id" => % peer_id
@@ -2374,7 +2408,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> NetworkBeaconProcessor<T> {
                     self.log,
                     "Unable to validate attestation";
                     "beacon_block_root" => ?beacon_block_root,
-                    "slot" => ?failed_att.attestation().data.slot,
+                    "slot" => ?failed_att.attestation().data().slot,
                     "type" => ?attestation_type,
                     "peer_id" => %peer_id,
                     "error" => ?e,
@@ -2771,7 +2805,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> NetworkBeaconProcessor<T> {
     /// timely), propagate it on gossip. Otherwise, ignore it.
     fn propagate_attestation_if_timely(
         &self,
-        attestation: &Attestation<T::EthSpec>,
+        attestation: AttestationRef<T::EthSpec>,
         message_id: MessageId,
         peer_id: PeerId,
     ) {
diff --git a/beacon_node/network/src/network_beacon_processor/mod.rs b/beacon_node/network/src/network_beacon_processor/mod.rs
index cabe39f9292..ccdbb10720c 100644
--- a/beacon_node/network/src/network_beacon_processor/mod.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/network/src/network_beacon_processor/mod.rs
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> NetworkBeaconProcessor<T> {
             processor.process_gossip_aggregate_batch(aggregates, Some(reprocess_tx))
         };
 
-        let beacon_block_root = aggregate.message.aggregate.data.beacon_block_root;
+        let beacon_block_root = aggregate.message().aggregate().data().beacon_block_root;
         self.try_send(BeaconWorkEvent {
             drop_during_sync: true,
             work: Work::GossipAggregate {
diff --git a/beacon_node/network/src/subnet_service/attestation_subnets.rs b/beacon_node/network/src/subnet_service/attestation_subnets.rs
index 92c6bb6c3ea..830c43cbb18 100644
--- a/beacon_node/network/src/subnet_service/attestation_subnets.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/network/src/subnet_service/attestation_subnets.rs
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ impl<T: BeaconChainTypes> AttestationService<T> {
             .map(|tracked_vals| {
                 tracked_vals.contains_key(&ExactSubnet {
                     subnet_id: subnet,
-                    slot: attestation.data.slot,
+                    slot: attestation.data().slot,
                 })
             })
             .unwrap_or(true)
diff --git a/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/attestation.rs b/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/attestation.rs
index 5c6f684e722..97d0583e345 100644
--- a/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/attestation.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/attestation.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use crate::attestation_storage::AttestationRef;
+use crate::attestation_storage::{CompactAttestationRef, CompactIndexedAttestation};
 use crate::max_cover::MaxCover;
 use crate::reward_cache::RewardCache;
 use state_processing::common::{
-    base, get_attestation_participation_flag_indices, get_attesting_indices,
+    attesting_indices_base::get_attesting_indices, base, get_attestation_participation_flag_indices,
 };
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use types::{
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ use types::{
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct AttMaxCover<'a, E: EthSpec> {
     /// Underlying attestation.
-    pub att: AttestationRef<'a, E>,
+    pub att: CompactAttestationRef<'a, E>,
     /// Mapping of validator indices and their rewards.
     pub fresh_validators_rewards: HashMap<u64, u64>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, E: EthSpec> AttMaxCover<'a, E> {
     pub fn new(
-        att: AttestationRef<'a, E>,
+        att: CompactAttestationRef<'a, E>,
         state: &BeaconState<E>,
         reward_cache: &'a RewardCache,
         total_active_balance: u64,
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ impl<'a, E: EthSpec> AttMaxCover<'a, E> {
 
     /// Initialise an attestation cover object for base/phase0 hard fork.
     pub fn new_for_base(
-        att: AttestationRef<'a, E>,
+        att: CompactAttestationRef<'a, E>,
         state: &BeaconState<E>,
         base_state: &BeaconStateBase<E>,
         total_active_balance: u64,
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ impl<'a, E: EthSpec> AttMaxCover<'a, E> {
 
     /// Initialise an attestation cover object for Altair or later.
     pub fn new_for_altair_deneb(
-        att: AttestationRef<'a, E>,
+        att: CompactAttestationRef<'a, E>,
         state: &BeaconState<E>,
         reward_cache: &'a RewardCache,
         spec: &ChainSpec,
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl<'a, E: EthSpec> AttMaxCover<'a, E> {
 
         let fresh_validators_rewards = att
             .indexed
-            .attesting_indices
+            .attesting_indices()
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|&index| {
                 if reward_cache
@@ -119,14 +119,14 @@ impl<'a, E: EthSpec> AttMaxCover<'a, E> {
 
 impl<'a, E: EthSpec> MaxCover for AttMaxCover<'a, E> {
     type Object = Attestation<E>;
-    type Intermediate = AttestationRef<'a, E>;
+    type Intermediate = CompactAttestationRef<'a, E>;
     type Set = HashMap<u64, u64>;
 
-    fn intermediate(&self) -> &AttestationRef<'a, E> {
+    fn intermediate(&self) -> &CompactAttestationRef<'a, E> {
         &self.att
     }
 
-    fn convert_to_object(att_ref: &AttestationRef<'a, E>) -> Attestation<E> {
+    fn convert_to_object(att_ref: &CompactAttestationRef<'a, E>) -> Attestation<E> {
         att_ref.clone_as_attestation()
     }
 
@@ -144,9 +144,16 @@ impl<'a, E: EthSpec> MaxCover for AttMaxCover<'a, E> {
     /// because including two attestations on chain to satisfy different participation bits is
     /// impossible without the validator double voting. I.e. it is only suboptimal in the presence
     /// of slashable voting, which is rare.
+    ///
+    /// Post-Electra this optimisation is still OK. The `self.att.data.index` will always be 0 for
+    /// all Electra attestations, so when a new attestation is added to the solution, we will
+    /// remove its validators from all attestations at the same slot. It may happen that the
+    /// included attestation and the attestation being updated have no validators in common, in
+    /// which case the `retain` will be a no-op. We could consider optimising this in future by only
+    /// executing the `retain` when the `committee_bits` of the two attestations intersect.
     fn update_covering_set(
         &mut self,
-        best_att: &AttestationRef<'a, E>,
+        best_att: &CompactAttestationRef<'a, E>,
         covered_validators: &HashMap<u64, u64>,
     ) {
         if self.att.data.slot == best_att.data.slot && self.att.data.index == best_att.data.index {
@@ -170,12 +177,16 @@ impl<'a, E: EthSpec> MaxCover for AttMaxCover<'a, E> {
 ///
 /// This isn't optimal, but with the Altair fork this code is obsolete and not worth upgrading.
 pub fn earliest_attestation_validators<E: EthSpec>(
-    attestation: &AttestationRef<E>,
+    attestation: &CompactAttestationRef<E>,
     state: &BeaconState<E>,
     base_state: &BeaconStateBase<E>,
 ) -> BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee> {
     // Bitfield of validators whose attestations are new/fresh.
-    let mut new_validators = attestation.indexed.aggregation_bits.clone();
+    let mut new_validators = match attestation.indexed {
+        CompactIndexedAttestation::Base(indexed_att) => indexed_att.aggregation_bits.clone(),
+        // This code path is obsolete post altair fork, so we just return an empty bitlist here.
+        CompactIndexedAttestation::Electra(_) => return BitList::with_capacity(0).unwrap(),
+    };
 
     let state_attestations = if attestation.checkpoint.target_epoch == state.current_epoch() {
         &base_state.current_epoch_attestations
diff --git a/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/attestation_storage.rs b/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/attestation_storage.rs
index 43fdf3923bd..4de9d351f3c 100644
--- a/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/attestation_storage.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/attestation_storage.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 use crate::AttestationStats;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use types::{
-    AggregateSignature, Attestation, AttestationData, BeaconState, BitList, Checkpoint, Epoch,
-    EthSpec, Hash256, Slot,
+    attestation::{AttestationBase, AttestationElectra},
+    superstruct, AggregateSignature, Attestation, AttestationData, BeaconState, BitList, BitVector,
+    Checkpoint, Epoch, EthSpec, Hash256, Slot, Unsigned,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -20,11 +21,17 @@ pub struct CompactAttestationData {
     pub target_root: Hash256,
 }
 
+#[superstruct(variants(Base, Electra), variant_attributes(derive(Debug, PartialEq,)))]
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct CompactIndexedAttestation<E: EthSpec> {
     pub attesting_indices: Vec<u64>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Base), partial_getter(rename = "aggregation_bits_base"))]
     pub aggregation_bits: BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra), partial_getter(rename = "aggregation_bits_electra"))]
+    pub aggregation_bits: BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerSlot>,
     pub signature: AggregateSignature,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra))]
+    pub committee_bits: BitVector<E::MaxCommitteesPerSlot>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -35,7 +42,7 @@ pub struct SplitAttestation<E: EthSpec> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct AttestationRef<'a, E: EthSpec> {
+pub struct CompactAttestationRef<'a, E: EthSpec> {
     pub checkpoint: &'a CheckpointKey,
     pub data: &'a CompactAttestationData,
     pub indexed: &'a CompactIndexedAttestation<E>,
@@ -54,20 +61,34 @@ pub struct AttestationDataMap<E: EthSpec> {
 impl<E: EthSpec> SplitAttestation<E> {
     pub fn new(attestation: Attestation<E>, attesting_indices: Vec<u64>) -> Self {
         let checkpoint = CheckpointKey {
-            source: attestation.data.source,
-            target_epoch: attestation.data.target.epoch,
+            source: attestation.data().source,
+            target_epoch: attestation.data().target.epoch,
         };
         let data = CompactAttestationData {
-            slot: attestation.data.slot,
-            index: attestation.data.index,
-            beacon_block_root: attestation.data.beacon_block_root,
-            target_root: attestation.data.target.root,
+            slot: attestation.data().slot,
+            index: attestation.data().index,
+            beacon_block_root: attestation.data().beacon_block_root,
+            target_root: attestation.data().target.root,
         };
-        let indexed = CompactIndexedAttestation {
-            attesting_indices,
-            aggregation_bits: attestation.aggregation_bits,
-            signature: attestation.signature,
+
+        let indexed = match attestation.clone() {
+            Attestation::Base(attn) => {
+                CompactIndexedAttestation::Base(CompactIndexedAttestationBase {
+                    attesting_indices,
+                    aggregation_bits: attn.aggregation_bits,
+                    signature: attestation.signature().clone(),
+                })
+            }
+            Attestation::Electra(attn) => {
+                CompactIndexedAttestation::Electra(CompactIndexedAttestationElectra {
+                    attesting_indices,
+                    aggregation_bits: attn.aggregation_bits,
+                    signature: attestation.signature().clone(),
+                    committee_bits: attn.committee_bits,
+                })
+            }
         };
+
         Self {
             checkpoint,
             data,
@@ -75,8 +96,8 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SplitAttestation<E> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> AttestationRef<E> {
-        AttestationRef {
+    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> CompactAttestationRef<E> {
+        CompactAttestationRef {
             checkpoint: &self.checkpoint,
             data: &self.data,
             indexed: &self.indexed,
@@ -84,7 +105,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SplitAttestation<E> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, E: EthSpec> AttestationRef<'a, E> {
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> CompactAttestationRef<'a, E> {
     pub fn attestation_data(&self) -> AttestationData {
         AttestationData {
             slot: self.data.slot,
@@ -99,10 +120,20 @@ impl<'a, E: EthSpec> AttestationRef<'a, E> {
     }
 
     pub fn clone_as_attestation(&self) -> Attestation<E> {
-        Attestation {
-            aggregation_bits: self.indexed.aggregation_bits.clone(),
-            data: self.attestation_data(),
-            signature: self.indexed.signature.clone(),
+        match self.indexed {
+            CompactIndexedAttestation::Base(indexed_att) => Attestation::Base(AttestationBase {
+                aggregation_bits: indexed_att.aggregation_bits.clone(),
+                data: self.attestation_data(),
+                signature: indexed_att.signature.clone(),
+            }),
+            CompactIndexedAttestation::Electra(indexed_att) => {
+                Attestation::Electra(AttestationElectra {
+                    aggregation_bits: indexed_att.aggregation_bits.clone(),
+                    data: self.attestation_data(),
+                    signature: indexed_att.signature.clone(),
+                    committee_bits: indexed_att.committee_bits.clone(),
+                })
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -125,7 +156,37 @@ impl CheckpointKey {
 }
 
 impl<E: EthSpec> CompactIndexedAttestation<E> {
-    pub fn signers_disjoint_from(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+    pub fn should_aggregate(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (CompactIndexedAttestation::Base(this), CompactIndexedAttestation::Base(other)) => {
+                this.should_aggregate(other)
+            }
+            (
+                CompactIndexedAttestation::Electra(this),
+                CompactIndexedAttestation::Electra(other),
+            ) => this.should_aggregate(other),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if aggregated, otherwise `false`.
+    pub fn aggregate(&mut self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (CompactIndexedAttestation::Base(this), CompactIndexedAttestation::Base(other)) => {
+                this.aggregate(other);
+                true
+            }
+            (
+                CompactIndexedAttestation::Electra(this),
+                CompactIndexedAttestation::Electra(other),
+            ) => this.aggregate_same_committee(other),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: EthSpec> CompactIndexedAttestationBase<E> {
+    pub fn should_aggregate(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         self.aggregation_bits
             .intersection(&other.aggregation_bits)
             .is_zero()
@@ -143,13 +204,108 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> CompactIndexedAttestation<E> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<E: EthSpec> CompactIndexedAttestationElectra<E> {
+    pub fn should_aggregate(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        // For Electra, only aggregate attestations in the same committee.
+        self.committee_bits == other.committee_bits
+            && self
+                .aggregation_bits
+                .intersection(&other.aggregation_bits)
+                .is_zero()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if aggregated, otherwise `false`.
+    pub fn aggregate_same_committee(&mut self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        if self.committee_bits != other.committee_bits {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.aggregation_bits = self.aggregation_bits.union(&other.aggregation_bits);
+        self.attesting_indices = self
+            .attesting_indices
+            .drain(..)
+            .merge(other.attesting_indices.iter().copied())
+            .dedup()
+            .collect();
+        self.signature.add_assign_aggregate(&other.signature);
+        true
+    }
+
+    pub fn aggregate_with_disjoint_committees(&mut self, other: &Self) -> Option<()> {
+        if !self
+            .committee_bits
+            .intersection(&other.committee_bits)
+            .is_zero()
+        {
+            return None;
+        }
+        // The attestation being aggregated in must only have 1 committee bit set.
+        if other.committee_bits.num_set_bits() != 1 {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // Check we are aggregating in increasing committee index order (so we can append
+        // aggregation bits).
+        if self.committee_bits.highest_set_bit() >= other.committee_bits.highest_set_bit() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        self.committee_bits = self.committee_bits.union(&other.committee_bits);
+        if let Some(agg_bits) = bitlist_extend(&self.aggregation_bits, &other.aggregation_bits) {
+            self.aggregation_bits = agg_bits;
+
+            self.attesting_indices = self
+                .attesting_indices
+                .drain(..)
+                .merge(other.attesting_indices.iter().copied())
+                .dedup()
+                .collect();
+            self.signature.add_assign_aggregate(&other.signature);
+
+            return Some(());
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub fn committee_index(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+        self.get_committee_indices().first().copied()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_committee_indices(&self) -> Vec<u64> {
+        self.committee_bits
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(index, bit)| if bit { Some(index as u64) } else { None })
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO(electra): upstream this or a more efficient implementation
+fn bitlist_extend<N: Unsigned>(list1: &BitList<N>, list2: &BitList<N>) -> Option<BitList<N>> {
+    let new_length = list1.len() + list2.len();
+    let mut list = BitList::<N>::with_capacity(new_length).ok()?;
+
+    // Copy bits from list1.
+    for (i, bit) in list1.iter().enumerate() {
+        list.set(i, bit).ok()?;
+    }
+
+    // Copy bits from list2, starting from the end of list1.
+    let offset = list1.len();
+    for (i, bit) in list2.iter().enumerate() {
+        list.set(offset + i, bit).ok()?;
+    }
+
+    Some(list)
+}
+
 impl<E: EthSpec> AttestationMap<E> {
     pub fn insert(&mut self, attestation: Attestation<E>, attesting_indices: Vec<u64>) {
         let SplitAttestation {
             checkpoint,
             data,
             indexed,
-        } = SplitAttestation::new(attestation, attesting_indices);
+        } = SplitAttestation::new(attestation.clone(), attesting_indices);
 
         let attestation_map = self.checkpoint_map.entry(checkpoint).or_default();
         let attestations = attestation_map.attestations.entry(data).or_default();
@@ -158,10 +314,10 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AttestationMap<E> {
         // NOTE: this is sub-optimal and in future we will remove this in favour of max-clique
         // aggregation.
         let mut aggregated = false;
+
         for existing_attestation in attestations.iter_mut() {
-            if existing_attestation.signers_disjoint_from(&indexed) {
-                existing_attestation.aggregate(&indexed);
-                aggregated = true;
+            if existing_attestation.should_aggregate(&indexed) {
+                aggregated = existing_attestation.aggregate(&indexed);
             } else if *existing_attestation == indexed {
                 aggregated = true;
             }
@@ -172,11 +328,93 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AttestationMap<E> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Aggregate Electra attestations for the same attestation data signed by different
+    /// committees.
+    ///
+    /// Non-Electra attestations are left as-is.
+    pub fn aggregate_across_committees(&mut self, checkpoint_key: CheckpointKey) {
+        let Some(attestation_map) = self.checkpoint_map.get_mut(&checkpoint_key) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        for compact_indexed_attestations in attestation_map.attestations.values_mut() {
+            let unaggregated_attestations = std::mem::take(compact_indexed_attestations);
+            let mut aggregated_attestations: Vec<CompactIndexedAttestation<E>> = vec![];
+
+            // Aggregate the best attestations for each committee and leave the rest.
+            let mut best_attestations_by_committee: BTreeMap<
+                u64,
+                CompactIndexedAttestationElectra<E>,
+            > = BTreeMap::new();
+
+            for committee_attestation in unaggregated_attestations {
+                let mut electra_attestation = match committee_attestation {
+                    CompactIndexedAttestation::Electra(att)
+                        if att.committee_bits.num_set_bits() == 1 =>
+                    {
+                        att
+                    }
+                    CompactIndexedAttestation::Electra(att) => {
+                        // Aggregate already covers multiple committees, leave it as-is.
+                        aggregated_attestations.push(CompactIndexedAttestation::Electra(att));
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    CompactIndexedAttestation::Base(att) => {
+                        // Leave as-is.
+                        aggregated_attestations.push(CompactIndexedAttestation::Base(att));
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                };
+                if let Some(committee_index) = electra_attestation.committee_index() {
+                    if let Some(existing_attestation) =
+                        best_attestations_by_committee.get_mut(&committee_index)
+                    {
+                        // Search for the best (most aggregation bits) attestation for this committee
+                        // index.
+                        if electra_attestation.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits()
+                            > existing_attestation.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits()
+                        {
+                            // New attestation is better than the previously known one for this
+                            // committee. Replace it.
+                            std::mem::swap(existing_attestation, &mut electra_attestation);
+                        }
+                        // Put the inferior attestation into the list of aggregated attestations
+                        // without performing any cross-committee aggregation.
+                        aggregated_attestations
+                            .push(CompactIndexedAttestation::Electra(electra_attestation));
+                    } else {
+                        // First attestation seen for this committee. Place it in the map
+                        // provisionally.
+                        best_attestations_by_committee.insert(committee_index, electra_attestation);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let Some(on_chain_aggregate) =
+                Self::compute_on_chain_aggregate(best_attestations_by_committee)
+            {
+                aggregated_attestations
+                    .push(CompactIndexedAttestation::Electra(on_chain_aggregate));
+            }
+
+            *compact_indexed_attestations = aggregated_attestations;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn compute_on_chain_aggregate(
+        mut attestations_by_committee: BTreeMap<u64, CompactIndexedAttestationElectra<E>>,
+    ) -> Option<CompactIndexedAttestationElectra<E>> {
+        let (_, mut on_chain_aggregate) = attestations_by_committee.pop_first()?;
+        for (_, attestation) in attestations_by_committee {
+            on_chain_aggregate.aggregate_with_disjoint_committees(&attestation);
+        }
+        Some(on_chain_aggregate)
+    }
+
     /// Iterate all attestations matching the given `checkpoint_key`.
     pub fn get_attestations<'a>(
         &'a self,
         checkpoint_key: &'a CheckpointKey,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = AttestationRef<'a, E>> + 'a {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = CompactAttestationRef<'a, E>> + 'a {
         self.checkpoint_map
             .get(checkpoint_key)
             .into_iter()
@@ -184,7 +422,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AttestationMap<E> {
     }
 
     /// Iterate all attestations in the map.
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = AttestationRef<E>> {
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = CompactAttestationRef<E>> {
         self.checkpoint_map
             .iter()
             .flat_map(|(checkpoint_key, attestation_map)| attestation_map.iter(checkpoint_key))
@@ -215,9 +453,9 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AttestationDataMap<E> {
     pub fn iter<'a>(
         &'a self,
         checkpoint_key: &'a CheckpointKey,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = AttestationRef<'a, E>> + 'a {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = CompactAttestationRef<'a, E>> + 'a {
         self.attestations.iter().flat_map(|(data, vec_indexed)| {
-            vec_indexed.iter().map(|indexed| AttestationRef {
+            vec_indexed.iter().map(|indexed| CompactAttestationRef {
                 checkpoint: checkpoint_key,
                 data,
                 indexed,
diff --git a/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/attester_slashing.rs b/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/attester_slashing.rs
index 725d4d2a857..c2411d4d726 100644
--- a/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/attester_slashing.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/attester_slashing.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 use crate::max_cover::MaxCover;
 use state_processing::per_block_processing::get_slashable_indices_modular;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use types::{AttesterSlashing, BeaconState, EthSpec};
+use types::{AttesterSlashing, AttesterSlashingRef, BeaconState, EthSpec};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct AttesterSlashingMaxCover<'a, E: EthSpec> {
-    slashing: &'a AttesterSlashing<E>,
+    slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E>,
     effective_balances: HashMap<u64, u64>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, E: EthSpec> AttesterSlashingMaxCover<'a, E> {
     pub fn new(
-        slashing: &'a AttesterSlashing<E>,
+        slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E>,
         proposer_slashing_indices: &HashSet<u64>,
         state: &BeaconState<E>,
     ) -> Option<Self> {
@@ -39,16 +39,16 @@ impl<'a, E: EthSpec> AttesterSlashingMaxCover<'a, E> {
 impl<'a, E: EthSpec> MaxCover for AttesterSlashingMaxCover<'a, E> {
     /// The result type, of which we would eventually like a collection of maximal quality.
     type Object = AttesterSlashing<E>;
-    type Intermediate = AttesterSlashing<E>;
+    type Intermediate = AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E>;
     /// The type used to represent sets.
     type Set = HashMap<u64, u64>;
 
-    fn intermediate(&self) -> &AttesterSlashing<E> {
-        self.slashing
+    fn intermediate(&self) -> &AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E> {
+        &self.slashing
     }
 
-    fn convert_to_object(slashing: &AttesterSlashing<E>) -> AttesterSlashing<E> {
-        slashing.clone()
+    fn convert_to_object(slashing: &AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E>) -> AttesterSlashing<E> {
+        slashing.clone_as_attester_slashing()
     }
 
     /// Get the set of elements covered.
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl<'a, E: EthSpec> MaxCover for AttesterSlashingMaxCover<'a, E> {
     /// Update the set of items covered, for the inclusion of some object in the solution.
     fn update_covering_set(
         &mut self,
-        _best_slashing: &AttesterSlashing<E>,
+        _best_slashing: &AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E>,
         covered_validator_indices: &HashMap<u64, u64>,
     ) {
         self.effective_balances
diff --git a/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/lib.rs b/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/lib.rs
index c1b4aeb3e45..a1c9ada03a0 100644
--- a/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/lib.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@ mod sync_aggregate_id;
 
 pub use crate::bls_to_execution_changes::ReceivedPreCapella;
 pub use attestation::{earliest_attestation_validators, AttMaxCover};
-pub use attestation_storage::{AttestationRef, SplitAttestation};
+pub use attestation_storage::{CompactAttestationRef, SplitAttestation};
 pub use max_cover::MaxCover;
 pub use persistence::{
-    PersistedOperationPool, PersistedOperationPoolV12, PersistedOperationPoolV14,
-    PersistedOperationPoolV15, PersistedOperationPoolV5,
+    PersistedOperationPool, PersistedOperationPoolV15, PersistedOperationPoolV20,
 };
 pub use reward_cache::RewardCache;
 use state_processing::epoch_cache::is_epoch_cache_initialized;
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> OperationPool<E> {
         state: &'a BeaconState<E>,
         reward_cache: &'a RewardCache,
         total_active_balance: u64,
-        validity_filter: impl FnMut(&AttestationRef<'a, E>) -> bool + Send,
+        validity_filter: impl FnMut(&CompactAttestationRef<'a, E>) -> bool + Send,
         spec: &'a ChainSpec,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = AttMaxCover<'a, E>> + Send {
         all_attestations
@@ -252,10 +251,11 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> OperationPool<E> {
     pub fn get_attestations(
         &self,
         state: &BeaconState<E>,
-        prev_epoch_validity_filter: impl for<'a> FnMut(&AttestationRef<'a, E>) -> bool + Send,
-        curr_epoch_validity_filter: impl for<'a> FnMut(&AttestationRef<'a, E>) -> bool + Send,
+        prev_epoch_validity_filter: impl for<'a> FnMut(&CompactAttestationRef<'a, E>) -> bool + Send,
+        curr_epoch_validity_filter: impl for<'a> FnMut(&CompactAttestationRef<'a, E>) -> bool + Send,
         spec: &ChainSpec,
     ) -> Result<Vec<Attestation<E>>, OpPoolError> {
+        let fork_name = state.fork_name_unchecked();
         if !matches!(state, BeaconState::Base(_)) {
             // Epoch cache must be initialized to fetch base reward values in the max cover `score`
             // function. Currently max cover ignores items on errors. If epoch cache is not
@@ -267,7 +267,6 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> OperationPool<E> {
 
         // Attestations for the current fork, which may be from the current or previous epoch.
         let (prev_epoch_key, curr_epoch_key) = CheckpointKey::keys_for_state(state);
-        let all_attestations = self.attestations.read();
         let total_active_balance = state
             .get_total_active_balance()
             .map_err(OpPoolError::GetAttestationsTotalBalanceError)?;
@@ -284,6 +283,16 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> OperationPool<E> {
         let mut num_prev_valid = 0_i64;
         let mut num_curr_valid = 0_i64;
 
+        // TODO(electra): Work out how to do this more elegantly. This is a bit of a hack.
+        let mut all_attestations = self.attestations.write();
+
+        if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+            all_attestations.aggregate_across_committees(prev_epoch_key);
+            all_attestations.aggregate_across_committees(curr_epoch_key);
+        }
+
+        let all_attestations = parking_lot::RwLockWriteGuard::downgrade(all_attestations);
+
         let prev_epoch_att = self
             .get_valid_attestations_for_epoch(
                 &prev_epoch_key,
@@ -307,6 +316,11 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> OperationPool<E> {
             )
             .inspect(|_| num_curr_valid += 1);
 
+        let curr_epoch_limit = if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+            E::MaxAttestationsElectra::to_usize()
+        } else {
+            E::MaxAttestations::to_usize()
+        };
         let prev_epoch_limit = if let BeaconState::Base(base_state) = state {
             std::cmp::min(
                 E::MaxPendingAttestations::to_usize()
@@ -314,7 +328,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> OperationPool<E> {
                 E::MaxAttestations::to_usize(),
             )
         } else {
-            E::MaxAttestations::to_usize()
+            curr_epoch_limit
         };
 
         let (prev_cover, curr_cover) = rayon::join(
@@ -329,11 +343,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> OperationPool<E> {
             },
             move || {
                 let _timer = metrics::start_timer(&metrics::ATTESTATION_CURR_EPOCH_PACKING_TIME);
-                maximum_cover(
-                    curr_epoch_att,
-                    E::MaxAttestations::to_usize(),
-                    "curr_epoch_attestations",
-                )
+                maximum_cover(curr_epoch_att, curr_epoch_limit, "curr_epoch_attestations")
             },
         );
 
@@ -343,7 +353,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> OperationPool<E> {
         Ok(max_cover::merge_solutions(
             curr_cover,
             prev_cover,
-            E::MaxAttestations::to_usize(),
+            curr_epoch_limit,
         ))
     }
 
@@ -428,7 +438,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> OperationPool<E> {
 
         let relevant_attester_slashings = reader.iter().flat_map(|slashing| {
             if slashing.signature_is_still_valid(&state.fork()) {
-                AttesterSlashingMaxCover::new(slashing.as_inner(), to_be_slashed, state)
+                AttesterSlashingMaxCover::new(slashing.as_inner().to_ref(), to_be_slashed, state)
             } else {
                 None
             }
@@ -442,7 +452,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> OperationPool<E> {
         .into_iter()
         .map(|cover| {
             to_be_slashed.extend(cover.covering_set().keys());
-            cover.intermediate().clone()
+            AttesterSlashingMaxCover::convert_to_object(cover.intermediate())
         })
         .collect()
     }
@@ -463,16 +473,19 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> OperationPool<E> {
             // Check that the attestation's signature is still valid wrt the fork version.
             let signature_ok = slashing.signature_is_still_valid(&head_state.fork());
             // Slashings that don't slash any validators can also be dropped.
-            let slashing_ok =
-                get_slashable_indices_modular(head_state, slashing.as_inner(), |_, validator| {
+            let slashing_ok = get_slashable_indices_modular(
+                head_state,
+                slashing.as_inner().to_ref(),
+                |_, validator| {
                     // Declare that a validator is still slashable if they have not exited prior
                     // to the finalized epoch.
                     //
                     // We cannot check the `slashed` field since the `head` is not finalized and
                     // a fork could un-slash someone.
                     validator.exit_epoch > head_state.finalized_checkpoint().epoch
-                })
-                .map_or(false, |indices| !indices.is_empty());
+                },
+            )
+            .map_or(false, |indices| !indices.is_empty());
 
             signature_ok && slashing_ok
         });
@@ -891,7 +904,7 @@ mod release_tests {
         );
 
         for (atts, aggregate) in &attestations {
-            let att2 = aggregate.as_ref().unwrap().message.aggregate.clone();
+            let att2 = aggregate.as_ref().unwrap().message().aggregate().clone();
 
             let att1 = atts
                 .into_iter()
@@ -899,7 +912,7 @@ mod release_tests {
                 .take(2)
                 .fold::<Option<Attestation<MainnetEthSpec>>, _>(None, |att, new_att| {
                     if let Some(mut a) = att {
-                        a.aggregate(&new_att);
+                        a.aggregate(new_att.to_ref());
                         Some(a)
                     } else {
                         Some(new_att.clone())
@@ -907,13 +920,13 @@ mod release_tests {
                 })
                 .unwrap();
 
-            let att1_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, &att1).unwrap();
-            let att2_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, &att2).unwrap();
+            let att1_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, att1.to_ref()).unwrap();
+            let att2_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, att2).unwrap();
             let att1_split = SplitAttestation::new(att1.clone(), att1_indices);
-            let att2_split = SplitAttestation::new(att2.clone(), att2_indices);
+            let att2_split = SplitAttestation::new(att2.clone_as_attestation(), att2_indices);
 
             assert_eq!(
-                att1.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits(),
+                att1.num_set_aggregation_bits(),
                 earliest_attestation_validators(
                     &att1_split.as_ref(),
                     &state,
@@ -927,8 +940,8 @@ mod release_tests {
                 .unwrap()
                 .current_epoch_attestations
                 .push(PendingAttestation {
-                    aggregation_bits: att1.aggregation_bits.clone(),
-                    data: att1.data.clone(),
+                    aggregation_bits: att1.aggregation_bits_base().unwrap().clone(),
+                    data: att1.data().clone(),
                     inclusion_delay: 0,
                     proposer_index: 0,
                 })
@@ -981,7 +994,8 @@ mod release_tests {
 
         for (atts, _) in attestations {
             for (att, _) in atts {
-                let attesting_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, &att).unwrap();
+                let attesting_indices =
+                    get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, att.to_ref()).unwrap();
                 op_pool.insert_attestation(att, attesting_indices).unwrap();
             }
         }
@@ -1007,7 +1021,7 @@ mod release_tests {
 
         let agg_att = &block_attestations[0];
         assert_eq!(
-            agg_att.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits(),
+            agg_att.num_set_aggregation_bits(),
             spec.target_committee_size as usize
         );
 
@@ -1050,12 +1064,15 @@ mod release_tests {
         );
 
         for (_, aggregate) in attestations {
-            let att = aggregate.unwrap().message.aggregate;
-            let attesting_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, &att).unwrap();
+            let agg = aggregate.unwrap();
+            let att = agg.message().aggregate();
+            let attesting_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, att).unwrap();
+            op_pool
+                .insert_attestation(att.clone_as_attestation(), attesting_indices.clone())
+                .unwrap();
             op_pool
-                .insert_attestation(att.clone(), attesting_indices.clone())
+                .insert_attestation(att.clone_as_attestation(), attesting_indices)
                 .unwrap();
-            op_pool.insert_attestation(att, attesting_indices).unwrap();
         }
 
         assert_eq!(op_pool.num_attestations(), committees.len());
@@ -1104,7 +1121,7 @@ mod release_tests {
                         None,
                         |att, new_att| {
                             if let Some(mut a) = att {
-                                a.aggregate(new_att);
+                                a.aggregate(new_att.to_ref());
                                 Some(a)
                             } else {
                                 Some(new_att.clone())
@@ -1127,7 +1144,7 @@ mod release_tests {
                         None,
                         |att, new_att| {
                             if let Some(mut a) = att {
-                                a.aggregate(new_att);
+                                a.aggregate(new_att.to_ref());
                                 Some(a)
                             } else {
                                 Some(new_att.clone())
@@ -1139,7 +1156,8 @@ mod release_tests {
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
             for att in aggs1.into_iter().chain(aggs2.into_iter()) {
-                let attesting_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, &att).unwrap();
+                let attesting_indices =
+                    get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, att.to_ref()).unwrap();
                 op_pool.insert_attestation(att, attesting_indices).unwrap();
             }
         }
@@ -1203,7 +1221,7 @@ mod release_tests {
                         .fold::<Attestation<MainnetEthSpec>, _>(
                             att_0.clone(),
                             |mut att, new_att| {
-                                att.aggregate(new_att);
+                                att.aggregate(new_att.to_ref());
                                 att
                             },
                         )
@@ -1211,7 +1229,8 @@ mod release_tests {
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
             for att in aggs {
-                let attesting_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, &att).unwrap();
+                let attesting_indices =
+                    get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, att.to_ref()).unwrap();
                 op_pool.insert_attestation(att, attesting_indices).unwrap();
             }
         };
@@ -1228,7 +1247,17 @@ mod release_tests {
         let num_big = target_committee_size / big_step_size;
 
         let stats = op_pool.attestation_stats();
-        assert_eq!(stats.num_attestation_data, committees.len());
+        let fork_name = state.fork_name_unchecked();
+
+        match fork_name {
+            ForkName::Electra => {
+                assert_eq!(stats.num_attestation_data, 1);
+            }
+            _ => {
+                assert_eq!(stats.num_attestation_data, committees.len());
+            }
+        };
+
         assert_eq!(
             stats.num_attestations,
             (num_small + num_big) * committees.len()
@@ -1239,11 +1268,25 @@ mod release_tests {
         let best_attestations = op_pool
             .get_attestations(&state, |_| true, |_| true, spec)
             .expect("should have best attestations");
-        assert_eq!(best_attestations.len(), max_attestations);
+        match fork_name {
+            ForkName::Electra => {
+                assert_eq!(best_attestations.len(), 8);
+            }
+            _ => {
+                assert_eq!(best_attestations.len(), max_attestations);
+            }
+        };
 
         // All the best attestations should be signed by at least `big_step_size` (4) validators.
         for att in &best_attestations {
-            assert!(att.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits() >= big_step_size);
+            match fork_name {
+                ForkName::Electra => {
+                    assert!(att.num_set_aggregation_bits() >= small_step_size);
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    assert!(att.num_set_aggregation_bits() >= big_step_size);
+                }
+            };
         }
     }
 
@@ -1298,7 +1341,7 @@ mod release_tests {
                         .fold::<Attestation<MainnetEthSpec>, _>(
                             att_0.clone(),
                             |mut att, new_att| {
-                                att.aggregate(new_att);
+                                att.aggregate(new_att.to_ref());
                                 att
                             },
                         )
@@ -1306,7 +1349,8 @@ mod release_tests {
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
             for att in aggs {
-                let attesting_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, &att).unwrap();
+                let attesting_indices =
+                    get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, att.to_ref()).unwrap();
                 op_pool.insert_attestation(att, attesting_indices).unwrap();
             }
         };
@@ -1321,11 +1365,20 @@ mod release_tests {
 
         let num_small = target_committee_size / small_step_size;
         let num_big = target_committee_size / big_step_size;
+        let fork_name = state.fork_name_unchecked();
+
+        match fork_name {
+            ForkName::Electra => {
+                assert_eq!(op_pool.attestation_stats().num_attestation_data, 1);
+            }
+            _ => {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    op_pool.attestation_stats().num_attestation_data,
+                    committees.len()
+                );
+            }
+        };
 
-        assert_eq!(
-            op_pool.attestation_stats().num_attestation_data,
-            committees.len()
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             op_pool.num_attestations(),
             (num_small + num_big) * committees.len()
@@ -1336,7 +1389,15 @@ mod release_tests {
         let best_attestations = op_pool
             .get_attestations(&state, |_| true, |_| true, spec)
             .expect("should have valid best attestations");
-        assert_eq!(best_attestations.len(), max_attestations);
+
+        match fork_name {
+            ForkName::Electra => {
+                assert_eq!(best_attestations.len(), 8);
+            }
+            _ => {
+                assert_eq!(best_attestations.len(), max_attestations);
+            }
+        };
 
         let total_active_balance = state.get_total_active_balance().unwrap();
 
@@ -1349,7 +1410,7 @@ mod release_tests {
         reward_cache.update(&state).unwrap();
 
         for att in best_attestations {
-            let attesting_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, &att).unwrap();
+            let attesting_indices = get_attesting_indices_from_state(&state, att.to_ref()).unwrap();
             let split_attestation = SplitAttestation::new(att, attesting_indices);
             let mut fresh_validators_rewards = AttMaxCover::new(
                 split_attestation.as_ref(),
diff --git a/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/persistence.rs b/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/persistence.rs
index ef749a220db..79509e5f6cc 100644
--- a/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/persistence.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/operation_pool/src/persistence.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use crate::attestation_id::AttestationId;
 use crate::attestation_storage::AttestationMap;
 use crate::bls_to_execution_changes::{BlsToExecutionChanges, ReceivedPreCapella};
 use crate::sync_aggregate_id::SyncAggregateId;
@@ -12,6 +11,7 @@ use state_processing::SigVerifiedOp;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::mem;
 use store::{DBColumn, Error as StoreError, StoreItem};
+use types::attestation::AttestationOnDisk;
 use types::*;
 
 type PersistedSyncContributions<E> = Vec<(SyncAggregateId, Vec<SyncCommitteeContribution<E>>)>;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ type PersistedSyncContributions<E> = Vec<(SyncAggregateId, Vec<SyncCommitteeCont
 /// Operations are stored in arbitrary order, so it's not a good idea to compare instances
 /// of this type (or its encoded form) for equality. Convert back to an `OperationPool` first.
 #[superstruct(
-    variants(V5, V12, V14, V15),
+    variants(V15, V20),
     variant_attributes(
         derive(Derivative, PartialEq, Debug, Encode, Decode),
         derivative(Clone),
@@ -31,38 +31,26 @@ type PersistedSyncContributions<E> = Vec<(SyncAggregateId, Vec<SyncCommitteeCont
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Encode)]
 #[ssz(enum_behaviour = "transparent")]
 pub struct PersistedOperationPool<E: EthSpec> {
-    /// [DEPRECATED] Mapping from attestation ID to attestation mappings.
-    #[superstruct(only(V5))]
-    pub attestations_v5: Vec<(AttestationId, Vec<Attestation<E>>)>,
+    #[superstruct(only(V15))]
+    pub attestations_v15: Vec<(AttestationBase<E>, Vec<u64>)>,
     /// Attestations and their attesting indices.
-    #[superstruct(only(V12, V14, V15))]
-    pub attestations: Vec<(Attestation<E>, Vec<u64>)>,
+    #[superstruct(only(V20))]
+    pub attestations: Vec<(AttestationOnDisk<E>, Vec<u64>)>,
     /// Mapping from sync contribution ID to sync contributions and aggregate.
     pub sync_contributions: PersistedSyncContributions<E>,
-    /// [DEPRECATED] Attester slashings.
-    #[superstruct(only(V5))]
-    pub attester_slashings_v5: Vec<(AttesterSlashing<E>, ForkVersion)>,
+    #[superstruct(only(V15))]
+    pub attester_slashings_v15: Vec<SigVerifiedOp<AttesterSlashingBase<E>, E>>,
     /// Attester slashings.
-    #[superstruct(only(V12, V14, V15))]
+    #[superstruct(only(V20))]
     pub attester_slashings: Vec<SigVerifiedOp<AttesterSlashing<E>, E>>,
-    /// [DEPRECATED] Proposer slashings.
-    #[superstruct(only(V5))]
-    pub proposer_slashings_v5: Vec<ProposerSlashing>,
     /// Proposer slashings with fork information.
-    #[superstruct(only(V12, V14, V15))]
     pub proposer_slashings: Vec<SigVerifiedOp<ProposerSlashing, E>>,
-    /// [DEPRECATED] Voluntary exits.
-    #[superstruct(only(V5))]
-    pub voluntary_exits_v5: Vec<SignedVoluntaryExit>,
     /// Voluntary exits with fork information.
-    #[superstruct(only(V12, V14, V15))]
     pub voluntary_exits: Vec<SigVerifiedOp<SignedVoluntaryExit, E>>,
     /// BLS to Execution Changes
-    #[superstruct(only(V14, V15))]
     pub bls_to_execution_changes: Vec<SigVerifiedOp<SignedBlsToExecutionChange, E>>,
     /// Validator indices with BLS to Execution Changes to be broadcast at the
     /// Capella fork.
-    #[superstruct(only(V15))]
     pub capella_bls_change_broadcast_indices: Vec<u64>,
 }
 
@@ -75,8 +63,8 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> PersistedOperationPool<E> {
             .iter()
             .map(|att| {
                 (
-                    att.clone_as_attestation(),
-                    att.indexed.attesting_indices.clone(),
+                    AttestationOnDisk::from(att.clone_as_attestation()),
+                    att.indexed.attesting_indices().clone(),
                 )
             })
             .collect();
@@ -123,7 +111,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> PersistedOperationPool<E> {
             .copied()
             .collect();
 
-        PersistedOperationPool::V15(PersistedOperationPoolV15 {
+        PersistedOperationPool::V20(PersistedOperationPoolV20 {
             attestations,
             sync_contributions,
             attester_slashings,
@@ -136,56 +124,86 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> PersistedOperationPool<E> {
 
     /// Reconstruct an `OperationPool`.
     pub fn into_operation_pool(mut self) -> Result<OperationPool<E>, OpPoolError> {
-        let attester_slashings = RwLock::new(self.attester_slashings()?.iter().cloned().collect());
+        let attester_slashings = match &self {
+            PersistedOperationPool::V15(pool_v15) => RwLock::new(
+                pool_v15
+                    .attester_slashings_v15
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|slashing| slashing.clone().into())
+                    .collect(),
+            ),
+            PersistedOperationPool::V20(pool_v20) => {
+                RwLock::new(pool_v20.attester_slashings.iter().cloned().collect())
+            }
+        };
+
         let proposer_slashings = RwLock::new(
-            self.proposer_slashings()?
+            self.proposer_slashings()
                 .iter()
                 .cloned()
                 .map(|slashing| (slashing.as_inner().proposer_index(), slashing))
                 .collect(),
         );
         let voluntary_exits = RwLock::new(
-            self.voluntary_exits()?
+            self.voluntary_exits()
                 .iter()
                 .cloned()
                 .map(|exit| (exit.as_inner().message.validator_index, exit))
                 .collect(),
         );
         let sync_contributions = RwLock::new(self.sync_contributions().iter().cloned().collect());
-        let attestations = match self {
-            PersistedOperationPool::V5(_) | PersistedOperationPool::V12(_) => {
-                return Err(OpPoolError::IncorrectOpPoolVariant)
+        let attestations = match &self {
+            PersistedOperationPool::V15(pool_v15) => {
+                let mut map = AttestationMap::default();
+                for (att, attesting_indices) in
+                    pool_v15
+                        .attestations_v15
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(att, attesting_indices)| {
+                            (Attestation::Base(att.clone()), attesting_indices.clone())
+                        })
+                {
+                    map.insert(att, attesting_indices);
+                }
+                RwLock::new(map)
             }
-            PersistedOperationPool::V14(_) | PersistedOperationPool::V15(_) => {
+            PersistedOperationPool::V20(pool_v20) => {
                 let mut map = AttestationMap::default();
-                for (att, attesting_indices) in self.attestations()?.clone() {
+                for (att, attesting_indices) in
+                    pool_v20
+                        .attestations
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(att, attesting_indices)| {
+                            (
+                                AttestationRef::from(att.to_ref()).clone_as_attestation(),
+                                attesting_indices.clone(),
+                            )
+                        })
+                {
                     map.insert(att, attesting_indices);
                 }
                 RwLock::new(map)
             }
         };
-        let mut bls_to_execution_changes = BlsToExecutionChanges::default();
-        if let Ok(persisted_changes) = self.bls_to_execution_changes_mut() {
-            let persisted_changes = mem::take(persisted_changes);
 
-            let broadcast_indices =
-                if let Ok(indices) = self.capella_bls_change_broadcast_indices_mut() {
-                    mem::take(indices).into_iter().collect()
-                } else {
-                    HashSet::new()
-                };
+        let mut bls_to_execution_changes = BlsToExecutionChanges::default();
+        let persisted_changes = mem::take(self.bls_to_execution_changes_mut());
+        let broadcast_indices: HashSet<_> =
+            mem::take(self.capella_bls_change_broadcast_indices_mut())
+                .into_iter()
+                .collect();
 
-            for bls_to_execution_change in persisted_changes {
-                let received_pre_capella = if broadcast_indices
-                    .contains(&bls_to_execution_change.as_inner().message.validator_index)
-                {
-                    ReceivedPreCapella::Yes
-                } else {
-                    ReceivedPreCapella::No
-                };
-                bls_to_execution_changes.insert(bls_to_execution_change, received_pre_capella);
-            }
+        for bls_to_execution_change in persisted_changes {
+            let received_pre_capella = if broadcast_indices
+                .contains(&bls_to_execution_change.as_inner().message.validator_index)
+            {
+                ReceivedPreCapella::Yes
+            } else {
+                ReceivedPreCapella::No
+            };
+            bls_to_execution_changes.insert(bls_to_execution_change, received_pre_capella);
         }
+
         let op_pool = OperationPool {
             attestations,
             sync_contributions,
@@ -200,35 +218,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> PersistedOperationPool<E> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: EthSpec> StoreItem for PersistedOperationPoolV5<E> {
-    fn db_column() -> DBColumn {
-        DBColumn::OpPool
-    }
-
-    fn as_store_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
-        self.as_ssz_bytes()
-    }
-
-    fn from_store_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, StoreError> {
-        PersistedOperationPoolV5::from_ssz_bytes(bytes).map_err(Into::into)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<E: EthSpec> StoreItem for PersistedOperationPoolV12<E> {
-    fn db_column() -> DBColumn {
-        DBColumn::OpPool
-    }
-
-    fn as_store_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
-        self.as_ssz_bytes()
-    }
-
-    fn from_store_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, StoreError> {
-        PersistedOperationPoolV12::from_ssz_bytes(bytes).map_err(Into::into)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<E: EthSpec> StoreItem for PersistedOperationPoolV14<E> {
+impl<E: EthSpec> StoreItem for PersistedOperationPoolV15<E> {
     fn db_column() -> DBColumn {
         DBColumn::OpPool
     }
@@ -238,11 +228,11 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> StoreItem for PersistedOperationPoolV14<E> {
     }
 
     fn from_store_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, StoreError> {
-        PersistedOperationPoolV14::from_ssz_bytes(bytes).map_err(Into::into)
+        PersistedOperationPoolV15::from_ssz_bytes(bytes).map_err(Into::into)
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: EthSpec> StoreItem for PersistedOperationPoolV15<E> {
+impl<E: EthSpec> StoreItem for PersistedOperationPoolV20<E> {
     fn db_column() -> DBColumn {
         DBColumn::OpPool
     }
@@ -252,7 +242,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> StoreItem for PersistedOperationPoolV15<E> {
     }
 
     fn from_store_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, StoreError> {
-        PersistedOperationPoolV15::from_ssz_bytes(bytes).map_err(Into::into)
+        PersistedOperationPoolV20::from_ssz_bytes(bytes).map_err(Into::into)
     }
 }
 
@@ -268,8 +258,8 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> StoreItem for PersistedOperationPool<E> {
 
     fn from_store_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, StoreError> {
         // Default deserialization to the latest variant.
-        PersistedOperationPoolV15::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)
-            .map(Self::V15)
+        PersistedOperationPoolV20::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)
+            .map(Self::V20)
             .map_err(Into::into)
     }
 }
diff --git a/beacon_node/src/lib.rs b/beacon_node/src/lib.rs
index ab400d2e730..385da5b4fe1 100644
--- a/beacon_node/src/lib.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/src/lib.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ProductionBeaconNode<E> {
 
         let builder = ClientBuilder::new(context.eth_spec_instance.clone())
             .runtime_context(context)
-            .chain_spec(spec)
+            .chain_spec(spec.clone())
             .beacon_processor(client_config.beacon_processor.clone())
             .http_api_config(client_config.http_api.clone())
             .disk_store(
@@ -113,8 +113,12 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ProductionBeaconNode<E> {
                 _ => {}
             }
             let slasher = Arc::new(
-                Slasher::open(slasher_config, log.new(slog::o!("service" => "slasher")))
-                    .map_err(|e| format!("Slasher open error: {:?}", e))?,
+                Slasher::open(
+                    slasher_config,
+                    Arc::new(spec),
+                    log.new(slog::o!("service" => "slasher")),
+                )
+                .map_err(|e| format!("Slasher open error: {:?}", e))?,
             );
             builder.slasher(slasher)
         } else {
diff --git a/beacon_node/store/src/consensus_context.rs b/beacon_node/store/src/consensus_context.rs
index 08fad17b14b..281106d9aaa 100644
--- a/beacon_node/store/src/consensus_context.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/store/src/consensus_context.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use ssz_derive::{Decode, Encode};
 use state_processing::ConsensusContext;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use types::{AttestationData, BitList, EthSpec, Hash256, IndexedAttestation, Slot};
+use types::{EthSpec, Hash256, IndexedAttestation, Slot};
 
 /// The consensus context is stored on disk as part of the data availability overflow cache.
 ///
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ pub struct OnDiskConsensusContext<E: EthSpec> {
     ///
     /// They are not part of the on-disk format.
     #[ssz(skip_serializing, skip_deserializing)]
-    indexed_attestations:
-        HashMap<(AttestationData, BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee>), IndexedAttestation<E>>,
+    indexed_attestations: HashMap<Hash256, IndexedAttestation<E>>,
 }
 
 impl<E: EthSpec> OnDiskConsensusContext<E> {
diff --git a/beacon_node/store/src/metadata.rs b/beacon_node/store/src/metadata.rs
index 1675051bd80..116926ad3f1 100644
--- a/beacon_node/store/src/metadata.rs
+++ b/beacon_node/store/src/metadata.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use ssz::{Decode, Encode};
 use ssz_derive::{Decode, Encode};
 use types::{Checkpoint, Hash256, Slot};
 
-pub const CURRENT_SCHEMA_VERSION: SchemaVersion = SchemaVersion(19);
+pub const CURRENT_SCHEMA_VERSION: SchemaVersion = SchemaVersion(20);
 
 // All the keys that get stored under the `BeaconMeta` column.
 //
diff --git a/common/eth2/src/types.rs b/common/eth2/src/types.rs
index c5a6ea5d87d..70aa5aab3e2 100644
--- a/common/eth2/src/types.rs
+++ b/common/eth2/src/types.rs
@@ -716,6 +716,21 @@ pub struct AttesterData {
     pub slot: Slot,
 }
 
+impl AttesterData {
+    pub fn match_attestation_data<E: EthSpec>(
+        &self,
+        attestation_data: &AttestationData,
+        spec: &ChainSpec,
+    ) -> bool {
+        if spec.fork_name_at_slot::<E>(attestation_data.slot) < ForkName::Electra {
+            self.slot == attestation_data.slot && self.committee_index == attestation_data.index
+        } else {
+            // After electra `attestation_data.index` is set to 0 and does not match the duties
+            self.slot == attestation_data.slot
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ProposerData {
     pub pubkey: PublicKeyBytes,
diff --git a/consensus/fork_choice/src/fork_choice.rs b/consensus/fork_choice/src/fork_choice.rs
index 2846a0112cd..c55219a6761 100644
--- a/consensus/fork_choice/src/fork_choice.rs
+++ b/consensus/fork_choice/src/fork_choice.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use types::{
     consts::bellatrix::INTERVALS_PER_SLOT, AbstractExecPayload, AttestationShufflingId,
-    AttesterSlashing, BeaconBlockRef, BeaconState, BeaconStateError, ChainSpec, Checkpoint, Epoch,
-    EthSpec, ExecPayload, ExecutionBlockHash, Hash256, IndexedAttestation, RelativeEpoch,
+    AttesterSlashingRef, BeaconBlockRef, BeaconState, BeaconStateError, ChainSpec, Checkpoint,
+    Epoch, EthSpec, ExecPayload, ExecutionBlockHash, Hash256, IndexedAttestationRef, RelativeEpoch,
     SignedBeaconBlock, Slot,
 };
 
@@ -238,13 +238,13 @@ pub struct QueuedAttestation {
     target_epoch: Epoch,
 }
 
-impl<E: EthSpec> From<&IndexedAttestation<E>> for QueuedAttestation {
-    fn from(a: &IndexedAttestation<E>) -> Self {
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> From<IndexedAttestationRef<'a, E>> for QueuedAttestation {
+    fn from(a: IndexedAttestationRef<'a, E>) -> Self {
         Self {
-            slot: a.data.slot,
-            attesting_indices: a.attesting_indices[..].to_vec(),
-            block_root: a.data.beacon_block_root,
-            target_epoch: a.data.target.epoch,
+            slot: a.data().slot,
+            attesting_indices: a.attesting_indices_to_vec(),
+            block_root: a.data().beacon_block_root,
+            target_epoch: a.data().target.epoch,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ where
     /// https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/v0.12.1/specs/phase0/fork-choice.md#validate_on_attestation
     fn validate_on_attestation(
         &self,
-        indexed_attestation: &IndexedAttestation<E>,
+        indexed_attestation: IndexedAttestationRef<E>,
         is_from_block: AttestationFromBlock,
     ) -> Result<(), InvalidAttestation> {
         // There is no point in processing an attestation with an empty bitfield. Reject
@@ -948,20 +948,20 @@ where
         //
         // This is not in the specification, however it should be transparent to other nodes. We
         // return early here to avoid wasting precious resources verifying the rest of it.
-        if indexed_attestation.attesting_indices.is_empty() {
+        if indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_is_empty() {
             return Err(InvalidAttestation::EmptyAggregationBitfield);
         }
 
-        let target = indexed_attestation.data.target;
+        let target = indexed_attestation.data().target;
 
         if matches!(is_from_block, AttestationFromBlock::False) {
             self.validate_target_epoch_against_current_time(target.epoch)?;
         }
 
-        if target.epoch != indexed_attestation.data.slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch()) {
+        if target.epoch != indexed_attestation.data().slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch()) {
             return Err(InvalidAttestation::BadTargetEpoch {
                 target: target.epoch,
-                slot: indexed_attestation.data.slot,
+                slot: indexed_attestation.data().slot,
             });
         }
 
@@ -983,9 +983,9 @@ where
         // attestation and do not delay consideration for later.
         let block = self
             .proto_array
-            .get_block(&indexed_attestation.data.beacon_block_root)
+            .get_block(&indexed_attestation.data().beacon_block_root)
             .ok_or(InvalidAttestation::UnknownHeadBlock {
-                beacon_block_root: indexed_attestation.data.beacon_block_root,
+                beacon_block_root: indexed_attestation.data().beacon_block_root,
             })?;
 
         // If an attestation points to a block that is from an earlier slot than the attestation,
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@ where
         // is from a prior epoch to the attestation, then the target root must be equal to the root
         // of the block that is being attested to.
         let expected_target = if target.epoch > block.slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch()) {
-            indexed_attestation.data.beacon_block_root
+            indexed_attestation.data().beacon_block_root
         } else {
             block.target_root
         };
@@ -1007,10 +1007,10 @@ where
 
         // Attestations must not be for blocks in the future. If this is the case, the attestation
         // should not be considered.
-        if block.slot > indexed_attestation.data.slot {
+        if block.slot > indexed_attestation.data().slot {
             return Err(InvalidAttestation::AttestsToFutureBlock {
                 block: block.slot,
-                attestation: indexed_attestation.data.slot,
+                attestation: indexed_attestation.data().slot,
             });
         }
 
@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ where
     pub fn on_attestation(
         &mut self,
         system_time_current_slot: Slot,
-        attestation: &IndexedAttestation<E>,
+        attestation: IndexedAttestationRef<E>,
         is_from_block: AttestationFromBlock,
     ) -> Result<(), Error<T::Error>> {
         self.update_time(system_time_current_slot)?;
@@ -1055,18 +1055,18 @@ where
         // (1) becomes weird once we hit finality and fork choice drops the genesis block. (2) is
         // fine because votes to the genesis block are not useful; all validators implicitly attest
         // to genesis just by being present in the chain.
-        if attestation.data.beacon_block_root == Hash256::zero() {
+        if attestation.data().beacon_block_root == Hash256::zero() {
             return Ok(());
         }
 
         self.validate_on_attestation(attestation, is_from_block)?;
 
-        if attestation.data.slot < self.fc_store.get_current_slot() {
-            for validator_index in attestation.attesting_indices.iter() {
+        if attestation.data().slot < self.fc_store.get_current_slot() {
+            for validator_index in attestation.attesting_indices_iter() {
                 self.proto_array.process_attestation(
                     *validator_index as usize,
-                    attestation.data.beacon_block_root,
-                    attestation.data.target.epoch,
+                    attestation.data().beacon_block_root,
+                    attestation.data().target.epoch,
                 )?;
             }
         } else {
@@ -1086,15 +1086,14 @@ where
     /// Apply an attester slashing to fork choice.
     ///
     /// We assume that the attester slashing provided to this function has already been verified.
-    pub fn on_attester_slashing(&mut self, slashing: &AttesterSlashing<E>) {
-        let attesting_indices_set = |att: &IndexedAttestation<E>| {
-            att.attesting_indices
-                .iter()
+    pub fn on_attester_slashing(&mut self, slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<'_, E>) {
+        let attesting_indices_set = |att: IndexedAttestationRef<'_, E>| {
+            att.attesting_indices_iter()
                 .copied()
                 .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>()
         };
-        let att1_indices = attesting_indices_set(&slashing.attestation_1);
-        let att2_indices = attesting_indices_set(&slashing.attestation_2);
+        let att1_indices = attesting_indices_set(slashing.attestation_1());
+        let att2_indices = attesting_indices_set(slashing.attestation_2());
         self.fc_store
             .extend_equivocating_indices(att1_indices.intersection(&att2_indices).copied());
     }
diff --git a/consensus/fork_choice/tests/tests.rs b/consensus/fork_choice/tests/tests.rs
index 3153275fb73..d2935dbca45 100644
--- a/consensus/fork_choice/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/consensus/fork_choice/tests/tests.rs
@@ -435,7 +435,12 @@ impl ForkChoiceTest {
         let validator_committee_index = 0;
         let validator_index = *head
             .beacon_state
-            .get_beacon_committee(current_slot, attestation.data.index)
+            .get_beacon_committee(
+                current_slot,
+                attestation
+                    .committee_index()
+                    .expect("should get committee index"),
+            )
             .expect("should get committees")
             .committee
             .get(validator_committee_index)
@@ -830,8 +835,13 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_empty_bitfield() {
         .await
         .apply_attestation_to_chain(
             MutationDelay::NoDelay,
-            |attestation, _| {
-                attestation.attesting_indices = vec![].into();
+            |attestation, _| match attestation {
+                IndexedAttestation::Base(ref mut att) => {
+                    att.attesting_indices = vec![].into();
+                }
+                IndexedAttestation::Electra(ref mut att) => {
+                    att.attesting_indices = vec![].into();
+                }
             },
             |result| {
                 assert_invalid_attestation!(result, InvalidAttestation::EmptyAggregationBitfield)
@@ -853,7 +863,7 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_future_epoch() {
         .apply_attestation_to_chain(
             MutationDelay::NoDelay,
             |attestation, _| {
-                attestation.data.target.epoch = Epoch::new(2);
+                attestation.data_mut().target.epoch = Epoch::new(2);
             },
             |result| {
                 assert_invalid_attestation!(
@@ -879,7 +889,7 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_past_epoch() {
         .apply_attestation_to_chain(
             MutationDelay::NoDelay,
             |attestation, _| {
-                attestation.data.target.epoch = Epoch::new(0);
+                attestation.data_mut().target.epoch = Epoch::new(0);
             },
             |result| {
                 assert_invalid_attestation!(
@@ -903,7 +913,7 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_target_epoch() {
         .apply_attestation_to_chain(
             MutationDelay::NoDelay,
             |attestation, _| {
-                attestation.data.slot = Slot::new(1);
+                attestation.data_mut().slot = Slot::new(1);
             },
             |result| {
                 assert_invalid_attestation!(
@@ -929,7 +939,7 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_unknown_target_root() {
         .apply_attestation_to_chain(
             MutationDelay::NoDelay,
             |attestation, _| {
-                attestation.data.target.root = junk;
+                attestation.data_mut().target.root = junk;
             },
             |result| {
                 assert_invalid_attestation!(
@@ -955,7 +965,7 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_unknown_beacon_block_root() {
         .apply_attestation_to_chain(
             MutationDelay::NoDelay,
             |attestation, _| {
-                attestation.data.beacon_block_root = junk;
+                attestation.data_mut().beacon_block_root = junk;
             },
             |result| {
                 assert_invalid_attestation!(
@@ -979,7 +989,7 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_future_block() {
         .apply_attestation_to_chain(
             MutationDelay::Blocks(1),
             |attestation, chain| {
-                attestation.data.beacon_block_root = chain
+                attestation.data_mut().beacon_block_root = chain
                     .block_at_slot(chain.slot().unwrap(), WhenSlotSkipped::Prev)
                     .unwrap()
                     .unwrap()
@@ -1010,13 +1020,13 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_inconsistent_ffg_vote() {
         .apply_attestation_to_chain(
             MutationDelay::NoDelay,
             |attestation, chain| {
-                attestation.data.target.root = chain
+                attestation.data_mut().target.root = chain
                     .block_at_slot(Slot::new(1), WhenSlotSkipped::Prev)
                     .unwrap()
                     .unwrap()
                     .canonical_root();
 
-                *attestation_opt.lock().unwrap() = Some(attestation.data.target.root);
+                *attestation_opt.lock().unwrap() = Some(attestation.data().target.root);
                 *local_opt.lock().unwrap() = Some(
                     chain
                         .block_at_slot(Slot::new(0), WhenSlotSkipped::Prev)
@@ -1069,8 +1079,8 @@ async fn valid_attestation_skip_across_epoch() {
             MutationDelay::NoDelay,
             |attestation, _chain| {
                 assert_eq!(
-                    attestation.data.target.root,
-                    attestation.data.beacon_block_root
+                    attestation.data().target.root,
+                    attestation.data().beacon_block_root
                 )
             },
             |result| result.unwrap(),
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/common/get_attesting_indices.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/common/get_attesting_indices.rs
index a89b71ff2b5..b131f7679a3 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/common/get_attesting_indices.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/common/get_attesting_indices.rs
@@ -1,32 +1,172 @@
 use types::*;
 
-/// Returns validator indices which participated in the attestation, sorted by increasing index.
-pub fn get_attesting_indices<E: EthSpec>(
-    committee: &[usize],
-    bitlist: &BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee>,
-) -> Result<Vec<u64>, BeaconStateError> {
-    if bitlist.len() != committee.len() {
-        return Err(BeaconStateError::InvalidBitfield);
+pub mod attesting_indices_base {
+    use crate::per_block_processing::errors::{AttestationInvalid as Invalid, BlockOperationError};
+    use types::*;
+
+    /// Convert `attestation` to (almost) indexed-verifiable form.
+    ///
+    /// Spec v0.12.1
+    pub fn get_indexed_attestation<E: EthSpec>(
+        committee: &[usize],
+        attestation: &AttestationBase<E>,
+    ) -> Result<IndexedAttestation<E>, BlockOperationError<Invalid>> {
+        let attesting_indices =
+            get_attesting_indices::<E>(committee, &attestation.aggregation_bits)?;
+        Ok(IndexedAttestation::Base(IndexedAttestationBase {
+            attesting_indices: VariableList::new(attesting_indices)?,
+            data: attestation.data.clone(),
+            signature: attestation.signature.clone(),
+        }))
     }
 
-    let mut indices = Vec::with_capacity(bitlist.num_set_bits());
+    /// Returns validator indices which participated in the attestation, sorted by increasing index.
+    pub fn get_attesting_indices<E: EthSpec>(
+        committee: &[usize],
+        bitlist: &BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u64>, BeaconStateError> {
+        if bitlist.len() != committee.len() {
+            return Err(BeaconStateError::InvalidBitfield);
+        }
+
+        let mut indices = Vec::with_capacity(bitlist.num_set_bits());
 
-    for (i, validator_index) in committee.iter().enumerate() {
-        if let Ok(true) = bitlist.get(i) {
-            indices.push(*validator_index as u64)
+        for (i, validator_index) in committee.iter().enumerate() {
+            if let Ok(true) = bitlist.get(i) {
+                indices.push(*validator_index as u64)
+            }
         }
+
+        indices.sort_unstable();
+
+        Ok(indices)
+    }
+}
+
+pub mod attesting_indices_electra {
+    use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+    use crate::per_block_processing::errors::{AttestationInvalid as Invalid, BlockOperationError};
+    use safe_arith::SafeArith;
+    use types::*;
+
+    /// Compute an Electra IndexedAttestation given a list of committees.
+    ///
+    /// Committees must be sorted by ascending order 0..committees_per_slot
+    pub fn get_indexed_attestation<E: EthSpec>(
+        committees: &[BeaconCommittee],
+        attestation: &AttestationElectra<E>,
+    ) -> Result<IndexedAttestation<E>, BlockOperationError<Invalid>> {
+        let attesting_indices = get_attesting_indices::<E>(
+            committees,
+            &attestation.aggregation_bits,
+            &attestation.committee_bits,
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(IndexedAttestation::Electra(IndexedAttestationElectra {
+            attesting_indices: VariableList::new(attesting_indices)?,
+            data: attestation.data.clone(),
+            signature: attestation.signature.clone(),
+        }))
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_indexed_attestation_from_state<E: EthSpec>(
+        beacon_state: &BeaconState<E>,
+        attestation: &AttestationElectra<E>,
+    ) -> Result<IndexedAttestation<E>, BlockOperationError<Invalid>> {
+        let committees = beacon_state.get_beacon_committees_at_slot(attestation.data.slot)?;
+        get_indexed_attestation(&committees, attestation)
+    }
+
+    /// Shortcut for getting the attesting indices while fetching the committee from the state's cache.
+    pub fn get_attesting_indices_from_state<E: EthSpec>(
+        state: &BeaconState<E>,
+        att: &AttestationElectra<E>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u64>, BeaconStateError> {
+        let committees = state.get_beacon_committees_at_slot(att.data.slot)?;
+        get_attesting_indices::<E>(&committees, &att.aggregation_bits, &att.committee_bits)
     }
 
-    indices.sort_unstable();
+    /// Returns validator indices which participated in the attestation, sorted by increasing index.
+    ///
+    /// Committees must be sorted by ascending order 0..committees_per_slot
+    pub fn get_attesting_indices<E: EthSpec>(
+        committees: &[BeaconCommittee],
+        aggregation_bits: &BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerSlot>,
+        committee_bits: &BitVector<E::MaxCommitteesPerSlot>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u64>, BeaconStateError> {
+        let mut attesting_indices = vec![];
 
-    Ok(indices)
+        let committee_indices = get_committee_indices::<E>(committee_bits);
+
+        let mut committee_offset = 0;
+
+        let committee_count_per_slot = committees.len() as u64;
+        let mut participant_count = 0;
+        for index in committee_indices {
+            let beacon_committee = committees
+                .get(index as usize)
+                .ok_or(Error::NoCommitteeFound(index))?;
+
+            // This check is new to the spec's `process_attestation` in Electra.
+            if index >= committee_count_per_slot {
+                return Err(BeaconStateError::InvalidCommitteeIndex(index));
+            }
+            participant_count.safe_add_assign(beacon_committee.committee.len() as u64)?;
+            let committee_attesters = beacon_committee
+                .committee
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .filter_map(|(i, &index)| {
+                    if let Ok(aggregation_bit_index) = committee_offset.safe_add(i) {
+                        if aggregation_bits.get(aggregation_bit_index).unwrap_or(false) {
+                            return Some(index as u64);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    None
+                })
+                .collect::<HashSet<u64>>();
+
+            attesting_indices.extend(committee_attesters);
+            committee_offset.safe_add_assign(beacon_committee.committee.len())?;
+        }
+
+        // This check is new to the spec's `process_attestation` in Electra.
+        if participant_count as usize != aggregation_bits.len() {
+            return Err(BeaconStateError::InvalidBitfield);
+        }
+
+        attesting_indices.sort_unstable();
+
+        Ok(attesting_indices)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_committee_indices<E: EthSpec>(
+        committee_bits: &BitVector<E::MaxCommitteesPerSlot>,
+    ) -> Vec<CommitteeIndex> {
+        committee_bits
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(index, bit)| if bit { Some(index as u64) } else { None })
+            .collect()
+    }
 }
 
 /// Shortcut for getting the attesting indices while fetching the committee from the state's cache.
 pub fn get_attesting_indices_from_state<E: EthSpec>(
     state: &BeaconState<E>,
-    att: &Attestation<E>,
+    att: AttestationRef<E>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<u64>, BeaconStateError> {
-    let committee = state.get_beacon_committee(att.data.slot, att.data.index)?;
-    get_attesting_indices::<E>(committee.committee, &att.aggregation_bits)
+    match att {
+        AttestationRef::Base(att) => {
+            let committee = state.get_beacon_committee(att.data.slot, att.data.index)?;
+            attesting_indices_base::get_attesting_indices::<E>(
+                committee.committee,
+                &att.aggregation_bits,
+            )
+        }
+        AttestationRef::Electra(att) => {
+            attesting_indices_electra::get_attesting_indices_from_state::<E>(state, att)
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/common/get_indexed_attestation.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/common/get_indexed_attestation.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9cf689df40f..00000000000
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/common/get_indexed_attestation.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-use super::get_attesting_indices;
-use crate::per_block_processing::errors::{AttestationInvalid as Invalid, BlockOperationError};
-use types::*;
-
-type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, BlockOperationError<Invalid>>;
-
-/// Convert `attestation` to (almost) indexed-verifiable form.
-///
-/// Spec v0.12.1
-pub fn get_indexed_attestation<E: EthSpec>(
-    committee: &[usize],
-    attestation: &Attestation<E>,
-) -> Result<IndexedAttestation<E>> {
-    let attesting_indices = get_attesting_indices::<E>(committee, &attestation.aggregation_bits)?;
-
-    Ok(IndexedAttestation {
-        attesting_indices: VariableList::new(attesting_indices)?,
-        data: attestation.data.clone(),
-        signature: attestation.signature.clone(),
-    })
-}
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/common/mod.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/common/mod.rs
index cefc47b0235..0287748fd04 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/common/mod.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/common/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 mod deposit_data_tree;
 mod get_attestation_participation;
 mod get_attesting_indices;
-mod get_indexed_attestation;
 mod initiate_validator_exit;
 mod slash_validator;
 
@@ -11,8 +10,9 @@ pub mod update_progressive_balances_cache;
 
 pub use deposit_data_tree::DepositDataTree;
 pub use get_attestation_participation::get_attestation_participation_flag_indices;
-pub use get_attesting_indices::{get_attesting_indices, get_attesting_indices_from_state};
-pub use get_indexed_attestation::get_indexed_attestation;
+pub use get_attesting_indices::{
+    attesting_indices_base, attesting_indices_electra, get_attesting_indices_from_state,
+};
 pub use initiate_validator_exit::initiate_validator_exit;
 pub use slash_validator::slash_validator;
 
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/consensus_context.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/consensus_context.rs
index 073d87be85b..b0eaf3422d3 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/consensus_context.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/consensus_context.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-use crate::common::get_indexed_attestation;
+use crate::common::{attesting_indices_base, attesting_indices_electra};
 use crate::per_block_processing::errors::{AttestationInvalid, BlockOperationError};
 use crate::EpochCacheError;
 use std::collections::{hash_map::Entry, HashMap};
 use tree_hash::TreeHash;
 use types::{
-    AbstractExecPayload, Attestation, AttestationData, BeaconState, BeaconStateError, BitList,
-    ChainSpec, Epoch, EthSpec, Hash256, IndexedAttestation, SignedBeaconBlock, Slot,
+    AbstractExecPayload, AttestationRef, BeaconState, BeaconStateError, ChainSpec, Epoch, EthSpec,
+    Hash256, IndexedAttestation, IndexedAttestationRef, SignedBeaconBlock, Slot,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ pub struct ConsensusContext<E: EthSpec> {
     /// Block root of the block at `slot`.
     pub current_block_root: Option<Hash256>,
     /// Cache of indexed attestations constructed during block processing.
-    pub indexed_attestations:
-        HashMap<(AttestationData, BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee>), IndexedAttestation<E>>,
+    pub indexed_attestations: HashMap<Hash256, IndexedAttestation<E>>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
@@ -148,26 +147,32 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ConsensusContext<E> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_indexed_attestation(
-        &mut self,
+    pub fn get_indexed_attestation<'a>(
+        &'a mut self,
         state: &BeaconState<E>,
-        attestation: &Attestation<E>,
-    ) -> Result<&IndexedAttestation<E>, BlockOperationError<AttestationInvalid>> {
-        let key = (
-            attestation.data.clone(),
-            attestation.aggregation_bits.clone(),
-        );
-
-        match self.indexed_attestations.entry(key) {
-            Entry::Occupied(occupied) => Ok(occupied.into_mut()),
-            Entry::Vacant(vacant) => {
-                let committee =
-                    state.get_beacon_committee(attestation.data.slot, attestation.data.index)?;
-                let indexed_attestation =
-                    get_indexed_attestation(committee.committee, attestation)?;
-                Ok(vacant.insert(indexed_attestation))
-            }
+        attestation: AttestationRef<'a, E>,
+    ) -> Result<IndexedAttestationRef<E>, BlockOperationError<AttestationInvalid>> {
+        let key = attestation.tree_hash_root();
+        match attestation {
+            AttestationRef::Base(attn) => match self.indexed_attestations.entry(key) {
+                Entry::Occupied(occupied) => Ok(occupied.into_mut()),
+                Entry::Vacant(vacant) => {
+                    let committee = state.get_beacon_committee(attn.data.slot, attn.data.index)?;
+                    let indexed_attestation =
+                        attesting_indices_base::get_indexed_attestation(committee.committee, attn)?;
+                    Ok(vacant.insert(indexed_attestation))
+                }
+            },
+            AttestationRef::Electra(attn) => match self.indexed_attestations.entry(key) {
+                Entry::Occupied(occupied) => Ok(occupied.into_mut()),
+                Entry::Vacant(vacant) => {
+                    let indexed_attestation =
+                        attesting_indices_electra::get_indexed_attestation_from_state(state, attn)?;
+                    Ok(vacant.insert(indexed_attestation))
+                }
+            },
         }
+        .map(|indexed_attestation| (*indexed_attestation).to_ref())
     }
 
     pub fn num_cached_indexed_attestations(&self) -> usize {
@@ -177,10 +182,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ConsensusContext<E> {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn set_indexed_attestations(
         mut self,
-        attestations: HashMap<
-            (AttestationData, BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee>),
-            IndexedAttestation<E>,
-        >,
+        attestations: HashMap<Hash256, IndexedAttestation<E>>,
     ) -> Self {
         self.indexed_attestations = attestations;
         self
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/lib.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/lib.rs
index 74f9d84bb11..adabf6862d3 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/lib.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/lib.rs
@@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ pub use per_epoch_processing::{
 };
 pub use per_slot_processing::{per_slot_processing, Error as SlotProcessingError};
 pub use types::{EpochCache, EpochCacheError, EpochCacheKey};
-pub use verify_operation::{SigVerifiedOp, VerifyOperation, VerifyOperationAt};
+pub use verify_operation::{SigVerifiedOp, TransformPersist, VerifyOperation, VerifyOperationAt};
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/block_signature_verifier.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/block_signature_verifier.rs
index 3b8a8ea52c9..74477f5e481 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/block_signature_verifier.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/block_signature_verifier.rs
@@ -247,13 +247,12 @@ where
     ) -> Result<()> {
         self.sets
             .sets
-            .reserve(block.message().body().attester_slashings().len() * 2);
+            .reserve(block.message().body().attester_slashings_len() * 2);
 
         block
             .message()
             .body()
             .attester_slashings()
-            .iter()
             .try_for_each(|attester_slashing| {
                 let (set_1, set_2) = attester_slashing_signature_sets(
                     self.state,
@@ -277,20 +276,19 @@ where
     ) -> Result<()> {
         self.sets
             .sets
-            .reserve(block.message().body().attestations().len());
+            .reserve(block.message().body().attestations_len());
 
         block
             .message()
             .body()
             .attestations()
-            .iter()
             .try_for_each(|attestation| {
                 let indexed_attestation = ctxt.get_indexed_attestation(self.state, attestation)?;
 
                 self.sets.push(indexed_attestation_signature_set(
                     self.state,
                     self.get_pubkey.clone(),
-                    &attestation.signature,
+                    attestation.signature(),
                     indexed_attestation,
                     self.spec,
                 )?);
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/errors.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/errors.rs
index 336895514f9..71a284dea49 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/errors.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/errors.rs
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ pub enum BlockProcessingError {
         found: Hash256,
     },
     WithdrawalCredentialsInvalid,
+    PendingAttestationInElectra,
 }
 
 impl From<BeaconStateError> for BlockProcessingError {
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/is_valid_indexed_attestation.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/is_valid_indexed_attestation.rs
index baccd1dbbd2..4bad3315cc4 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/is_valid_indexed_attestation.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/is_valid_indexed_attestation.rs
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ fn error(reason: Invalid) -> BlockOperationError<Invalid> {
 /// Verify an `IndexedAttestation`.
 pub fn is_valid_indexed_attestation<E: EthSpec>(
     state: &BeaconState<E>,
-    indexed_attestation: &IndexedAttestation<E>,
+    indexed_attestation: IndexedAttestationRef<E>,
     verify_signatures: VerifySignatures,
     spec: &ChainSpec,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let indices = &indexed_attestation.attesting_indices;
+    let indices = indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_to_vec();
 
     // Verify that indices aren't empty
     verify!(!indices.is_empty(), Invalid::IndicesEmpty);
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ pub fn is_valid_indexed_attestation<E: EthSpec>(
             })?;
         Ok(())
     };
-    check_sorted(indices)?;
+    check_sorted(&indices)?;
 
     if verify_signatures.is_true() {
         verify!(
             indexed_attestation_signature_set(
                 state,
                 |i| get_pubkey_from_state(state, i),
-                &indexed_attestation.signature,
+                indexed_attestation.signature(),
                 indexed_attestation,
                 spec
             )?
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/process_operations.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/process_operations.rs
index 3aefcf8a9c5..bd354901a8b 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/process_operations.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/process_operations.rs
@@ -46,13 +46,16 @@ pub mod base {
     ///
     /// Returns `Ok(())` if the validation and state updates completed successfully, otherwise returns
     /// an `Err` describing the invalid object or cause of failure.
-    pub fn process_attestations<E: EthSpec>(
+    pub fn process_attestations<'a, E: EthSpec, I>(
         state: &mut BeaconState<E>,
-        attestations: &[Attestation<E>],
+        attestations: I,
         verify_signatures: VerifySignatures,
         ctxt: &mut ConsensusContext<E>,
         spec: &ChainSpec,
-    ) -> Result<(), BlockProcessingError> {
+    ) -> Result<(), BlockProcessingError>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = AttestationRef<'a, E>>,
+    {
         // Ensure required caches are all built. These should be no-ops during regular operation.
         state.build_committee_cache(RelativeEpoch::Current, spec)?;
         state.build_committee_cache(RelativeEpoch::Previous, spec)?;
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@ pub mod base {
         let proposer_index = ctxt.get_proposer_index(state, spec)?;
 
         // Verify and apply each attestation.
-        for (i, attestation) in attestations.iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, attestation) in attestations.enumerate() {
             verify_attestation_for_block_inclusion(
                 state,
                 attestation,
@@ -73,6 +76,12 @@ pub mod base {
             )
             .map_err(|e| e.into_with_index(i))?;
 
+            let AttestationRef::Base(attestation) = attestation else {
+                // Pending attestations have been deprecated in a altair, this branch should
+                // never happen
+                return Err(BlockProcessingError::PendingAttestationInElectra);
+            };
+
             let pending_attestation = PendingAttestation {
                 aggregation_bits: attestation.aggregation_bits.clone(),
                 data: attestation.data.clone(),
@@ -101,24 +110,24 @@ pub mod altair_deneb {
     use super::*;
     use crate::common::update_progressive_balances_cache::update_progressive_balances_on_attestation;
 
-    pub fn process_attestations<E: EthSpec>(
+    pub fn process_attestations<'a, E: EthSpec, I>(
         state: &mut BeaconState<E>,
-        attestations: &[Attestation<E>],
+        attestations: I,
         verify_signatures: VerifySignatures,
         ctxt: &mut ConsensusContext<E>,
         spec: &ChainSpec,
-    ) -> Result<(), BlockProcessingError> {
-        attestations
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .try_for_each(|(i, attestation)| {
-                process_attestation(state, attestation, i, ctxt, verify_signatures, spec)
-            })
+    ) -> Result<(), BlockProcessingError>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = AttestationRef<'a, E>>,
+    {
+        attestations.enumerate().try_for_each(|(i, attestation)| {
+            process_attestation(state, attestation, i, ctxt, verify_signatures, spec)
+        })
     }
 
     pub fn process_attestation<E: EthSpec>(
         state: &mut BeaconState<E>,
-        attestation: &Attestation<E>,
+        attestation: AttestationRef<E>,
         att_index: usize,
         ctxt: &mut ConsensusContext<E>,
         verify_signatures: VerifySignatures,
@@ -128,26 +137,24 @@ pub mod altair_deneb {
         let previous_epoch = ctxt.previous_epoch;
         let current_epoch = ctxt.current_epoch;
 
-        let attesting_indices = verify_attestation_for_block_inclusion(
+        let indexed_att = verify_attestation_for_block_inclusion(
             state,
             attestation,
             ctxt,
             verify_signatures,
             spec,
         )
-        .map_err(|e| e.into_with_index(att_index))?
-        .attesting_indices
-        .clone();
+        .map_err(|e| e.into_with_index(att_index))?;
 
         // Matching roots, participation flag indices
-        let data = &attestation.data;
+        let data = attestation.data();
         let inclusion_delay = state.slot().safe_sub(data.slot)?.as_u64();
         let participation_flag_indices =
             get_attestation_participation_flag_indices(state, data, inclusion_delay, spec)?;
 
         // Update epoch participation flags.
         let mut proposer_reward_numerator = 0;
-        for index in &attesting_indices {
+        for index in indexed_att.attesting_indices_iter() {
             let index = *index as usize;
 
             let validator_effective_balance = state.epoch_cache().get_effective_balance(index)?;
@@ -231,16 +238,19 @@ pub fn process_proposer_slashings<E: EthSpec>(
 ///
 /// Returns `Ok(())` if the validation and state updates completed successfully, otherwise returns
 /// an `Err` describing the invalid object or cause of failure.
-pub fn process_attester_slashings<E: EthSpec>(
+pub fn process_attester_slashings<'a, E: EthSpec, I>(
     state: &mut BeaconState<E>,
-    attester_slashings: &[AttesterSlashing<E>],
+    attester_slashings: I,
     verify_signatures: VerifySignatures,
     ctxt: &mut ConsensusContext<E>,
     spec: &ChainSpec,
-) -> Result<(), BlockProcessingError> {
+) -> Result<(), BlockProcessingError>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E>>,
+{
     state.build_slashings_cache()?;
 
-    for (i, attester_slashing) in attester_slashings.iter().enumerate() {
+    for (i, attester_slashing) in attester_slashings.enumerate() {
         let slashable_indices =
             verify_attester_slashing(state, attester_slashing, verify_signatures, spec)
                 .map_err(|e| e.into_with_index(i))?;
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/signature_sets.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/signature_sets.rs
index 9468893f762..2e00ee03418 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/signature_sets.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/signature_sets.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ use ssz::DecodeError;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use tree_hash::TreeHash;
 use types::{
-    AbstractExecPayload, AggregateSignature, AttesterSlashing, BeaconBlockRef, BeaconState,
+    AbstractExecPayload, AggregateSignature, AttesterSlashingRef, BeaconBlockRef, BeaconState,
     BeaconStateError, ChainSpec, DepositData, Domain, Epoch, EthSpec, Fork, Hash256,
-    InconsistentFork, IndexedAttestation, ProposerSlashing, PublicKey, PublicKeyBytes, Signature,
-    SignedAggregateAndProof, SignedBeaconBlock, SignedBeaconBlockHeader,
+    InconsistentFork, IndexedAttestation, IndexedAttestationRef, ProposerSlashing, PublicKey,
+    PublicKeyBytes, Signature, SignedAggregateAndProof, SignedBeaconBlock, SignedBeaconBlockHeader,
     SignedBlsToExecutionChange, SignedContributionAndProof, SignedRoot, SignedVoluntaryExit,
     SigningData, Slot, SyncAggregate, SyncAggregatorSelectionData, Unsigned,
 };
@@ -272,28 +272,28 @@ pub fn indexed_attestation_signature_set<'a, 'b, E, F>(
     state: &'a BeaconState<E>,
     get_pubkey: F,
     signature: &'a AggregateSignature,
-    indexed_attestation: &'b IndexedAttestation<E>,
+    indexed_attestation: IndexedAttestationRef<'b, E>,
     spec: &'a ChainSpec,
 ) -> Result<SignatureSet<'a>>
 where
     E: EthSpec,
     F: Fn(usize) -> Option<Cow<'a, PublicKey>>,
 {
-    let mut pubkeys = Vec::with_capacity(indexed_attestation.attesting_indices.len());
-    for &validator_idx in &indexed_attestation.attesting_indices {
+    let mut pubkeys = Vec::with_capacity(indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_len());
+    for &validator_idx in indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_iter() {
         pubkeys.push(
             get_pubkey(validator_idx as usize).ok_or(Error::ValidatorUnknown(validator_idx))?,
         );
     }
 
     let domain = spec.get_domain(
-        indexed_attestation.data.target.epoch,
+        indexed_attestation.data().target.epoch,
         Domain::BeaconAttester,
         &state.fork(),
         state.genesis_validators_root(),
     );
 
-    let message = indexed_attestation.data.signing_root(domain);
+    let message = indexed_attestation.data().signing_root(domain);
 
     Ok(SignatureSet::multiple_pubkeys(signature, pubkeys, message))
 }
@@ -312,21 +312,21 @@ where
     E: EthSpec,
     F: Fn(usize) -> Option<Cow<'a, PublicKey>>,
 {
-    let mut pubkeys = Vec::with_capacity(indexed_attestation.attesting_indices.len());
-    for &validator_idx in &indexed_attestation.attesting_indices {
+    let mut pubkeys = Vec::with_capacity(indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_len());
+    for &validator_idx in indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_iter() {
         pubkeys.push(
             get_pubkey(validator_idx as usize).ok_or(Error::ValidatorUnknown(validator_idx))?,
         );
     }
 
     let domain = spec.get_domain(
-        indexed_attestation.data.target.epoch,
+        indexed_attestation.data().target.epoch,
         Domain::BeaconAttester,
         fork,
         genesis_validators_root,
     );
 
-    let message = indexed_attestation.data.signing_root(domain);
+    let message = indexed_attestation.data().signing_root(domain);
 
     Ok(SignatureSet::multiple_pubkeys(signature, pubkeys, message))
 }
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ where
 pub fn attester_slashing_signature_sets<'a, E, F>(
     state: &'a BeaconState<E>,
     get_pubkey: F,
-    attester_slashing: &'a AttesterSlashing<E>,
+    attester_slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E>,
     spec: &'a ChainSpec,
 ) -> Result<(SignatureSet<'a>, SignatureSet<'a>)>
 where
@@ -346,15 +346,15 @@ where
         indexed_attestation_signature_set(
             state,
             get_pubkey.clone(),
-            &attester_slashing.attestation_1.signature,
-            &attester_slashing.attestation_1,
+            attester_slashing.attestation_1().signature(),
+            attester_slashing.attestation_1(),
             spec,
         )?,
         indexed_attestation_signature_set(
             state,
             get_pubkey,
-            &attester_slashing.attestation_2.signature,
-            &attester_slashing.attestation_2,
+            attester_slashing.attestation_2().signature(),
+            attester_slashing.attestation_2(),
             spec,
         )?,
     ))
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ where
     E: EthSpec,
     F: Fn(usize) -> Option<Cow<'a, PublicKey>>,
 {
-    let slot = signed_aggregate_and_proof.message.aggregate.data.slot;
+    let slot = signed_aggregate_and_proof.message().aggregate().data().slot;
 
     let domain = spec.get_domain(
         slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch()),
@@ -434,9 +434,8 @@ where
         genesis_validators_root,
     );
     let message = slot.signing_root(domain);
-    let signature = &signed_aggregate_and_proof.message.selection_proof;
-    let validator_index = signed_aggregate_and_proof.message.aggregator_index;
-
+    let signature = signed_aggregate_and_proof.message().selection_proof();
+    let validator_index = signed_aggregate_and_proof.message().aggregator_index();
     Ok(SignatureSet::single_pubkey(
         signature,
         get_pubkey(validator_index as usize).ok_or(Error::ValidatorUnknown(validator_index))?,
@@ -456,9 +455,9 @@ where
     F: Fn(usize) -> Option<Cow<'a, PublicKey>>,
 {
     let target_epoch = signed_aggregate_and_proof
-        .message
-        .aggregate
-        .data
+        .message()
+        .aggregate()
+        .data()
         .target
         .epoch;
 
@@ -468,9 +467,9 @@ where
         fork,
         genesis_validators_root,
     );
-    let message = signed_aggregate_and_proof.message.signing_root(domain);
-    let signature = &signed_aggregate_and_proof.signature;
-    let validator_index = signed_aggregate_and_proof.message.aggregator_index;
+    let message = signed_aggregate_and_proof.message().signing_root(domain);
+    let signature = signed_aggregate_and_proof.signature();
+    let validator_index = signed_aggregate_and_proof.message().aggregator_index();
 
     Ok(SignatureSet::single_pubkey(
         signature,
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/tests.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/tests.rs
index f0055fa80dd..2774dd3d87f 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/tests.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/tests.rs
@@ -388,8 +388,13 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_no_committee_for_index() {
         .clone()
         .deconstruct()
         .0;
-    head_block.to_mut().body_mut().attestations_mut()[0]
-        .data
+    head_block
+        .to_mut()
+        .body_mut()
+        .attestations_mut()
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .data_mut()
         .index += 1;
     let mut ctxt = ConsensusContext::new(state.slot());
     let result = process_operations::process_attestations(
@@ -423,11 +428,22 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_wrong_justified_checkpoint() {
         .clone()
         .deconstruct()
         .0;
-    let old_justified_checkpoint = head_block.body().attestations()[0].data.source;
+    let old_justified_checkpoint = head_block
+        .body()
+        .attestations()
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .data()
+        .source;
     let mut new_justified_checkpoint = old_justified_checkpoint;
     new_justified_checkpoint.epoch += Epoch::new(1);
-    head_block.to_mut().body_mut().attestations_mut()[0]
-        .data
+    head_block
+        .to_mut()
+        .body_mut()
+        .attestations_mut()
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .data_mut()
         .source = new_justified_checkpoint;
 
     let mut ctxt = ConsensusContext::new(state.slot());
@@ -467,8 +483,14 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_bad_aggregation_bitfield_len() {
         .clone()
         .deconstruct()
         .0;
-    head_block.to_mut().body_mut().attestations_mut()[0].aggregation_bits =
-        Bitfield::with_capacity(spec.target_committee_size).unwrap();
+    *head_block
+        .to_mut()
+        .body_mut()
+        .attestations_mut()
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .aggregation_bits_base_mut()
+        .unwrap() = Bitfield::with_capacity(spec.target_committee_size).unwrap();
 
     let mut ctxt = ConsensusContext::new(state.slot());
     let result = process_operations::process_attestations(
@@ -501,7 +523,13 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_bad_signature() {
         .clone()
         .deconstruct()
         .0;
-    head_block.to_mut().body_mut().attestations_mut()[0].signature = AggregateSignature::empty();
+    *head_block
+        .to_mut()
+        .body_mut()
+        .attestations_mut()
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .signature_mut() = AggregateSignature::empty();
 
     let mut ctxt = ConsensusContext::new(state.slot());
     let result = process_operations::process_attestations(
@@ -536,10 +564,15 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_included_too_early() {
         .clone()
         .deconstruct()
         .0;
-    let new_attesation_slot = head_block.body().attestations()[0].data.slot
+    let new_attesation_slot = head_block.body().attestations().next().unwrap().data().slot
         + Slot::new(MainnetEthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
-    head_block.to_mut().body_mut().attestations_mut()[0]
-        .data
+    head_block
+        .to_mut()
+        .body_mut()
+        .attestations_mut()
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .data_mut()
         .slot = new_attesation_slot;
 
     let mut ctxt = ConsensusContext::new(state.slot());
@@ -579,10 +612,15 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_included_too_late() {
         .clone()
         .deconstruct()
         .0;
-    let new_attesation_slot = head_block.body().attestations()[0].data.slot
+    let new_attesation_slot = head_block.body().attestations().next().unwrap().data().slot
         - Slot::new(MainnetEthSpec::slots_per_epoch());
-    head_block.to_mut().body_mut().attestations_mut()[0]
-        .data
+    head_block
+        .to_mut()
+        .body_mut()
+        .attestations_mut()
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .data_mut()
         .slot = new_attesation_slot;
 
     let mut ctxt = ConsensusContext::new(state.slot());
@@ -619,8 +657,13 @@ async fn invalid_attestation_target_epoch_slot_mismatch() {
         .clone()
         .deconstruct()
         .0;
-    head_block.to_mut().body_mut().attestations_mut()[0]
-        .data
+    head_block
+        .to_mut()
+        .body_mut()
+        .attestations_mut()
+        .next()
+        .unwrap()
+        .data_mut()
         .target
         .epoch += Epoch::new(1);
 
@@ -655,7 +698,7 @@ async fn valid_insert_attester_slashing() {
     let mut ctxt = ConsensusContext::new(state.slot());
     let result = process_operations::process_attester_slashings(
         &mut state,
-        &[attester_slashing],
+        [attester_slashing.to_ref()].into_iter(),
         VerifySignatures::True,
         &mut ctxt,
         &spec,
@@ -671,13 +714,20 @@ async fn invalid_attester_slashing_not_slashable() {
     let harness = get_harness::<MainnetEthSpec>(EPOCH_OFFSET, VALIDATOR_COUNT).await;
 
     let mut attester_slashing = harness.make_attester_slashing(vec![1, 2]);
-    attester_slashing.attestation_1 = attester_slashing.attestation_2.clone();
+    match &mut attester_slashing {
+        AttesterSlashing::Base(ref mut attester_slashing) => {
+            attester_slashing.attestation_1 = attester_slashing.attestation_2.clone();
+        }
+        AttesterSlashing::Electra(ref mut attester_slashing) => {
+            attester_slashing.attestation_1 = attester_slashing.attestation_2.clone();
+        }
+    }
 
     let mut state = harness.get_current_state();
     let mut ctxt = ConsensusContext::new(state.slot());
     let result = process_operations::process_attester_slashings(
         &mut state,
-        &[attester_slashing],
+        [attester_slashing.to_ref()].into_iter(),
         VerifySignatures::True,
         &mut ctxt,
         &spec,
@@ -699,13 +749,20 @@ async fn invalid_attester_slashing_1_invalid() {
     let harness = get_harness::<MainnetEthSpec>(EPOCH_OFFSET, VALIDATOR_COUNT).await;
 
     let mut attester_slashing = harness.make_attester_slashing(vec![1, 2]);
-    attester_slashing.attestation_1.attesting_indices = VariableList::from(vec![2, 1]);
+    match &mut attester_slashing {
+        AttesterSlashing::Base(ref mut attester_slashing) => {
+            attester_slashing.attestation_1.attesting_indices = VariableList::from(vec![2, 1]);
+        }
+        AttesterSlashing::Electra(ref mut attester_slashing) => {
+            attester_slashing.attestation_1.attesting_indices = VariableList::from(vec![2, 1]);
+        }
+    }
 
     let mut state = harness.get_current_state();
     let mut ctxt = ConsensusContext::new(state.slot());
     let result = process_operations::process_attester_slashings(
         &mut state,
-        &[attester_slashing],
+        [attester_slashing.to_ref()].into_iter(),
         VerifySignatures::True,
         &mut ctxt,
         &spec,
@@ -730,13 +787,20 @@ async fn invalid_attester_slashing_2_invalid() {
     let harness = get_harness::<MainnetEthSpec>(EPOCH_OFFSET, VALIDATOR_COUNT).await;
 
     let mut attester_slashing = harness.make_attester_slashing(vec![1, 2]);
-    attester_slashing.attestation_2.attesting_indices = VariableList::from(vec![2, 1]);
+    match &mut attester_slashing {
+        AttesterSlashing::Base(ref mut attester_slashing) => {
+            attester_slashing.attestation_2.attesting_indices = VariableList::from(vec![2, 1]);
+        }
+        AttesterSlashing::Electra(ref mut attester_slashing) => {
+            attester_slashing.attestation_2.attesting_indices = VariableList::from(vec![2, 1]);
+        }
+    }
 
     let mut state = harness.get_current_state();
     let mut ctxt = ConsensusContext::new(state.slot());
     let result = process_operations::process_attester_slashings(
         &mut state,
-        &[attester_slashing],
+        [attester_slashing.to_ref()].into_iter(),
         VerifySignatures::True,
         &mut ctxt,
         &spec,
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/verify_attestation.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/verify_attestation.rs
index c904ba55f0a..6bfb5d7cfe7 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/verify_attestation.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/verify_attestation.rs
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ fn error(reason: Invalid) -> BlockOperationError<Invalid> {
 /// Optionally verifies the aggregate signature, depending on `verify_signatures`.
 pub fn verify_attestation_for_block_inclusion<'ctxt, E: EthSpec>(
     state: &BeaconState<E>,
-    attestation: &Attestation<E>,
+    attestation: AttestationRef<'ctxt, E>,
     ctxt: &'ctxt mut ConsensusContext<E>,
     verify_signatures: VerifySignatures,
     spec: &ChainSpec,
-) -> Result<&'ctxt IndexedAttestation<E>> {
-    let data = &attestation.data;
+) -> Result<IndexedAttestationRef<'ctxt, E>> {
+    let data = attestation.data();
 
     verify!(
         data.slot.safe_add(spec.min_attestation_inclusion_delay)? <= state.slot(),
@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ pub fn verify_attestation_for_block_inclusion<'ctxt, E: EthSpec>(
 /// Spec v0.12.1
 pub fn verify_attestation_for_state<'ctxt, E: EthSpec>(
     state: &BeaconState<E>,
-    attestation: &Attestation<E>,
+    attestation: AttestationRef<'ctxt, E>,
     ctxt: &'ctxt mut ConsensusContext<E>,
     verify_signatures: VerifySignatures,
     spec: &ChainSpec,
-) -> Result<&'ctxt IndexedAttestation<E>> {
-    let data = &attestation.data;
+) -> Result<IndexedAttestationRef<'ctxt, E>> {
+    let data = attestation.data();
 
     verify!(
         data.index < state.get_committee_count_at_slot(data.slot)?,
@@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ pub fn verify_attestation_for_state<'ctxt, E: EthSpec>(
 ///
 /// Spec v0.12.1
 fn verify_casper_ffg_vote<E: EthSpec>(
-    attestation: &Attestation<E>,
+    attestation: AttestationRef<E>,
     state: &BeaconState<E>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let data = &attestation.data;
+    let data = attestation.data();
     verify!(
         data.target.epoch == data.slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch()),
         Invalid::TargetEpochSlotMismatch {
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/verify_attester_slashing.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/verify_attester_slashing.rs
index 0cb215fe93f..7fe4c8bc08b 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/verify_attester_slashing.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_block_processing/verify_attester_slashing.rs
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ fn error(reason: Invalid) -> BlockOperationError<Invalid> {
 /// invalidity.
 pub fn verify_attester_slashing<E: EthSpec>(
     state: &BeaconState<E>,
-    attester_slashing: &AttesterSlashing<E>,
+    attester_slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<'_, E>,
     verify_signatures: VerifySignatures,
     spec: &ChainSpec,
 ) -> Result<Vec<u64>> {
-    let attestation_1 = &attester_slashing.attestation_1;
-    let attestation_2 = &attester_slashing.attestation_2;
+    let attestation_1 = attester_slashing.attestation_1();
+    let attestation_2 = attester_slashing.attestation_2();
 
     // Spec: is_slashable_attestation_data
     verify!(
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub fn verify_attester_slashing<E: EthSpec>(
 /// Returns Ok(indices) if `indices.len() > 0`
 pub fn get_slashable_indices<E: EthSpec>(
     state: &BeaconState<E>,
-    attester_slashing: &AttesterSlashing<E>,
+    attester_slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<'_, E>,
 ) -> Result<Vec<u64>> {
     get_slashable_indices_modular(state, attester_slashing, |_, validator| {
         validator.is_slashable_at(state.current_epoch())
@@ -56,23 +56,22 @@ pub fn get_slashable_indices<E: EthSpec>(
 /// for determining whether a given validator should be considered slashable.
 pub fn get_slashable_indices_modular<F, E: EthSpec>(
     state: &BeaconState<E>,
-    attester_slashing: &AttesterSlashing<E>,
+    attester_slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<'_, E>,
     is_slashable: F,
 ) -> Result<Vec<u64>>
 where
     F: Fn(u64, &Validator) -> bool,
 {
-    let attestation_1 = &attester_slashing.attestation_1;
-    let attestation_2 = &attester_slashing.attestation_2;
+    let attestation_1 = attester_slashing.attestation_1();
+    let attestation_2 = attester_slashing.attestation_2();
 
     let attesting_indices_1 = attestation_1
-        .attesting_indices
-        .iter()
+        .attesting_indices_iter()
         .cloned()
         .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+
     let attesting_indices_2 = attestation_2
-        .attesting_indices
-        .iter()
+        .attesting_indices_iter()
         .cloned()
         .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
 
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_epoch_processing/base/validator_statuses.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_epoch_processing/base/validator_statuses.rs
index 86a2f209856..c5ec80b92a1 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/per_epoch_processing/base/validator_statuses.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/per_epoch_processing/base/validator_statuses.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::common::get_attesting_indices;
+use crate::common::attesting_indices_base::get_attesting_indices;
 use safe_arith::SafeArith;
 use types::{BeaconState, BeaconStateError, ChainSpec, Epoch, EthSpec, PendingAttestation};
 
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/upgrade/altair.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/upgrade/altair.rs
index 872560db3df..3006da25ae7 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/upgrade/altair.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/upgrade/altair.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use crate::common::update_progressive_balances_cache::initialize_progressive_balances_cache;
-use crate::common::{get_attestation_participation_flag_indices, get_attesting_indices};
+use crate::common::{
+    attesting_indices_base::get_attesting_indices, get_attestation_participation_flag_indices,
+};
 use std::mem;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use types::{
diff --git a/consensus/state_processing/src/verify_operation.rs b/consensus/state_processing/src/verify_operation.rs
index b3924cd9732..c4b7c6a026f 100644
--- a/consensus/state_processing/src/verify_operation.rs
+++ b/consensus/state_processing/src/verify_operation.rs
@@ -13,29 +13,132 @@ use ssz::{Decode, Encode};
 use ssz_derive::{Decode, Encode};
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use types::{
-    AttesterSlashing, BeaconState, ChainSpec, Epoch, EthSpec, Fork, ForkVersion, ProposerSlashing,
+    AttesterSlashing, AttesterSlashingBase, AttesterSlashingOnDisk, AttesterSlashingRefOnDisk,
+};
+use types::{
+    BeaconState, ChainSpec, Epoch, EthSpec, Fork, ForkVersion, ProposerSlashing,
     SignedBlsToExecutionChange, SignedVoluntaryExit,
 };
 
 const MAX_FORKS_VERIFIED_AGAINST: usize = 2;
 
+pub trait TransformPersist {
+    type Persistable: Encode + Decode;
+    type PersistableRef<'a>: Encode
+    where
+        Self: 'a;
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the object in a form that implements `Encode`
+    fn as_persistable_ref(&self) -> Self::PersistableRef<'_>;
+
+    /// Converts the object back into its original form.
+    fn from_persistable(persistable: Self::Persistable) -> Self;
+}
+
 /// Wrapper around an operation type that acts as proof that its signature has been checked.
 ///
 /// The inner `op` field is private, meaning instances of this type can only be constructed
 /// by calling `validate`.
-#[derive(Derivative, Debug, Clone, Encode, Decode)]
+#[derive(Derivative, Debug, Clone)]
 #[derivative(
     PartialEq,
     Eq,
-    Hash(bound = "T: Encode + Decode + std::hash::Hash, E: EthSpec")
+    Hash(bound = "T: TransformPersist + std::hash::Hash, E: EthSpec")
 )]
-pub struct SigVerifiedOp<T: Encode + Decode, E: EthSpec> {
+pub struct SigVerifiedOp<T: TransformPersist, E: EthSpec> {
     op: T,
     verified_against: VerifiedAgainst,
-    #[ssz(skip_serializing, skip_deserializing)]
     _phantom: PhantomData<E>,
 }
 
+impl<T: TransformPersist, E: EthSpec> Encode for SigVerifiedOp<T, E> {
+    fn is_ssz_fixed_len() -> bool {
+        <T::Persistable as Encode>::is_ssz_fixed_len()
+            && <VerifiedAgainst as Encode>::is_ssz_fixed_len()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::expect_used)]
+    fn ssz_fixed_len() -> usize {
+        if <Self as Encode>::is_ssz_fixed_len() {
+            <T::Persistable as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len()
+                .checked_add(<VerifiedAgainst as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len())
+                .expect("encode ssz_fixed_len length overflow")
+        } else {
+            ssz::BYTES_PER_LENGTH_OFFSET
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::expect_used)]
+    fn ssz_bytes_len(&self) -> usize {
+        if <Self as Encode>::is_ssz_fixed_len() {
+            <Self as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len()
+        } else {
+            let persistable = self.op.as_persistable_ref();
+            persistable
+                .ssz_bytes_len()
+                .checked_add(self.verified_against.ssz_bytes_len())
+                .expect("ssz_bytes_len length overflow")
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ssz_append(&self, buf: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        let mut encoder = ssz::SszEncoder::container(buf, <Self as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len());
+        let persistable = self.op.as_persistable_ref();
+        encoder.append(&persistable);
+        encoder.append(&self.verified_against);
+        encoder.finalize();
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: TransformPersist, E: EthSpec> Decode for SigVerifiedOp<T, E> {
+    fn is_ssz_fixed_len() -> bool {
+        <T::Persistable as Decode>::is_ssz_fixed_len()
+            && <VerifiedAgainst as Decode>::is_ssz_fixed_len()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::expect_used)]
+    fn ssz_fixed_len() -> usize {
+        if <Self as Decode>::is_ssz_fixed_len() {
+            <T::Persistable as Decode>::ssz_fixed_len()
+                .checked_add(<VerifiedAgainst as Decode>::ssz_fixed_len())
+                .expect("decode ssz_fixed_len length overflow")
+        } else {
+            ssz::BYTES_PER_LENGTH_OFFSET
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_ssz_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ssz::DecodeError> {
+        let mut builder = ssz::SszDecoderBuilder::new(bytes);
+
+        // Register types based on whether they are fixed or variable length
+        if <T::Persistable as Decode>::is_ssz_fixed_len() {
+            builder.register_type::<T::Persistable>()?;
+        } else {
+            builder.register_anonymous_variable_length_item()?;
+        }
+
+        if <VerifiedAgainst as Decode>::is_ssz_fixed_len() {
+            builder.register_type::<VerifiedAgainst>()?;
+        } else {
+            builder.register_anonymous_variable_length_item()?;
+        }
+
+        let mut decoder = builder.build()?;
+        // Decode each component
+        let persistable: T::Persistable = decoder.decode_next()?;
+        let verified_against: VerifiedAgainst = decoder.decode_next()?;
+
+        // Use TransformPersist to convert persistable back into the original type
+        let op = T::from_persistable(persistable);
+
+        Ok(SigVerifiedOp {
+            op,
+            verified_against,
+            _phantom: PhantomData,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 /// Information about the fork versions that this message was verified against.
 ///
 /// In general it is not safe to assume that a `SigVerifiedOp` constructed at some point in the past
@@ -109,7 +212,7 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Trait for operations that can be verified and transformed into a `SigVerifiedOp`.
-pub trait VerifyOperation<E: EthSpec>: Encode + Decode + Sized {
+pub trait VerifyOperation<E: EthSpec>: TransformPersist + Sized {
     type Error;
 
     fn validate(
@@ -152,15 +255,15 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> VerifyOperation<E> for AttesterSlashing<E> {
         state: &BeaconState<E>,
         spec: &ChainSpec,
     ) -> Result<SigVerifiedOp<Self, E>, Self::Error> {
-        verify_attester_slashing(state, &self, VerifySignatures::True, spec)?;
+        verify_attester_slashing(state, self.to_ref(), VerifySignatures::True, spec)?;
         Ok(SigVerifiedOp::new(self, state))
     }
 
     #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
     fn verification_epochs(&self) -> SmallVec<[Epoch; MAX_FORKS_VERIFIED_AGAINST]> {
         smallvec![
-            self.attestation_1.data.target.epoch,
-            self.attestation_2.data.target.epoch
+            self.attestation_1().data().target.epoch,
+            self.attestation_2().data().target.epoch
         ]
     }
 }
@@ -237,3 +340,98 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> VerifyOperationAt<E> for SignedVoluntaryExit {
         Ok(SigVerifiedOp::new(self, state))
     }
 }
+
+impl TransformPersist for SignedVoluntaryExit {
+    type Persistable = Self;
+    type PersistableRef<'a> = &'a Self;
+
+    fn as_persistable_ref(&self) -> Self::PersistableRef<'_> {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn from_persistable(persistable: Self::Persistable) -> Self {
+        persistable
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: EthSpec> TransformPersist for AttesterSlashing<E> {
+    type Persistable = AttesterSlashingOnDisk<E>;
+    type PersistableRef<'a> = AttesterSlashingRefOnDisk<'a, E>;
+
+    fn as_persistable_ref(&self) -> Self::PersistableRef<'_> {
+        self.to_ref().into()
+    }
+
+    fn from_persistable(persistable: Self::Persistable) -> Self {
+        persistable.into()
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO: Remove this once we no longer support DB schema version 17
+impl<E: EthSpec> TransformPersist for types::AttesterSlashingBase<E> {
+    type Persistable = Self;
+    type PersistableRef<'a> = &'a Self;
+
+    fn as_persistable_ref(&self) -> Self::PersistableRef<'_> {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn from_persistable(persistable: Self::Persistable) -> Self {
+        persistable
+    }
+}
+// TODO: Remove this once we no longer support DB schema version 17
+impl<E: EthSpec> From<SigVerifiedOp<AttesterSlashingBase<E>, E>>
+    for SigVerifiedOp<AttesterSlashing<E>, E>
+{
+    fn from(base: SigVerifiedOp<AttesterSlashingBase<E>, E>) -> Self {
+        SigVerifiedOp {
+            op: AttesterSlashing::Base(base.op),
+            verified_against: base.verified_against,
+            _phantom: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+// TODO: Remove this once we no longer support DB schema version 17
+impl<E: EthSpec> TryFrom<SigVerifiedOp<AttesterSlashing<E>, E>>
+    for SigVerifiedOp<AttesterSlashingBase<E>, E>
+{
+    type Error = String;
+
+    fn try_from(slashing: SigVerifiedOp<AttesterSlashing<E>, E>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        match slashing.op {
+            AttesterSlashing::Base(base) => Ok(SigVerifiedOp {
+                op: base,
+                verified_against: slashing.verified_against,
+                _phantom: PhantomData,
+            }),
+            AttesterSlashing::Electra(_) => Err("non-base attester slashing".to_string()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TransformPersist for ProposerSlashing {
+    type Persistable = Self;
+    type PersistableRef<'a> = &'a Self;
+
+    fn as_persistable_ref(&self) -> Self::PersistableRef<'_> {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn from_persistable(persistable: Self::Persistable) -> Self {
+        persistable
+    }
+}
+
+impl TransformPersist for SignedBlsToExecutionChange {
+    type Persistable = Self;
+    type PersistableRef<'a> = &'a Self;
+
+    fn as_persistable_ref(&self) -> Self::PersistableRef<'_> {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn from_persistable(persistable: Self::Persistable) -> Self {
+        persistable
+    }
+}
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/aggregate_and_proof.rs b/consensus/types/src/aggregate_and_proof.rs
index bfbf4d97afd..223b12e7684 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/aggregate_and_proof.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/aggregate_and_proof.rs
@@ -1,41 +1,79 @@
+use super::{AttestationBase, AttestationElectra, AttestationRef};
 use super::{
-    Attestation, ChainSpec, Domain, EthSpec, Fork, Hash256, PublicKey, SecretKey, SelectionProof,
-    Signature, SignedRoot,
+    ChainSpec, Domain, EthSpec, Fork, Hash256, PublicKey, SecretKey, SelectionProof, Signature,
+    SignedRoot,
 };
 use crate::test_utils::TestRandom;
+use crate::Attestation;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use ssz_derive::{Decode, Encode};
+use superstruct::superstruct;
 use test_random_derive::TestRandom;
 use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 
-/// A Validators aggregate attestation and selection proof.
-///
-/// Spec v0.12.1
+#[superstruct(
+    variants(Base, Electra),
+    variant_attributes(
+        derive(
+            arbitrary::Arbitrary,
+            Debug,
+            Clone,
+            PartialEq,
+            Serialize,
+            Deserialize,
+            Encode,
+            Decode,
+            TestRandom,
+            TreeHash,
+        ),
+        serde(bound = "E: EthSpec"),
+        arbitrary(bound = "E: EthSpec"),
+    ),
+    ref_attributes(
+        derive(Debug, PartialEq, TreeHash, Serialize,),
+        serde(untagged, bound = "E: EthSpec"),
+        tree_hash(enum_behaviour = "transparent")
+    ),
+    map_ref_into(AttestationRef)
+)]
 #[derive(
-    arbitrary::Arbitrary,
-    Debug,
-    Clone,
-    PartialEq,
-    Serialize,
-    Deserialize,
-    Encode,
-    Decode,
-    TestRandom,
-    TreeHash,
+    arbitrary::Arbitrary, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, TreeHash,
 )]
-#[serde(bound = "E: EthSpec")]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+#[tree_hash(enum_behaviour = "transparent")]
+#[ssz(enum_behaviour = "transparent")]
+#[serde(bound = "E: EthSpec", deny_unknown_fields)]
 #[arbitrary(bound = "E: EthSpec")]
 pub struct AggregateAndProof<E: EthSpec> {
     /// The index of the validator that created the attestation.
     #[serde(with = "serde_utils::quoted_u64")]
+    #[superstruct(getter(copy))]
     pub aggregator_index: u64,
     /// The aggregate attestation.
+    #[superstruct(flatten)]
     pub aggregate: Attestation<E>,
     /// A proof provided by the validator that permits them to publish on the
     /// `beacon_aggregate_and_proof` gossipsub topic.
     pub selection_proof: Signature,
 }
 
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> AggregateAndProofRef<'a, E> {
+    /// Returns `true` if `validator_pubkey` signed over `self.aggregate.data.slot`.
+    pub fn aggregate(self) -> AttestationRef<'a, E> {
+        map_aggregate_and_proof_ref_into_attestation_ref!(&'a _, self, |inner, cons| {
+            cons(&inner.aggregate)
+        })
+    }
+}
+impl<E: EthSpec> AggregateAndProof<E> {
+    /// Returns `true` if `validator_pubkey` signed over `self.aggregate.data.slot`.
+    pub fn aggregate<'a>(&'a self) -> AttestationRef<'a, E> {
+        map_aggregate_and_proof_ref_into_attestation_ref!(&'a _, self.to_ref(), |inner, cons| {
+            cons(&inner.aggregate)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 impl<E: EthSpec> AggregateAndProof<E> {
     /// Produces a new `AggregateAndProof` with a `selection_proof` generated by signing
     /// `aggregate.data.slot` with `secret_key`.
@@ -43,29 +81,47 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AggregateAndProof<E> {
     /// If `selection_proof.is_none()` it will be computed locally.
     pub fn from_aggregate(
         aggregator_index: u64,
-        aggregate: Attestation<E>,
+        aggregate: AttestationRef<'_, E>,
         selection_proof: Option<SelectionProof>,
         secret_key: &SecretKey,
         fork: &Fork,
         genesis_validators_root: Hash256,
         spec: &ChainSpec,
     ) -> Self {
-        let selection_proof = selection_proof
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                SelectionProof::new::<E>(
-                    aggregate.data.slot,
-                    secret_key,
-                    fork,
-                    genesis_validators_root,
-                    spec,
-                )
-            })
-            .into();
+        let selection_proof = selection_proof.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            SelectionProof::new::<E>(
+                aggregate.data().slot,
+                secret_key,
+                fork,
+                genesis_validators_root,
+                spec,
+            )
+        });
 
-        Self {
+        Self::from_attestation(
             aggregator_index,
-            aggregate,
+            aggregate.clone_as_attestation(),
             selection_proof,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Produces a new `AggregateAndProof` given a `selection_proof`
+    pub fn from_attestation(
+        aggregator_index: u64,
+        aggregate: Attestation<E>,
+        selection_proof: SelectionProof,
+    ) -> Self {
+        match aggregate {
+            Attestation::Base(aggregate) => Self::Base(AggregateAndProofBase {
+                aggregator_index,
+                aggregate,
+                selection_proof: selection_proof.into(),
+            }),
+            Attestation::Electra(aggregate) => Self::Electra(AggregateAndProofElectra {
+                aggregator_index,
+                aggregate,
+                selection_proof: selection_proof.into(),
+            }),
         }
     }
 
@@ -77,16 +133,17 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AggregateAndProof<E> {
         genesis_validators_root: Hash256,
         spec: &ChainSpec,
     ) -> bool {
-        let target_epoch = self.aggregate.data.slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
+        let target_epoch = self.aggregate().data().slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
         let domain = spec.get_domain(
             target_epoch,
             Domain::SelectionProof,
             fork,
             genesis_validators_root,
         );
-        let message = self.aggregate.data.slot.signing_root(domain);
-        self.selection_proof.verify(validator_pubkey, message)
+        let message = self.aggregate().data().slot.signing_root(domain);
+        self.selection_proof().verify(validator_pubkey, message)
     }
 }
 
 impl<E: EthSpec> SignedRoot for AggregateAndProof<E> {}
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> SignedRoot for AggregateAndProofRef<'a, E> {}
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/attestation.rs b/consensus/types/src/attestation.rs
index e43077d0591..88993267a94 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/attestation.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/attestation.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
+use crate::slot_data::SlotData;
+use crate::Checkpoint;
+use crate::{test_utils::TestRandom, Hash256, Slot};
 use derivative::Derivative;
 use safe_arith::ArithError;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use ssz_derive::{Decode, Encode};
+use ssz_types::BitVector;
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use superstruct::superstruct;
 use test_random_derive::TestRandom;
 use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 
-use crate::slot_data::SlotData;
-use crate::{test_utils::TestRandom, Hash256, Slot};
-
 use super::{
     AggregateSignature, AttestationData, BitList, ChainSpec, Domain, EthSpec, Fork, SecretKey,
     Signature, SignedRoot,
@@ -18,38 +21,272 @@ pub enum Error {
     SszTypesError(ssz_types::Error),
     AlreadySigned(usize),
     SubnetCountIsZero(ArithError),
+    IncorrectStateVariant,
+    InvalidCommitteeLength,
+    InvalidCommitteeIndex,
 }
 
-/// Details an attestation that can be slashable.
-///
-/// Spec v0.12.1
+#[superstruct(
+    variants(Base, Electra),
+    variant_attributes(
+        derive(
+            Debug,
+            Clone,
+            Serialize,
+            Deserialize,
+            Decode,
+            Encode,
+            TestRandom,
+            Derivative,
+            arbitrary::Arbitrary,
+            TreeHash,
+        ),
+        derivative(PartialEq, Hash(bound = "E: EthSpec")),
+        serde(bound = "E: EthSpec", deny_unknown_fields),
+        arbitrary(bound = "E: EthSpec"),
+    ),
+    ref_attributes(derive(TreeHash), tree_hash(enum_behaviour = "transparent")),
+    cast_error(ty = "Error", expr = "Error::IncorrectStateVariant"),
+    partial_getter_error(ty = "Error", expr = "Error::IncorrectStateVariant")
+)]
 #[derive(
-    arbitrary::Arbitrary,
     Debug,
     Clone,
     Serialize,
-    Deserialize,
-    Encode,
-    Decode,
     TreeHash,
-    TestRandom,
+    Encode,
     Derivative,
+    Deserialize,
+    arbitrary::Arbitrary,
+    PartialEq,
 )]
-#[derivative(PartialEq, Hash(bound = "E: EthSpec"))]
-#[serde(bound = "E: EthSpec")]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+#[tree_hash(enum_behaviour = "transparent")]
+#[ssz(enum_behaviour = "transparent")]
+#[serde(bound = "E: EthSpec", deny_unknown_fields)]
 #[arbitrary(bound = "E: EthSpec")]
 pub struct Attestation<E: EthSpec> {
+    #[superstruct(only(Base), partial_getter(rename = "aggregation_bits_base"))]
     pub aggregation_bits: BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra), partial_getter(rename = "aggregation_bits_electra"))]
+    pub aggregation_bits: BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerSlot>,
     pub data: AttestationData,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra))]
+    pub committee_bits: BitVector<E::MaxCommitteesPerSlot>,
     pub signature: AggregateSignature,
 }
 
+impl<E: EthSpec> Hash for Attestation<E> {
+    fn hash<H>(&self, state: &mut H)
+    where
+        H: Hasher,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Attestation::Base(att) => att.hash(state),
+            Attestation::Electra(att) => att.hash(state),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<E: EthSpec> Attestation<E> {
-    /// Are the aggregation bitfields of these attestations disjoint?
-    pub fn signers_disjoint_from(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.aggregation_bits
-            .intersection(&other.aggregation_bits)
-            .is_zero()
+    /// Produces an attestation with empty signature.
+    pub fn empty_for_signing(
+        committee_index: u64,
+        committee_length: usize,
+        slot: Slot,
+        beacon_block_root: Hash256,
+        source: Checkpoint,
+        target: Checkpoint,
+        spec: &ChainSpec,
+    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        if spec.fork_name_at_slot::<E>(slot).electra_enabled() {
+            let mut committee_bits: BitVector<E::MaxCommitteesPerSlot> = BitVector::default();
+            committee_bits
+                .set(committee_index as usize, true)
+                .map_err(|_| Error::InvalidCommitteeIndex)?;
+            Ok(Attestation::Electra(AttestationElectra {
+                aggregation_bits: BitList::with_capacity(committee_length)
+                    .map_err(|_| Error::InvalidCommitteeLength)?,
+                data: AttestationData {
+                    slot,
+                    index: 0u64,
+                    beacon_block_root,
+                    source,
+                    target,
+                },
+                committee_bits,
+                signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
+            }))
+        } else {
+            Ok(Attestation::Base(AttestationBase {
+                aggregation_bits: BitList::with_capacity(committee_length)
+                    .map_err(|_| Error::InvalidCommitteeLength)?,
+                data: AttestationData {
+                    slot,
+                    index: committee_index,
+                    beacon_block_root,
+                    source,
+                    target,
+                },
+                signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
+            }))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Aggregate another Attestation into this one.
+    ///
+    /// The aggregation bitfields must be disjoint, and the data must be the same.
+    pub fn aggregate(&mut self, other: AttestationRef<E>) {
+        match self {
+            Attestation::Base(att) => match other {
+                AttestationRef::Base(oth) => {
+                    att.aggregate(oth);
+                }
+                AttestationRef::Electra(_) => {
+                    debug_assert!(false, "Cannot aggregate base and electra attestations");
+                }
+            },
+            Attestation::Electra(att) => match other {
+                AttestationRef::Base(_) => {
+                    debug_assert!(false, "Cannot aggregate base and electra attestations");
+                }
+                AttestationRef::Electra(oth) => {
+                    att.aggregate(oth);
+                }
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Signs `self`, setting the `committee_position`'th bit of `aggregation_bits` to `true`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an `AlreadySigned` error if the `committee_position`'th bit is already `true`.
+    pub fn sign(
+        &mut self,
+        secret_key: &SecretKey,
+        committee_position: usize,
+        fork: &Fork,
+        genesis_validators_root: Hash256,
+        spec: &ChainSpec,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        match self {
+            Attestation::Base(att) => att.sign(
+                secret_key,
+                committee_position,
+                fork,
+                genesis_validators_root,
+                spec,
+            ),
+            Attestation::Electra(att) => att.sign(
+                secret_key,
+                committee_position,
+                fork,
+                genesis_validators_root,
+                spec,
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an `AlreadySigned` error if the `committee_position`'th bit is already `true`.
+    pub fn add_signature(
+        &mut self,
+        signature: &Signature,
+        committee_position: usize,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        match self {
+            Attestation::Base(att) => att.add_signature(signature, committee_position),
+            Attestation::Electra(att) => att.add_signature(signature, committee_position),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn committee_index(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+        match self {
+            Attestation::Base(att) => Some(att.data.index),
+            Attestation::Electra(att) => att.committee_index(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_aggregation_bits_zero(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Attestation::Base(att) => att.aggregation_bits.is_zero(),
+            Attestation::Electra(att) => att.aggregation_bits.is_zero(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_set_aggregation_bits(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Attestation::Base(att) => att.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits(),
+            Attestation::Electra(att) => att.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_aggregation_bit(&self, index: usize) -> Result<bool, ssz_types::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Attestation::Base(att) => att.aggregation_bits.get(index),
+            Attestation::Electra(att) => att.aggregation_bits.get(index),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> AttestationRef<'a, E> {
+    pub fn clone_as_attestation(self) -> Attestation<E> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(att) => Attestation::Base(att.clone()),
+            Self::Electra(att) => Attestation::Electra(att.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_aggregation_bits_zero(self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(att) => att.aggregation_bits.is_zero(),
+            Self::Electra(att) => att.aggregation_bits.is_zero(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_set_aggregation_bits(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(att) => att.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits(),
+            Self::Electra(att) => att.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn committee_index(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+        match self {
+            AttestationRef::Base(att) => Some(att.data.index),
+            AttestationRef::Electra(att) => att.committee_index(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_aggregation_bits(&self) -> Vec<usize> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(att) => att
+                .aggregation_bits
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .filter(|(_i, bit)| *bit)
+                .map(|(i, _bit)| i)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            Self::Electra(att) => att
+                .aggregation_bits
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .filter(|(_i, bit)| *bit)
+                .map(|(i, _bit)| i)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: EthSpec> AttestationElectra<E> {
+    pub fn committee_index(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+        self.get_committee_indices().first().cloned()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_committee_indices(&self) -> Vec<u64> {
+        self.committee_bits
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(index, bit)| if bit { Some(index as u64) } else { None })
+            .collect()
     }
 
     /// Aggregate another Attestation into this one.
@@ -57,8 +294,64 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> Attestation<E> {
     /// The aggregation bitfields must be disjoint, and the data must be the same.
     pub fn aggregate(&mut self, other: &Self) {
         debug_assert_eq!(self.data, other.data);
-        debug_assert!(self.signers_disjoint_from(other));
+        self.aggregation_bits = self.aggregation_bits.union(&other.aggregation_bits);
+        self.signature.add_assign_aggregate(&other.signature);
+    }
 
+    /// Signs `self`, setting the `committee_position`'th bit of `aggregation_bits` to `true`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an `AlreadySigned` error if the `committee_position`'th bit is already `true`.
+    pub fn sign(
+        &mut self,
+        secret_key: &SecretKey,
+        committee_position: usize,
+        fork: &Fork,
+        genesis_validators_root: Hash256,
+        spec: &ChainSpec,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let domain = spec.get_domain(
+            self.data.target.epoch,
+            Domain::BeaconAttester,
+            fork,
+            genesis_validators_root,
+        );
+        let message = self.data.signing_root(domain);
+
+        self.add_signature(&secret_key.sign(message), committee_position)
+    }
+
+    /// Adds `signature` to `self` and sets the `committee_position`'th bit of `aggregation_bits` to `true`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an `AlreadySigned` error if the `committee_position`'th bit is already `true`.
+    pub fn add_signature(
+        &mut self,
+        signature: &Signature,
+        committee_position: usize,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        if self
+            .aggregation_bits
+            .get(committee_position)
+            .map_err(Error::SszTypesError)?
+        {
+            Err(Error::AlreadySigned(committee_position))
+        } else {
+            self.aggregation_bits
+                .set(committee_position, true)
+                .map_err(Error::SszTypesError)?;
+
+            self.signature.add_assign(signature);
+
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: EthSpec> AttestationBase<E> {
+    /// Aggregate another Attestation into this one.
+    ///
+    /// The aggregation bitfields must be disjoint, and the data must be the same.
+    pub fn aggregate(&mut self, other: &Self) {
+        debug_assert_eq!(self.data, other.data);
         self.aggregation_bits = self.aggregation_bits.union(&other.aggregation_bits);
         self.signature.add_assign_aggregate(&other.signature);
     }
@@ -109,11 +402,88 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> Attestation<E> {
             Ok(())
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn extend_aggregation_bits(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerSlot>, ssz_types::Error> {
+        let mut extended_aggregation_bits: BitList<E::MaxValidatorsPerSlot> =
+            BitList::with_capacity(self.aggregation_bits.len())?;
+
+        for (i, bit) in self.aggregation_bits.iter().enumerate() {
+            extended_aggregation_bits.set(i, bit)?;
+        }
+        Ok(extended_aggregation_bits)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<E: EthSpec> SlotData for Attestation<E> {
     fn get_slot(&self) -> Slot {
-        self.data.slot
+        self.data().slot
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> SlotData for AttestationRef<'a, E> {
+    fn get_slot(&self) -> Slot {
+        self.data().slot
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq)]
+#[ssz(enum_behaviour = "union")]
+pub enum AttestationOnDisk<E: EthSpec> {
+    Base(AttestationBase<E>),
+    Electra(AttestationElectra<E>),
+}
+
+impl<E: EthSpec> AttestationOnDisk<E> {
+    pub fn to_ref(&self) -> AttestationRefOnDisk<E> {
+        match self {
+            AttestationOnDisk::Base(att) => AttestationRefOnDisk::Base(att),
+            AttestationOnDisk::Electra(att) => AttestationRefOnDisk::Electra(att),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Encode)]
+#[ssz(enum_behaviour = "union")]
+pub enum AttestationRefOnDisk<'a, E: EthSpec> {
+    Base(&'a AttestationBase<E>),
+    Electra(&'a AttestationElectra<E>),
+}
+
+impl<E: EthSpec> From<Attestation<E>> for AttestationOnDisk<E> {
+    fn from(attestation: Attestation<E>) -> Self {
+        match attestation {
+            Attestation::Base(attestation) => Self::Base(attestation),
+            Attestation::Electra(attestation) => Self::Electra(attestation),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: EthSpec> From<AttestationOnDisk<E>> for Attestation<E> {
+    fn from(attestation: AttestationOnDisk<E>) -> Self {
+        match attestation {
+            AttestationOnDisk::Base(attestation) => Self::Base(attestation),
+            AttestationOnDisk::Electra(attestation) => Self::Electra(attestation),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> From<AttestationRef<'a, E>> for AttestationRefOnDisk<'a, E> {
+    fn from(attestation: AttestationRef<'a, E>) -> Self {
+        match attestation {
+            AttestationRef::Base(attestation) => Self::Base(attestation),
+            AttestationRef::Electra(attestation) => Self::Electra(attestation),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> From<AttestationRefOnDisk<'a, E>> for AttestationRef<'a, E> {
+    fn from(attestation: AttestationRefOnDisk<'a, E>) -> Self {
+        match attestation {
+            AttestationRefOnDisk::Base(attestation) => Self::Base(attestation),
+            AttestationRefOnDisk::Electra(attestation) => Self::Electra(attestation),
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -128,7 +498,7 @@ mod tests {
     // This test will only pass with `blst`, if we run these tests with another
     // BLS library in future we will have to make it generic.
     #[test]
-    fn size_of() {
+    fn size_of_base() {
         use std::mem::size_of;
 
         let aggregation_bits =
@@ -143,10 +513,41 @@ mod tests {
         let attestation_expected = aggregation_bits + attestation_data + signature;
         assert_eq!(attestation_expected, 488);
         assert_eq!(
-            size_of::<Attestation<MainnetEthSpec>>(),
+            size_of::<AttestationBase<MainnetEthSpec>>(),
             attestation_expected
         );
     }
 
-    ssz_and_tree_hash_tests!(Attestation<MainnetEthSpec>);
+    #[test]
+    fn size_of_electra() {
+        use std::mem::size_of;
+
+        let aggregation_bits =
+            size_of::<BitList<<MainnetEthSpec as EthSpec>::MaxValidatorsPerSlot>>();
+        let attestation_data = size_of::<AttestationData>();
+        let committee_bits =
+            size_of::<BitList<<MainnetEthSpec as EthSpec>::MaxCommitteesPerSlot>>();
+        let signature = size_of::<AggregateSignature>();
+
+        assert_eq!(aggregation_bits, 56);
+        assert_eq!(committee_bits, 56);
+        assert_eq!(attestation_data, 128);
+        assert_eq!(signature, 288 + 16);
+
+        let attestation_expected = aggregation_bits + committee_bits + attestation_data + signature;
+        assert_eq!(attestation_expected, 544);
+        assert_eq!(
+            size_of::<AttestationElectra<MainnetEthSpec>>(),
+            attestation_expected
+        );
+    }
+
+    mod base {
+        use super::*;
+        ssz_and_tree_hash_tests!(AttestationBase<MainnetEthSpec>);
+    }
+    mod electra {
+        use super::*;
+        ssz_and_tree_hash_tests!(AttestationElectra<MainnetEthSpec>);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/attester_slashing.rs b/consensus/types/src/attester_slashing.rs
index 5ad5297d0ce..a8d4e6989c8 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/attester_slashing.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/attester_slashing.rs
@@ -1,38 +1,175 @@
-use crate::{test_utils::TestRandom, EthSpec, IndexedAttestation};
-
+use crate::indexed_attestation::{
+    IndexedAttestationBase, IndexedAttestationElectra, IndexedAttestationRef,
+};
+use crate::{test_utils::TestRandom, EthSpec};
 use derivative::Derivative;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use ssz_derive::{Decode, Encode};
+use superstruct::superstruct;
 use test_random_derive::TestRandom;
 use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 
-/// Two conflicting attestations.
-///
-/// Spec v0.12.1
+#[superstruct(
+    variants(Base, Electra),
+    variant_attributes(
+        derive(
+            Derivative,
+            Debug,
+            Clone,
+            Serialize,
+            Deserialize,
+            Encode,
+            Decode,
+            TreeHash,
+            TestRandom,
+            arbitrary::Arbitrary
+        ),
+        derivative(PartialEq, Eq, Hash(bound = "E: EthSpec")),
+        serde(bound = "E: EthSpec"),
+        arbitrary(bound = "E: EthSpec")
+    ),
+    ref_attributes(derive(Debug))
+)]
 #[derive(
-    Derivative,
-    Debug,
-    Clone,
-    Serialize,
-    Deserialize,
-    Encode,
-    Decode,
-    TreeHash,
-    TestRandom,
-    arbitrary::Arbitrary,
+    Debug, Clone, Serialize, Encode, Deserialize, TreeHash, Derivative, arbitrary::Arbitrary,
 )]
 #[derivative(PartialEq, Eq, Hash(bound = "E: EthSpec"))]
-#[serde(bound = "E: EthSpec")]
+#[serde(bound = "E: EthSpec", untagged)]
 #[arbitrary(bound = "E: EthSpec")]
+#[ssz(enum_behaviour = "transparent")]
+#[tree_hash(enum_behaviour = "transparent")]
 pub struct AttesterSlashing<E: EthSpec> {
+    #[superstruct(flatten)]
     pub attestation_1: IndexedAttestation<E>,
+    #[superstruct(flatten)]
     pub attestation_2: IndexedAttestation<E>,
 }
 
+/// This is a copy of the `AttesterSlashing` enum but with `Encode` and `Decode` derived
+/// using the `union` behavior for the purposes of persistence on disk. We use a separate
+/// type so that we don't accidentally use this non-spec encoding in consensus objects.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Encode, Decode, Derivative)]
+#[derivative(PartialEq, Eq, Hash(bound = "E: EthSpec"))]
+#[ssz(enum_behaviour = "union")]
+pub enum AttesterSlashingOnDisk<E: EthSpec> {
+    Base(AttesterSlashingBase<E>),
+    Electra(AttesterSlashingElectra<E>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Encode)]
+#[ssz(enum_behaviour = "union")]
+pub enum AttesterSlashingRefOnDisk<'a, E: EthSpec> {
+    Base(&'a AttesterSlashingBase<E>),
+    Electra(&'a AttesterSlashingElectra<E>),
+}
+
+impl<E: EthSpec> From<AttesterSlashing<E>> for AttesterSlashingOnDisk<E> {
+    fn from(attester_slashing: AttesterSlashing<E>) -> Self {
+        match attester_slashing {
+            AttesterSlashing::Base(attester_slashing) => Self::Base(attester_slashing),
+            AttesterSlashing::Electra(attester_slashing) => Self::Electra(attester_slashing),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: EthSpec> From<AttesterSlashingOnDisk<E>> for AttesterSlashing<E> {
+    fn from(attester_slashing: AttesterSlashingOnDisk<E>) -> Self {
+        match attester_slashing {
+            AttesterSlashingOnDisk::Base(attester_slashing) => Self::Base(attester_slashing),
+            AttesterSlashingOnDisk::Electra(attester_slashing) => Self::Electra(attester_slashing),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> From<AttesterSlashingRefOnDisk<'a, E>> for AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E> {
+    fn from(attester_slashing: AttesterSlashingRefOnDisk<'a, E>) -> Self {
+        match attester_slashing {
+            AttesterSlashingRefOnDisk::Base(attester_slashing) => Self::Base(attester_slashing),
+            AttesterSlashingRefOnDisk::Electra(attester_slashing) => {
+                Self::Electra(attester_slashing)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> From<AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E>> for AttesterSlashingRefOnDisk<'a, E> {
+    fn from(attester_slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E>) -> Self {
+        match attester_slashing {
+            AttesterSlashingRef::Base(attester_slashing) => Self::Base(attester_slashing),
+            AttesterSlashingRef::Electra(attester_slashing) => Self::Electra(attester_slashing),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E> {
+    pub fn clone_as_attester_slashing(self) -> AttesterSlashing<E> {
+        match self {
+            AttesterSlashingRef::Base(attester_slashing) => {
+                AttesterSlashing::Base(attester_slashing.clone())
+            }
+            AttesterSlashingRef::Electra(attester_slashing) => {
+                AttesterSlashing::Electra(attester_slashing.clone())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attestation_1(&self) -> IndexedAttestationRef<'a, E> {
+        match self {
+            AttesterSlashingRef::Base(attester_slashing) => {
+                IndexedAttestationRef::Base(&attester_slashing.attestation_1)
+            }
+            AttesterSlashingRef::Electra(attester_slashing) => {
+                IndexedAttestationRef::Electra(&attester_slashing.attestation_1)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attestation_2(&self) -> IndexedAttestationRef<'a, E> {
+        match self {
+            AttesterSlashingRef::Base(attester_slashing) => {
+                IndexedAttestationRef::Base(&attester_slashing.attestation_2)
+            }
+            AttesterSlashingRef::Electra(attester_slashing) => {
+                IndexedAttestationRef::Electra(&attester_slashing.attestation_2)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: EthSpec> AttesterSlashing<E> {
+    pub fn attestation_1(&self) -> IndexedAttestationRef<E> {
+        match self {
+            AttesterSlashing::Base(attester_slashing) => {
+                IndexedAttestationRef::Base(&attester_slashing.attestation_1)
+            }
+            AttesterSlashing::Electra(attester_slashing) => {
+                IndexedAttestationRef::Electra(&attester_slashing.attestation_1)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attestation_2(&self) -> IndexedAttestationRef<E> {
+        match self {
+            AttesterSlashing::Base(attester_slashing) => {
+                IndexedAttestationRef::Base(&attester_slashing.attestation_2)
+            }
+            AttesterSlashing::Electra(attester_slashing) => {
+                IndexedAttestationRef::Electra(&attester_slashing.attestation_2)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::*;
-
-    ssz_and_tree_hash_tests!(AttesterSlashing<MainnetEthSpec>);
+    mod base {
+        use super::*;
+        ssz_and_tree_hash_tests!(AttesterSlashingBase<MainnetEthSpec>);
+    }
+    mod electra {
+        use super::*;
+        ssz_and_tree_hash_tests!(AttesterSlashingElectra<MainnetEthSpec>);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/beacon_block.rs b/consensus/types/src/beacon_block.rs
index ed3d1827725..f67a965955c 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/beacon_block.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/beacon_block.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use crate::attestation::AttestationBase;
 use crate::test_utils::TestRandom;
 use crate::*;
 use derivative::Derivative;
@@ -11,6 +12,8 @@ use test_random_derive::TestRandom;
 use tree_hash::TreeHash;
 use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 
+use self::indexed_attestation::{IndexedAttestationBase, IndexedAttestationElectra};
+
 /// A block of the `BeaconChain`.
 #[superstruct(
     variants(Base, Altair, Bellatrix, Capella, Deneb, Electra),
@@ -325,7 +328,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> BeaconBlockBase<E, Payload> {
             message: header,
             signature: Signature::empty(),
         };
-        let indexed_attestation: IndexedAttestation<E> = IndexedAttestation {
+        let indexed_attestation = IndexedAttestationBase {
             attesting_indices: VariableList::new(vec![
                 0_u64;
                 E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee::to_usize()
@@ -346,12 +349,12 @@ impl<E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> BeaconBlockBase<E, Payload> {
             signed_header_2: signed_header,
         };
 
-        let attester_slashing = AttesterSlashing {
+        let attester_slashing = AttesterSlashingBase {
             attestation_1: indexed_attestation.clone(),
             attestation_2: indexed_attestation,
         };
 
-        let attestation: Attestation<E> = Attestation {
+        let attestation = AttestationBase {
             aggregation_bits: BitList::with_capacity(E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee::to_usize())
                 .unwrap(),
             data: AttestationData::default(),
@@ -604,6 +607,31 @@ impl<E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> BeaconBlockElectra<E, Payload>
     /// Return a Electra block where the block has maximum size.
     pub fn full(spec: &ChainSpec) -> Self {
         let base_block: BeaconBlockBase<_, Payload> = BeaconBlockBase::full(spec);
+        let indexed_attestation: IndexedAttestationElectra<E> = IndexedAttestationElectra {
+            attesting_indices: VariableList::new(vec![0_u64; E::MaxValidatorsPerSlot::to_usize()])
+                .unwrap(),
+            data: AttestationData::default(),
+            signature: AggregateSignature::empty(),
+        };
+        let attester_slashings = vec![
+            AttesterSlashingElectra {
+                attestation_1: indexed_attestation.clone(),
+                attestation_2: indexed_attestation,
+            };
+            E::max_attester_slashings_electra()
+        ]
+        .into();
+        let attestation = AttestationElectra {
+            aggregation_bits: BitList::with_capacity(E::MaxValidatorsPerSlot::to_usize()).unwrap(),
+            data: AttestationData::default(),
+            signature: AggregateSignature::empty(),
+            committee_bits: BitVector::new(),
+        };
+        let mut attestations_electra = vec![];
+        for _ in 0..E::MaxAttestationsElectra::to_usize() {
+            attestations_electra.push(attestation.clone());
+        }
+
         let bls_to_execution_changes = vec![
             SignedBlsToExecutionChange {
                 message: BlsToExecutionChange {
@@ -627,8 +655,8 @@ impl<E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> BeaconBlockElectra<E, Payload>
             state_root: Hash256::zero(),
             body: BeaconBlockBodyElectra {
                 proposer_slashings: base_block.body.proposer_slashings,
-                attester_slashings: base_block.body.attester_slashings,
-                attestations: base_block.body.attestations,
+                attester_slashings,
+                attestations: attestations_electra.into(),
                 deposits: base_block.body.deposits,
                 voluntary_exits: base_block.body.voluntary_exits,
                 bls_to_execution_changes,
@@ -642,6 +670,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> BeaconBlockElectra<E, Payload>
                 graffiti: Graffiti::default(),
                 execution_payload: Payload::Electra::default(),
                 blob_kzg_commitments: VariableList::empty(),
+                consolidations: VariableList::empty(),
             },
         }
     }
@@ -672,6 +701,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> EmptyBlock for BeaconBlockElec
                 execution_payload: Payload::Electra::default(),
                 bls_to_execution_changes: VariableList::empty(),
                 blob_kzg_commitments: VariableList::empty(),
+                consolidations: VariableList::empty(),
             },
         }
     }
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/beacon_block_body.rs b/consensus/types/src/beacon_block_body.rs
index c3077c4ab68..9cf66184f8d 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/beacon_block_body.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/beacon_block_body.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use crate::test_utils::TestRandom;
 use crate::*;
 use derivative::Derivative;
 use merkle_proof::{MerkleTree, MerkleTreeError};
+use metastruct::metastruct;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use ssz_derive::{Decode, Encode};
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
@@ -50,6 +51,14 @@ pub const BLOB_KZG_COMMITMENTS_INDEX: usize = 11;
         ),
         arbitrary(bound = "E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>"),
     ),
+    specific_variant_attributes(
+        Base(metastruct(mappings(beacon_block_body_base_fields(groups(fields))))),
+        Altair(metastruct(mappings(beacon_block_body_altair_fields(groups(fields))))),
+        Bellatrix(metastruct(mappings(beacon_block_body_bellatrix_fields(groups(fields))))),
+        Capella(metastruct(mappings(beacon_block_body_capella_fields(groups(fields))))),
+        Deneb(metastruct(mappings(beacon_block_body_deneb_fields(groups(fields))))),
+        Electra(metastruct(mappings(beacon_block_body_electra_fields(groups(fields))))),
+    ),
     cast_error(ty = "Error", expr = "Error::IncorrectStateVariant"),
     partial_getter_error(ty = "Error", expr = "Error::IncorrectStateVariant")
 )]
@@ -63,8 +72,21 @@ pub struct BeaconBlockBody<E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E> = FullPay
     pub eth1_data: Eth1Data,
     pub graffiti: Graffiti,
     pub proposer_slashings: VariableList<ProposerSlashing, E::MaxProposerSlashings>,
-    pub attester_slashings: VariableList<AttesterSlashing<E>, E::MaxAttesterSlashings>,
-    pub attestations: VariableList<Attestation<E>, E::MaxAttestations>,
+    #[superstruct(
+        only(Base, Altair, Bellatrix, Capella, Deneb),
+        partial_getter(rename = "attester_slashings_base")
+    )]
+    pub attester_slashings: VariableList<AttesterSlashingBase<E>, E::MaxAttesterSlashings>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra), partial_getter(rename = "attester_slashings_electra"))]
+    pub attester_slashings:
+        VariableList<AttesterSlashingElectra<E>, E::MaxAttesterSlashingsElectra>,
+    #[superstruct(
+        only(Base, Altair, Bellatrix, Capella, Deneb),
+        partial_getter(rename = "attestations_base")
+    )]
+    pub attestations: VariableList<AttestationBase<E>, E::MaxAttestations>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra), partial_getter(rename = "attestations_electra"))]
+    pub attestations: VariableList<AttestationElectra<E>, E::MaxAttestationsElectra>,
     pub deposits: VariableList<Deposit, E::MaxDeposits>,
     pub voluntary_exits: VariableList<SignedVoluntaryExit, E::MaxVoluntaryExits>,
     #[superstruct(only(Altair, Bellatrix, Capella, Deneb, Electra))]
@@ -92,7 +114,10 @@ pub struct BeaconBlockBody<E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E> = FullPay
         VariableList<SignedBlsToExecutionChange, E::MaxBlsToExecutionChanges>,
     #[superstruct(only(Deneb, Electra))]
     pub blob_kzg_commitments: KzgCommitments<E>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra))]
+    pub consolidations: VariableList<SignedConsolidation, E::MaxConsolidations>,
     #[superstruct(only(Base, Altair))]
+    #[metastruct(exclude_from(fields))]
     #[ssz(skip_serializing, skip_deserializing)]
     #[tree_hash(skip_hashing)]
     #[serde(skip)]
@@ -117,138 +142,88 @@ impl<'a, E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> BeaconBlockBodyRef<'a, E,
         }
     }
 
-    /// Produces the proof of inclusion for a `KzgCommitment` in `self.blob_kzg_commitments`
-    /// at `index`.
-    pub fn kzg_commitment_merkle_proof(
-        &self,
-        index: usize,
-    ) -> Result<FixedVector<Hash256, E::KzgCommitmentInclusionProofDepth>, Error> {
+    fn body_merkle_leaves(&self) -> Vec<Hash256> {
+        let mut leaves = vec![];
         match self {
-            Self::Base(_) | Self::Altair(_) | Self::Bellatrix(_) | Self::Capella(_) => {
-                Err(Error::IncorrectStateVariant)
+            Self::Base(body) => {
+                beacon_block_body_base_fields!(body, |_, field| leaves
+                    .push(field.tree_hash_root()));
+            }
+            Self::Altair(body) => {
+                beacon_block_body_altair_fields!(body, |_, field| leaves
+                    .push(field.tree_hash_root()));
+            }
+            Self::Bellatrix(body) => {
+                beacon_block_body_bellatrix_fields!(body, |_, field| leaves
+                    .push(field.tree_hash_root()));
+            }
+            Self::Capella(body) => {
+                beacon_block_body_capella_fields!(body, |_, field| leaves
+                    .push(field.tree_hash_root()));
             }
             Self::Deneb(body) => {
-                // We compute the branches by generating 2 merkle trees:
-                // 1. Merkle tree for the `blob_kzg_commitments` List object
-                // 2. Merkle tree for the `BeaconBlockBody` container
-                // We then merge the branches for both the trees all the way up to the root.
-
-                // Part1 (Branches for the subtree rooted at `blob_kzg_commitments`)
-                //
-                // Branches for `blob_kzg_commitments` without length mix-in
-                let depth = E::max_blob_commitments_per_block()
-                    .next_power_of_two()
-                    .ilog2();
-                let leaves: Vec<_> = body
-                    .blob_kzg_commitments
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|commitment| commitment.tree_hash_root())
-                    .collect();
-                let tree = MerkleTree::create(&leaves, depth as usize);
-                let (_, mut proof) = tree
-                    .generate_proof(index, depth as usize)
-                    .map_err(Error::MerkleTreeError)?;
-
-                // Add the branch corresponding to the length mix-in.
-                let length = body.blob_kzg_commitments.len();
-                let usize_len = std::mem::size_of::<usize>();
-                let mut length_bytes = [0; BYTES_PER_CHUNK];
-                length_bytes
-                    .get_mut(0..usize_len)
-                    .ok_or(Error::MerkleTreeError(MerkleTreeError::PleaseNotifyTheDevs))?
-                    .copy_from_slice(&length.to_le_bytes());
-                let length_root = Hash256::from_slice(length_bytes.as_slice());
-                proof.push(length_root);
-
-                // Part 2
-                // Branches for `BeaconBlockBody` container
-                let leaves = [
-                    body.randao_reveal.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.eth1_data.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.graffiti.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.proposer_slashings.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.attester_slashings.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.attestations.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.deposits.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.voluntary_exits.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.sync_aggregate.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.execution_payload.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.bls_to_execution_changes.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.blob_kzg_commitments.tree_hash_root(),
-                ];
-                let beacon_block_body_depth = leaves.len().next_power_of_two().ilog2() as usize;
-                let tree = MerkleTree::create(&leaves, beacon_block_body_depth);
-                let (_, mut proof_body) = tree
-                    .generate_proof(BLOB_KZG_COMMITMENTS_INDEX, beacon_block_body_depth)
-                    .map_err(Error::MerkleTreeError)?;
-                // Join the proofs for the subtree and the main tree
-                proof.append(&mut proof_body);
-
-                debug_assert_eq!(proof.len(), E::kzg_proof_inclusion_proof_depth());
-                Ok(proof.into())
+                beacon_block_body_deneb_fields!(body, |_, field| leaves
+                    .push(field.tree_hash_root()));
             }
-            // TODO(electra): De-duplicate proof computation.
             Self::Electra(body) => {
-                // We compute the branches by generating 2 merkle trees:
-                // 1. Merkle tree for the `blob_kzg_commitments` List object
-                // 2. Merkle tree for the `BeaconBlockBody` container
-                // We then merge the branches for both the trees all the way up to the root.
-
-                // Part1 (Branches for the subtree rooted at `blob_kzg_commitments`)
-                //
-                // Branches for `blob_kzg_commitments` without length mix-in
-                let depth = E::max_blob_commitments_per_block()
-                    .next_power_of_two()
-                    .ilog2();
-                let leaves: Vec<_> = body
-                    .blob_kzg_commitments
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|commitment| commitment.tree_hash_root())
-                    .collect();
-                let tree = MerkleTree::create(&leaves, depth as usize);
-                let (_, mut proof) = tree
-                    .generate_proof(index, depth as usize)
-                    .map_err(Error::MerkleTreeError)?;
-
-                // Add the branch corresponding to the length mix-in.
-                let length = body.blob_kzg_commitments.len();
-                let usize_len = std::mem::size_of::<usize>();
-                let mut length_bytes = [0; BYTES_PER_CHUNK];
-                length_bytes
-                    .get_mut(0..usize_len)
-                    .ok_or(Error::MerkleTreeError(MerkleTreeError::PleaseNotifyTheDevs))?
-                    .copy_from_slice(&length.to_le_bytes());
-                let length_root = Hash256::from_slice(length_bytes.as_slice());
-                proof.push(length_root);
-
-                // Part 2
-                // Branches for `BeaconBlockBody` container
-                let leaves = [
-                    body.randao_reveal.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.eth1_data.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.graffiti.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.proposer_slashings.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.attester_slashings.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.attestations.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.deposits.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.voluntary_exits.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.sync_aggregate.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.execution_payload.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.bls_to_execution_changes.tree_hash_root(),
-                    body.blob_kzg_commitments.tree_hash_root(),
-                ];
-                let beacon_block_body_depth = leaves.len().next_power_of_two().ilog2() as usize;
-                let tree = MerkleTree::create(&leaves, beacon_block_body_depth);
-                let (_, mut proof_body) = tree
-                    .generate_proof(BLOB_KZG_COMMITMENTS_INDEX, beacon_block_body_depth)
-                    .map_err(Error::MerkleTreeError)?;
-                // Join the proofs for the subtree and the main tree
-                proof.append(&mut proof_body);
-
-                debug_assert_eq!(proof.len(), E::kzg_proof_inclusion_proof_depth());
-                Ok(proof.into())
+                beacon_block_body_electra_fields!(body, |_, field| leaves
+                    .push(field.tree_hash_root()));
             }
         }
+        leaves
+    }
+
+    /// Produces the proof of inclusion for a `KzgCommitment` in `self.blob_kzg_commitments`
+    /// at `index`.
+    pub fn kzg_commitment_merkle_proof(
+        &self,
+        index: usize,
+    ) -> Result<FixedVector<Hash256, E::KzgCommitmentInclusionProofDepth>, Error> {
+        // We compute the branches by generating 2 merkle trees:
+        // 1. Merkle tree for the `blob_kzg_commitments` List object
+        // 2. Merkle tree for the `BeaconBlockBody` container
+        // We then merge the branches for both the trees all the way up to the root.
+
+        // Part1 (Branches for the subtree rooted at `blob_kzg_commitments`)
+        //
+        // Branches for `blob_kzg_commitments` without length mix-in
+        let blob_leaves = self
+            .blob_kzg_commitments()?
+            .iter()
+            .map(|commitment| commitment.tree_hash_root())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let depth = E::max_blob_commitments_per_block()
+            .next_power_of_two()
+            .ilog2();
+        let tree = MerkleTree::create(&blob_leaves, depth as usize);
+        let (_, mut proof) = tree
+            .generate_proof(index, depth as usize)
+            .map_err(Error::MerkleTreeError)?;
+
+        // Add the branch corresponding to the length mix-in.
+        let length = blob_leaves.len();
+        let usize_len = std::mem::size_of::<usize>();
+        let mut length_bytes = [0; BYTES_PER_CHUNK];
+        length_bytes
+            .get_mut(0..usize_len)
+            .ok_or(Error::MerkleTreeError(MerkleTreeError::PleaseNotifyTheDevs))?
+            .copy_from_slice(&length.to_le_bytes());
+        let length_root = Hash256::from_slice(length_bytes.as_slice());
+        proof.push(length_root);
+
+        // Part 2
+        // Branches for `BeaconBlockBody` container
+        let body_leaves = self.body_merkle_leaves();
+        let beacon_block_body_depth = body_leaves.len().next_power_of_two().ilog2() as usize;
+        let tree = MerkleTree::create(&body_leaves, beacon_block_body_depth);
+        let (_, mut proof_body) = tree
+            .generate_proof(BLOB_KZG_COMMITMENTS_INDEX, beacon_block_body_depth)
+            .map_err(Error::MerkleTreeError)?;
+        // Join the proofs for the subtree and the main tree
+        proof.append(&mut proof_body);
+        debug_assert_eq!(proof.len(), E::kzg_proof_inclusion_proof_depth());
+
+        Ok(proof.into())
     }
 
     /// Return `true` if this block body has a non-zero number of blobs.
@@ -256,6 +231,99 @@ impl<'a, E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> BeaconBlockBodyRef<'a, E,
         self.blob_kzg_commitments()
             .map_or(false, |blobs| !blobs.is_empty())
     }
+
+    pub fn attestations_len(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(body) => body.attestations.len(),
+            Self::Altair(body) => body.attestations.len(),
+            Self::Bellatrix(body) => body.attestations.len(),
+            Self::Capella(body) => body.attestations.len(),
+            Self::Deneb(body) => body.attestations.len(),
+            Self::Electra(body) => body.attestations.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attester_slashings_len(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(body) => body.attester_slashings.len(),
+            Self::Altair(body) => body.attester_slashings.len(),
+            Self::Bellatrix(body) => body.attester_slashings.len(),
+            Self::Capella(body) => body.attester_slashings.len(),
+            Self::Deneb(body) => body.attester_slashings.len(),
+            Self::Electra(body) => body.attester_slashings.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attestations(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = AttestationRef<'a, E>> + 'a> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(body) => Box::new(body.attestations.iter().map(AttestationRef::Base)),
+            Self::Altair(body) => Box::new(body.attestations.iter().map(AttestationRef::Base)),
+            Self::Bellatrix(body) => Box::new(body.attestations.iter().map(AttestationRef::Base)),
+            Self::Capella(body) => Box::new(body.attestations.iter().map(AttestationRef::Base)),
+            Self::Deneb(body) => Box::new(body.attestations.iter().map(AttestationRef::Base)),
+            Self::Electra(body) => Box::new(body.attestations.iter().map(AttestationRef::Electra)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attester_slashings(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = AttesterSlashingRef<'a, E>> + 'a> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(body) => Box::new(
+                body.attester_slashings
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(AttesterSlashingRef::Base),
+            ),
+            Self::Altair(body) => Box::new(
+                body.attester_slashings
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(AttesterSlashingRef::Base),
+            ),
+            Self::Bellatrix(body) => Box::new(
+                body.attester_slashings
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(AttesterSlashingRef::Base),
+            ),
+            Self::Capella(body) => Box::new(
+                body.attester_slashings
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(AttesterSlashingRef::Base),
+            ),
+            Self::Deneb(body) => Box::new(
+                body.attester_slashings
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(AttesterSlashingRef::Base),
+            ),
+            Self::Electra(body) => Box::new(
+                body.attester_slashings
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(AttesterSlashingRef::Electra),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> BeaconBlockBodyRefMut<'a, E, Payload> {
+    pub fn attestations_mut(
+        &'a mut self,
+    ) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = AttestationRefMut<'a, E>> + 'a> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(body) => Box::new(body.attestations.iter_mut().map(AttestationRefMut::Base)),
+            Self::Altair(body) => {
+                Box::new(body.attestations.iter_mut().map(AttestationRefMut::Base))
+            }
+            Self::Bellatrix(body) => {
+                Box::new(body.attestations.iter_mut().map(AttestationRefMut::Base))
+            }
+            Self::Capella(body) => {
+                Box::new(body.attestations.iter_mut().map(AttestationRefMut::Base))
+            }
+            Self::Deneb(body) => {
+                Box::new(body.attestations.iter_mut().map(AttestationRefMut::Base))
+            }
+            Self::Electra(body) => {
+                Box::new(body.attestations.iter_mut().map(AttestationRefMut::Electra))
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'a, E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> BeaconBlockBodyRef<'a, E, Payload> {
@@ -556,6 +624,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> From<BeaconBlockBodyElectra<E, FullPayload<E>>>
             execution_payload: FullPayloadElectra { execution_payload },
             bls_to_execution_changes,
             blob_kzg_commitments,
+            consolidations,
         } = body;
 
         (
@@ -574,6 +643,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> From<BeaconBlockBodyElectra<E, FullPayload<E>>>
                 },
                 bls_to_execution_changes,
                 blob_kzg_commitments: blob_kzg_commitments.clone(),
+                consolidations,
             },
             Some(execution_payload),
         )
@@ -712,6 +782,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> BeaconBlockBodyElectra<E, FullPayload<E>> {
             execution_payload: FullPayloadElectra { execution_payload },
             bls_to_execution_changes,
             blob_kzg_commitments,
+            consolidations,
         } = self;
 
         BeaconBlockBodyElectra {
@@ -729,6 +800,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> BeaconBlockBodyElectra<E, FullPayload<E>> {
             },
             bls_to_execution_changes: bls_to_execution_changes.clone(),
             blob_kzg_commitments: blob_kzg_commitments.clone(),
+            consolidations: consolidations.clone(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -748,6 +820,11 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> From<BeaconBlockBody<E, FullPayload<E>>>
 }
 
 impl<E: EthSpec> BeaconBlockBody<E> {
+    /// Returns the name of the fork pertaining to `self`.
+    pub fn fork_name(&self) -> ForkName {
+        self.to_ref().fork_name()
+    }
+
     pub fn block_body_merkle_proof(&self, generalized_index: usize) -> Result<Vec<Hash256>, Error> {
         let field_index = match generalized_index {
             light_client_update::EXECUTION_PAYLOAD_INDEX => {
@@ -762,13 +839,25 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> BeaconBlockBody<E> {
             _ => return Err(Error::IndexNotSupported(generalized_index)),
         };
 
+        let attestations_root = if self.fork_name() > ForkName::Electra {
+            self.attestations_electra()?.tree_hash_root()
+        } else {
+            self.attestations_base()?.tree_hash_root()
+        };
+
+        let attester_slashings_root = if self.fork_name() > ForkName::Electra {
+            self.attester_slashings_electra()?.tree_hash_root()
+        } else {
+            self.attester_slashings_base()?.tree_hash_root()
+        };
+
         let mut leaves = vec![
             self.randao_reveal().tree_hash_root(),
             self.eth1_data().tree_hash_root(),
             self.graffiti().tree_hash_root(),
             self.proposer_slashings().tree_hash_root(),
-            self.attester_slashings().tree_hash_root(),
-            self.attestations().tree_hash_root(),
+            attester_slashings_root,
+            attestations_root,
             self.deposits().tree_hash_root(),
             self.voluntary_exits().tree_hash_root(),
         ];
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/beacon_state.rs b/consensus/types/src/beacon_state.rs
index 577f282a556..bc20f3aa7bb 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/beacon_state.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/beacon_state.rs
@@ -159,6 +159,14 @@ pub enum Error {
     IndexNotSupported(usize),
     InvalidFlagIndex(usize),
     MerkleTreeError(merkle_proof::MerkleTreeError),
+    NoCommitteeFound(CommitteeIndex),
+    InvalidCommitteeIndex(CommitteeIndex),
+    InvalidSelectionProof {
+        aggregator_index: u64,
+    },
+    AggregatorNotInCommittee {
+        aggregator_index: u64,
+    },
 }
 
 /// Control whether an epoch-indexed field can be indexed at the next epoch or not.
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/beacon_state/committee_cache.rs b/consensus/types/src/beacon_state/committee_cache.rs
index 209659ea889..161f8541573 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/beacon_state/committee_cache.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/beacon_state/committee_cache.rs
@@ -183,6 +183,8 @@ impl CommitteeCache {
     }
 
     /// Get all the Beacon committees at a given `slot`.
+    ///
+    /// Committees are sorted by ascending index order 0..committees_per_slot
     pub fn get_beacon_committees_at_slot(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<Vec<BeaconCommittee>, Error> {
         if self.initialized_epoch.is_none() {
             return Err(Error::CommitteeCacheUninitialized(None));
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/chain_spec.rs b/consensus/types/src/chain_spec.rs
index b0346a14ef8..7609e360355 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/chain_spec.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/chain_spec.rs
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ impl ChainSpec {
         state: &BeaconState<E>,
     ) -> u64 {
         let fork_name = state.fork_name_unchecked();
-        if fork_name >= ForkName::Electra {
+        if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
             self.min_slashing_penalty_quotient_electra
         } else if fork_name >= ForkName::Bellatrix {
             self.min_slashing_penalty_quotient_bellatrix
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/eth_spec.rs b/consensus/types/src/eth_spec.rs
index 38a048d4690..1c379f5de42 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/eth_spec.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/eth_spec.rs
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ pub trait EthSpec:
      * Misc
      */
     type MaxValidatorsPerCommittee: Unsigned + Clone + Sync + Send + Debug + PartialEq + Eq;
+    type MaxValidatorsPerSlot: Unsigned + Clone + Sync + Send + Debug + PartialEq + Eq;
+    type MaxCommitteesPerSlot: Unsigned + Clone + Sync + Send + Debug + PartialEq + Eq;
     /*
      * Time parameters
      */
@@ -365,6 +367,8 @@ impl EthSpec for MainnetEthSpec {
     type JustificationBitsLength = U4;
     type SubnetBitfieldLength = U64;
     type MaxValidatorsPerCommittee = U2048;
+    type MaxCommitteesPerSlot = U64;
+    type MaxValidatorsPerSlot = U131072;
     type GenesisEpoch = U0;
     type SlotsPerEpoch = U32;
     type EpochsPerEth1VotingPeriod = U64;
@@ -420,6 +424,8 @@ impl EthSpec for MainnetEthSpec {
 pub struct MinimalEthSpec;
 
 impl EthSpec for MinimalEthSpec {
+    type MaxCommitteesPerSlot = U4;
+    type MaxValidatorsPerSlot = U8192;
     type SlotsPerEpoch = U8;
     type EpochsPerEth1VotingPeriod = U4;
     type SlotsPerHistoricalRoot = U64;
@@ -484,6 +490,8 @@ impl EthSpec for GnosisEthSpec {
     type JustificationBitsLength = U4;
     type SubnetBitfieldLength = U64;
     type MaxValidatorsPerCommittee = U2048;
+    type MaxCommitteesPerSlot = U64;
+    type MaxValidatorsPerSlot = U131072;
     type GenesisEpoch = U0;
     type SlotsPerEpoch = U16;
     type EpochsPerEth1VotingPeriod = U64;
@@ -537,10 +545,12 @@ impl EthSpec for GnosisEthSpec {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use crate::{EthSpec, GnosisEthSpec, MainnetEthSpec, MinimalEthSpec};
+    use ssz_types::typenum::Unsigned;
 
     fn assert_valid_spec<E: EthSpec>() {
         E::kzg_commitments_tree_depth();
         E::block_body_tree_depth();
+        assert!(E::MaxValidatorsPerSlot::to_i32() >= E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee::to_i32());
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/execution_payload_header.rs b/consensus/types/src/execution_payload_header.rs
index 98ed3d9f36d..b8d0c8c2b0f 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/execution_payload_header.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/execution_payload_header.rs
@@ -77,16 +77,13 @@ pub struct ExecutionPayloadHeader<E: EthSpec> {
     pub block_hash: ExecutionBlockHash,
     #[superstruct(getter(copy))]
     pub transactions_root: Hash256,
-    #[superstruct(only(Capella, Deneb, Electra))]
-    #[superstruct(getter(copy))]
+    #[superstruct(only(Capella, Deneb, Electra), partial_getter(copy))]
     pub withdrawals_root: Hash256,
-    #[superstruct(only(Deneb, Electra))]
+    #[superstruct(only(Deneb, Electra), partial_getter(copy))]
     #[serde(with = "serde_utils::quoted_u64")]
-    #[superstruct(getter(copy))]
     pub blob_gas_used: u64,
-    #[superstruct(only(Deneb, Electra))]
+    #[superstruct(only(Deneb, Electra), partial_getter(copy))]
     #[serde(with = "serde_utils::quoted_u64")]
-    #[superstruct(getter(copy))]
     pub excess_blob_gas: u64,
     #[superstruct(only(Electra), partial_getter(copy))]
     pub deposit_receipts_root: Hash256,
@@ -121,12 +118,8 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ExecutionPayloadHeader<E> {
     pub fn ssz_max_var_len_for_fork(fork_name: ForkName) -> usize {
         // Matching here in case variable fields are added in future forks.
         match fork_name {
-            ForkName::Base
-            | ForkName::Altair
-            | ForkName::Bellatrix
-            | ForkName::Capella
-            | ForkName::Deneb
-            | ForkName::Electra => {
+            ForkName::Base | ForkName::Altair => 0,
+            ForkName::Bellatrix | ForkName::Capella | ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => {
                 // Max size of variable length `extra_data` field
                 E::max_extra_data_bytes() * <u8 as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len()
             }
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/fork_name.rs b/consensus/types/src/fork_name.rs
index 5cc66214733..96f206d4543 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/fork_name.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/fork_name.rs
@@ -119,6 +119,14 @@ impl ForkName {
             ForkName::Electra => None,
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn deneb_enabled(self) -> bool {
+        self >= ForkName::Deneb
+    }
+
+    pub fn electra_enabled(self) -> bool {
+        self >= ForkName::Electra
+    }
 }
 
 /// Map a fork name into a fork-versioned superstruct type like `BeaconBlock`.
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/indexed_attestation.rs b/consensus/types/src/indexed_attestation.rs
index d80b49d55a7..19d15010753 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/indexed_attestation.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/indexed_attestation.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 use crate::{test_utils::TestRandom, AggregateSignature, AttestationData, EthSpec, VariableList};
+use core::slice::Iter;
 use derivative::Derivative;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use ssz::Encode;
 use ssz_derive::{Decode, Encode};
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use superstruct::superstruct;
 use test_random_derive::TestRandom;
 use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 
@@ -12,25 +14,50 @@ use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 /// To be included in an `AttesterSlashing`.
 ///
 /// Spec v0.12.1
+#[superstruct(
+    variants(Base, Electra),
+    variant_attributes(
+        derive(
+            Debug,
+            Clone,
+            Serialize,
+            Deserialize,
+            Decode,
+            Encode,
+            TestRandom,
+            Derivative,
+            arbitrary::Arbitrary,
+            TreeHash,
+        ),
+        derivative(PartialEq, Hash(bound = "E: EthSpec")),
+        serde(bound = "E: EthSpec", deny_unknown_fields),
+        arbitrary(bound = "E: EthSpec"),
+    )
+)]
 #[derive(
-    Derivative,
     Debug,
     Clone,
     Serialize,
-    Deserialize,
-    Encode,
-    Decode,
     TreeHash,
-    TestRandom,
+    Encode,
+    Derivative,
+    Deserialize,
     arbitrary::Arbitrary,
+    PartialEq,
 )]
-#[derivative(PartialEq, Eq)] // to satisfy Clippy's lint about `Hash`
-#[serde(bound = "E: EthSpec")]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+#[tree_hash(enum_behaviour = "transparent")]
+#[ssz(enum_behaviour = "transparent")]
+#[serde(bound = "E: EthSpec", deny_unknown_fields)]
 #[arbitrary(bound = "E: EthSpec")]
 pub struct IndexedAttestation<E: EthSpec> {
     /// Lists validator registry indices, not committee indices.
+    #[superstruct(only(Base), partial_getter(rename = "attesting_indices_base"))]
     #[serde(with = "quoted_variable_list_u64")]
     pub attesting_indices: VariableList<u64, E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra), partial_getter(rename = "attesting_indices_electra"))]
+    #[serde(with = "quoted_variable_list_u64")]
+    pub attesting_indices: VariableList<u64, E::MaxValidatorsPerSlot>,
     pub data: AttestationData,
     pub signature: AggregateSignature,
 }
@@ -40,15 +67,123 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> IndexedAttestation<E> {
     ///
     /// Spec v0.12.1
     pub fn is_double_vote(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.data.target.epoch == other.data.target.epoch && self.data != other.data
+        // reuse the ref implementation to ensure logic is the same
+        self.to_ref().is_double_vote(other.to_ref())
     }
 
     /// Check if ``attestation_data_1`` surrounds ``attestation_data_2``.
     ///
     /// Spec v0.12.1
     pub fn is_surround_vote(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.data.source.epoch < other.data.source.epoch
-            && other.data.target.epoch < self.data.target.epoch
+        // reuse the ref implementation to ensure logic is the same
+        self.to_ref().is_surround_vote(other.to_ref())
+    }
+
+    pub fn attesting_indices_len(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            IndexedAttestation::Base(att) => att.attesting_indices.len(),
+            IndexedAttestation::Electra(att) => att.attesting_indices.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attesting_indices_to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u64> {
+        match self {
+            IndexedAttestation::Base(att) => att.attesting_indices.to_vec(),
+            IndexedAttestation::Electra(att) => att.attesting_indices.to_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attesting_indices_is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            IndexedAttestation::Base(att) => att.attesting_indices.is_empty(),
+            IndexedAttestation::Electra(att) => att.attesting_indices.is_empty(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attesting_indices_iter(&self) -> Iter<'_, u64> {
+        match self {
+            IndexedAttestation::Base(att) => att.attesting_indices.iter(),
+            IndexedAttestation::Electra(att) => att.attesting_indices.iter(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attesting_indices_first(&self) -> Option<&u64> {
+        match self {
+            IndexedAttestation::Base(att) => att.attesting_indices.first(),
+            IndexedAttestation::Electra(att) => att.attesting_indices.first(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_electra(self) -> IndexedAttestationElectra<E> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(att) => {
+                let extended_attesting_indices: VariableList<u64, E::MaxValidatorsPerSlot> =
+                    VariableList::new(att.attesting_indices.to_vec())
+                        .expect("MaxValidatorsPerSlot must be >= MaxValidatorsPerCommittee");
+                // Note a unit test in consensus/types/src/eth_spec.rs asserts this invariant for
+                // all known specs
+
+                IndexedAttestationElectra {
+                    attesting_indices: extended_attesting_indices,
+                    data: att.data,
+                    signature: att.signature,
+                }
+            }
+            Self::Electra(att) => att,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, E: EthSpec> IndexedAttestationRef<'a, E> {
+    pub fn is_double_vote(&self, other: Self) -> bool {
+        self.data().target.epoch == other.data().target.epoch && self.data() != other.data()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_surround_vote(&self, other: Self) -> bool {
+        self.data().source.epoch < other.data().source.epoch
+            && other.data().target.epoch < self.data().target.epoch
+    }
+
+    pub fn attesting_indices_len(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            IndexedAttestationRef::Base(att) => att.attesting_indices.len(),
+            IndexedAttestationRef::Electra(att) => att.attesting_indices.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attesting_indices_to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u64> {
+        match self {
+            IndexedAttestationRef::Base(att) => att.attesting_indices.to_vec(),
+            IndexedAttestationRef::Electra(att) => att.attesting_indices.to_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attesting_indices_is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            IndexedAttestationRef::Base(att) => att.attesting_indices.is_empty(),
+            IndexedAttestationRef::Electra(att) => att.attesting_indices.is_empty(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attesting_indices_iter(&self) -> Iter<'_, u64> {
+        match self {
+            IndexedAttestationRef::Base(att) => att.attesting_indices.iter(),
+            IndexedAttestationRef::Electra(att) => att.attesting_indices.iter(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn attesting_indices_first(&self) -> Option<&u64> {
+        match self {
+            IndexedAttestationRef::Base(att) => att.attesting_indices.first(),
+            IndexedAttestationRef::Electra(att) => att.attesting_indices.first(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn clone_as_indexed_attestation(self) -> IndexedAttestation<E> {
+        match self {
+            IndexedAttestationRef::Base(att) => IndexedAttestation::Base(att.clone()),
+            IndexedAttestationRef::Electra(att) => IndexedAttestation::Electra(att.clone()),
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -59,9 +194,12 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> IndexedAttestation<E> {
 /// Used in the operation pool.
 impl<E: EthSpec> Hash for IndexedAttestation<E> {
     fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        self.attesting_indices.hash(state);
-        self.data.hash(state);
-        self.signature.as_ssz_bytes().hash(state);
+        match self {
+            IndexedAttestation::Base(att) => att.attesting_indices.hash(state),
+            IndexedAttestation::Electra(att) => att.attesting_indices.hash(state),
+        };
+        self.data().hash(state);
+        self.signature().as_ssz_bytes().hash(state);
     }
 }
 
@@ -157,17 +295,25 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!indexed_vote_first.is_surround_vote(&indexed_vote_second));
     }
 
-    ssz_and_tree_hash_tests!(IndexedAttestation<MainnetEthSpec>);
+    mod base {
+        use super::*;
+        ssz_and_tree_hash_tests!(IndexedAttestationBase<MainnetEthSpec>);
+    }
+    mod electra {
+        use super::*;
+        ssz_and_tree_hash_tests!(IndexedAttestationElectra<MainnetEthSpec>);
+    }
 
     fn create_indexed_attestation(
         target_epoch: u64,
         source_epoch: u64,
     ) -> IndexedAttestation<MainnetEthSpec> {
         let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([42; 16]);
-        let mut indexed_vote = IndexedAttestation::random_for_test(&mut rng);
+        let mut indexed_vote =
+            IndexedAttestation::Base(IndexedAttestationBase::random_for_test(&mut rng));
 
-        indexed_vote.data.source.epoch = Epoch::new(source_epoch);
-        indexed_vote.data.target.epoch = Epoch::new(target_epoch);
+        indexed_vote.data_mut().source.epoch = Epoch::new(source_epoch);
+        indexed_vote.data_mut().target.epoch = Epoch::new(target_epoch);
         indexed_vote
     }
 }
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/lib.rs b/consensus/types/src/lib.rs
index db429095d89..6a98d7ade96 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/lib.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/lib.rs
@@ -112,11 +112,19 @@ pub mod runtime_var_list;
 use ethereum_types::{H160, H256};
 
 pub use crate::activation_queue::ActivationQueue;
-pub use crate::aggregate_and_proof::AggregateAndProof;
-pub use crate::attestation::{Attestation, Error as AttestationError};
+pub use crate::aggregate_and_proof::{
+    AggregateAndProof, AggregateAndProofBase, AggregateAndProofElectra, AggregateAndProofRef,
+};
+pub use crate::attestation::{
+    Attestation, AttestationBase, AttestationElectra, AttestationRef, AttestationRefMut,
+    Error as AttestationError,
+};
 pub use crate::attestation_data::AttestationData;
 pub use crate::attestation_duty::AttestationDuty;
-pub use crate::attester_slashing::AttesterSlashing;
+pub use crate::attester_slashing::{
+    AttesterSlashing, AttesterSlashingBase, AttesterSlashingElectra, AttesterSlashingOnDisk,
+    AttesterSlashingRef, AttesterSlashingRefOnDisk,
+};
 pub use crate::beacon_block::{
     BeaconBlock, BeaconBlockAltair, BeaconBlockBase, BeaconBlockBellatrix, BeaconBlockCapella,
     BeaconBlockDeneb, BeaconBlockElectra, BeaconBlockRef, BeaconBlockRefMut, BlindedBeaconBlock,
@@ -167,25 +175,29 @@ pub use crate::fork_name::{ForkName, InconsistentFork};
 pub use crate::fork_versioned_response::{ForkVersionDeserialize, ForkVersionedResponse};
 pub use crate::graffiti::{Graffiti, GRAFFITI_BYTES_LEN};
 pub use crate::historical_batch::HistoricalBatch;
-pub use crate::indexed_attestation::IndexedAttestation;
+pub use crate::indexed_attestation::{
+    IndexedAttestation, IndexedAttestationBase, IndexedAttestationElectra, IndexedAttestationRef,
+};
 pub use crate::light_client_bootstrap::{
     LightClientBootstrap, LightClientBootstrapAltair, LightClientBootstrapCapella,
-    LightClientBootstrapDeneb,
+    LightClientBootstrapDeneb, LightClientBootstrapElectra,
 };
 pub use crate::light_client_finality_update::{
     LightClientFinalityUpdate, LightClientFinalityUpdateAltair, LightClientFinalityUpdateCapella,
-    LightClientFinalityUpdateDeneb,
+    LightClientFinalityUpdateDeneb, LightClientFinalityUpdateElectra,
 };
 pub use crate::light_client_header::{
     LightClientHeader, LightClientHeaderAltair, LightClientHeaderCapella, LightClientHeaderDeneb,
+    LightClientHeaderElectra,
 };
 pub use crate::light_client_optimistic_update::{
     LightClientOptimisticUpdate, LightClientOptimisticUpdateAltair,
     LightClientOptimisticUpdateCapella, LightClientOptimisticUpdateDeneb,
+    LightClientOptimisticUpdateElectra,
 };
 pub use crate::light_client_update::{
     Error as LightClientError, LightClientUpdate, LightClientUpdateAltair,
-    LightClientUpdateCapella, LightClientUpdateDeneb,
+    LightClientUpdateCapella, LightClientUpdateDeneb, LightClientUpdateElectra,
 };
 pub use crate::participation_flags::ParticipationFlags;
 pub use crate::participation_list::ParticipationList;
@@ -208,7 +220,9 @@ pub use crate::relative_epoch::{Error as RelativeEpochError, RelativeEpoch};
 pub use crate::runtime_var_list::RuntimeVariableList;
 pub use crate::selection_proof::SelectionProof;
 pub use crate::shuffling_id::AttestationShufflingId;
-pub use crate::signed_aggregate_and_proof::SignedAggregateAndProof;
+pub use crate::signed_aggregate_and_proof::{
+    SignedAggregateAndProof, SignedAggregateAndProofBase, SignedAggregateAndProofElectra,
+};
 pub use crate::signed_beacon_block::{
     ssz_tagged_signed_beacon_block, ssz_tagged_signed_beacon_block_arc, SignedBeaconBlock,
     SignedBeaconBlockAltair, SignedBeaconBlockBase, SignedBeaconBlockBellatrix,
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/light_client_bootstrap.rs b/consensus/types/src/light_client_bootstrap.rs
index 61da0e1b117..e3a85744ded 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/light_client_bootstrap.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/light_client_bootstrap.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use crate::{
     light_client_update::*, test_utils::TestRandom, BeaconState, ChainSpec, EthSpec, FixedVector,
     ForkName, ForkVersionDeserialize, Hash256, LightClientHeader, LightClientHeaderAltair,
-    LightClientHeaderCapella, LightClientHeaderDeneb, SignedBeaconBlock, Slot, SyncCommittee,
+    LightClientHeaderCapella, LightClientHeaderDeneb, LightClientHeaderElectra, SignedBeaconBlock,
+    Slot, SyncCommittee,
 };
 use derivative::Derivative;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 /// A LightClientBootstrap is the initializer we send over to light_client nodes
 /// that are trying to generate their basic storage when booting up.
 #[superstruct(
-    variants(Altair, Capella, Deneb),
+    variants(Altair, Capella, Deneb, Electra),
     variant_attributes(
         derive(
             Debug,
@@ -51,6 +52,8 @@ pub struct LightClientBootstrap<E: EthSpec> {
     pub header: LightClientHeaderCapella<E>,
     #[superstruct(only(Deneb), partial_getter(rename = "header_deneb"))]
     pub header: LightClientHeaderDeneb<E>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra), partial_getter(rename = "header_electra"))]
+    pub header: LightClientHeaderElectra<E>,
     /// The `SyncCommittee` used in the requested period.
     pub current_sync_committee: Arc<SyncCommittee<E>>,
     /// Merkle proof for sync committee
@@ -66,6 +69,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientBootstrap<E> {
             Self::Altair(_) => func(ForkName::Altair),
             Self::Capella(_) => func(ForkName::Capella),
             Self::Deneb(_) => func(ForkName::Deneb),
+            Self::Electra(_) => func(ForkName::Electra),
         }
     }
 
@@ -82,9 +86,8 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientBootstrap<E> {
                 Self::Altair(LightClientBootstrapAltair::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
             }
             ForkName::Capella => Self::Capella(LightClientBootstrapCapella::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?),
-            ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => {
-                Self::Deneb(LightClientBootstrapDeneb::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
-            }
+            ForkName::Deneb => Self::Deneb(LightClientBootstrapDeneb::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?),
+            ForkName::Electra => Self::Electra(LightClientBootstrapElectra::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?),
             ForkName::Base => {
                 return Err(ssz::DecodeError::BytesInvalid(format!(
                     "LightClientBootstrap decoding for {fork_name} not implemented"
@@ -97,18 +100,16 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientBootstrap<E> {
 
     #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
     pub fn ssz_max_len_for_fork(fork_name: ForkName) -> usize {
-        // TODO(electra): review electra changes
-        match fork_name {
+        let fixed_len = match fork_name {
             ForkName::Base => 0,
-            ForkName::Altair
-            | ForkName::Bellatrix
-            | ForkName::Capella
-            | ForkName::Deneb
-            | ForkName::Electra => {
+            ForkName::Altair | ForkName::Bellatrix => {
                 <LightClientBootstrapAltair<E> as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len()
-                    + LightClientHeader::<E>::ssz_max_var_len_for_fork(fork_name)
             }
-        }
+            ForkName::Capella => <LightClientBootstrapCapella<E> as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len(),
+            ForkName::Deneb => <LightClientBootstrapDeneb<E> as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len(),
+            ForkName::Electra => <LightClientBootstrapElectra<E> as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len(),
+        };
+        fixed_len + LightClientHeader::<E>::ssz_max_var_len_for_fork(fork_name)
     }
 
     pub fn from_beacon_state(
@@ -138,11 +139,16 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientBootstrap<E> {
                 current_sync_committee,
                 current_sync_committee_branch,
             }),
-            ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => Self::Deneb(LightClientBootstrapDeneb {
+            ForkName::Deneb => Self::Deneb(LightClientBootstrapDeneb {
                 header: LightClientHeaderDeneb::block_to_light_client_header(block)?,
                 current_sync_committee,
                 current_sync_committee_branch,
             }),
+            ForkName::Electra => Self::Electra(LightClientBootstrapElectra {
+                header: LightClientHeaderElectra::block_to_light_client_header(block)?,
+                current_sync_committee,
+                current_sync_committee_branch,
+            }),
         };
 
         Ok(light_client_bootstrap)
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/light_client_finality_update.rs b/consensus/types/src/light_client_finality_update.rs
index 29c526e2916..a9e24e03db1 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/light_client_finality_update.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/light_client_finality_update.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ use super::{EthSpec, FixedVector, Hash256, LightClientHeader, Slot, SyncAggregat
 use crate::ChainSpec;
 use crate::{
     light_client_update::*, test_utils::TestRandom, ForkName, ForkVersionDeserialize,
-    LightClientHeaderAltair, LightClientHeaderCapella, LightClientHeaderDeneb, SignedBeaconBlock,
+    LightClientHeaderAltair, LightClientHeaderCapella, LightClientHeaderDeneb,
+    LightClientHeaderElectra, SignedBeaconBlock,
 };
 use derivative::Derivative;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ use test_random_derive::TestRandom;
 use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 
 #[superstruct(
-    variants(Altair, Capella, Deneb),
+    variants(Altair, Capella, Deneb, Electra),
     variant_attributes(
         derive(
             Debug,
@@ -50,6 +51,8 @@ pub struct LightClientFinalityUpdate<E: EthSpec> {
     pub attested_header: LightClientHeaderCapella<E>,
     #[superstruct(only(Deneb), partial_getter(rename = "attested_header_deneb"))]
     pub attested_header: LightClientHeaderDeneb<E>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra), partial_getter(rename = "attested_header_electra"))]
+    pub attested_header: LightClientHeaderElectra<E>,
     /// The last `BeaconBlockHeader` from the last attested finalized block (end of epoch).
     #[superstruct(only(Altair), partial_getter(rename = "finalized_header_altair"))]
     pub finalized_header: LightClientHeaderAltair<E>,
@@ -57,6 +60,8 @@ pub struct LightClientFinalityUpdate<E: EthSpec> {
     pub finalized_header: LightClientHeaderCapella<E>,
     #[superstruct(only(Deneb), partial_getter(rename = "finalized_header_deneb"))]
     pub finalized_header: LightClientHeaderDeneb<E>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra), partial_getter(rename = "finalized_header_electra"))]
+    pub finalized_header: LightClientHeaderElectra<E>,
     /// Merkle proof attesting finalized header.
     #[test_random(default)]
     pub finality_branch: FixedVector<Hash256, FinalizedRootProofLen>,
@@ -80,7 +85,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientFinalityUpdate<E> {
             .map_err(|_| Error::InconsistentFork)?
         {
             ForkName::Altair | ForkName::Bellatrix => {
-                let finality_update = LightClientFinalityUpdateAltair {
+                Self::Altair(LightClientFinalityUpdateAltair {
                     attested_header: LightClientHeaderAltair::block_to_light_client_header(
                         attested_block,
                     )?,
@@ -90,37 +95,42 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientFinalityUpdate<E> {
                     finality_branch,
                     sync_aggregate,
                     signature_slot,
-                };
-                Self::Altair(finality_update)
-            }
-            ForkName::Capella => {
-                let finality_update = LightClientFinalityUpdateCapella {
-                    attested_header: LightClientHeaderCapella::block_to_light_client_header(
-                        attested_block,
-                    )?,
-                    finalized_header: LightClientHeaderCapella::block_to_light_client_header(
-                        finalized_block,
-                    )?,
-                    finality_branch,
-                    sync_aggregate,
-                    signature_slot,
-                };
-                Self::Capella(finality_update)
-            }
-            ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => {
-                let finality_update = LightClientFinalityUpdateDeneb {
-                    attested_header: LightClientHeaderDeneb::block_to_light_client_header(
-                        attested_block,
-                    )?,
-                    finalized_header: LightClientHeaderDeneb::block_to_light_client_header(
-                        finalized_block,
-                    )?,
-                    finality_branch,
-                    sync_aggregate,
-                    signature_slot,
-                };
-                Self::Deneb(finality_update)
+                })
             }
+            ForkName::Capella => Self::Capella(LightClientFinalityUpdateCapella {
+                attested_header: LightClientHeaderCapella::block_to_light_client_header(
+                    attested_block,
+                )?,
+                finalized_header: LightClientHeaderCapella::block_to_light_client_header(
+                    finalized_block,
+                )?,
+                finality_branch,
+                sync_aggregate,
+                signature_slot,
+            }),
+            ForkName::Deneb => Self::Deneb(LightClientFinalityUpdateDeneb {
+                attested_header: LightClientHeaderDeneb::block_to_light_client_header(
+                    attested_block,
+                )?,
+                finalized_header: LightClientHeaderDeneb::block_to_light_client_header(
+                    finalized_block,
+                )?,
+                finality_branch,
+                sync_aggregate,
+                signature_slot,
+            }),
+            ForkName::Electra => Self::Electra(LightClientFinalityUpdateElectra {
+                attested_header: LightClientHeaderElectra::block_to_light_client_header(
+                    attested_block,
+                )?,
+                finalized_header: LightClientHeaderElectra::block_to_light_client_header(
+                    finalized_block,
+                )?,
+                finality_branch,
+                sync_aggregate,
+                signature_slot,
+            }),
+
             ForkName::Base => return Err(Error::AltairForkNotActive),
         };
 
@@ -135,6 +145,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientFinalityUpdate<E> {
             Self::Altair(_) => func(ForkName::Altair),
             Self::Capella(_) => func(ForkName::Capella),
             Self::Deneb(_) => func(ForkName::Deneb),
+            Self::Electra(_) => func(ForkName::Electra),
         }
     }
 
@@ -153,8 +164,9 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientFinalityUpdate<E> {
             ForkName::Capella => {
                 Self::Capella(LightClientFinalityUpdateCapella::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
             }
-            ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => {
-                Self::Deneb(LightClientFinalityUpdateDeneb::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
+            ForkName::Deneb => Self::Deneb(LightClientFinalityUpdateDeneb::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?),
+            ForkName::Electra => {
+                Self::Electra(LightClientFinalityUpdateElectra::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
             }
             ForkName::Base => {
                 return Err(ssz::DecodeError::BytesInvalid(format!(
@@ -168,18 +180,17 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientFinalityUpdate<E> {
 
     #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
     pub fn ssz_max_len_for_fork(fork_name: ForkName) -> usize {
-        // TODO(electra): review electra changes
-        match fork_name {
+        let fixed_size = match fork_name {
             ForkName::Base => 0,
-            ForkName::Altair
-            | ForkName::Bellatrix
-            | ForkName::Capella
-            | ForkName::Deneb
-            | ForkName::Electra => {
+            ForkName::Altair | ForkName::Bellatrix => {
                 <LightClientFinalityUpdateAltair<E> as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len()
-                    + 2 * LightClientHeader::<E>::ssz_max_var_len_for_fork(fork_name)
             }
-        }
+            ForkName::Capella => <LightClientFinalityUpdateCapella<E> as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len(),
+            ForkName::Deneb => <LightClientFinalityUpdateDeneb<E> as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len(),
+            ForkName::Electra => <LightClientFinalityUpdateElectra<E> as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len(),
+        };
+        // `2 *` because there are two headers in the update
+        fixed_size + 2 * LightClientHeader::<E>::ssz_max_var_len_for_fork(fork_name)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/light_client_header.rs b/consensus/types/src/light_client_header.rs
index 213ec90f955..1d6432ed6f3 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/light_client_header.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/light_client_header.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::ForkVersionDeserialize;
 use crate::{light_client_update::*, BeaconBlockBody};
 use crate::{
     test_utils::TestRandom, EthSpec, ExecutionPayloadHeaderCapella, ExecutionPayloadHeaderDeneb,
-    FixedVector, Hash256, SignedBeaconBlock,
+    ExecutionPayloadHeaderElectra, FixedVector, Hash256, SignedBeaconBlock,
 };
 use crate::{BeaconBlockHeader, ExecutionPayloadHeader};
 use derivative::Derivative;
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use test_random_derive::TestRandom;
 use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 
 #[superstruct(
-    variants(Altair, Capella, Deneb),
+    variants(Altair, Capella, Deneb, Electra),
     variant_attributes(
         derive(
             Debug,
@@ -54,8 +54,13 @@ pub struct LightClientHeader<E: EthSpec> {
     pub execution: ExecutionPayloadHeaderCapella<E>,
     #[superstruct(only(Deneb), partial_getter(rename = "execution_payload_header_deneb"))]
     pub execution: ExecutionPayloadHeaderDeneb<E>,
+    #[superstruct(
+        only(Electra),
+        partial_getter(rename = "execution_payload_header_electra")
+    )]
+    pub execution: ExecutionPayloadHeaderElectra<E>,
 
-    #[superstruct(only(Capella, Deneb))]
+    #[superstruct(only(Capella, Deneb, Electra))]
     pub execution_branch: FixedVector<Hash256, ExecutionPayloadProofLen>,
 
     #[ssz(skip_serializing, skip_deserializing)]
@@ -81,9 +86,12 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientHeader<E> {
             ForkName::Capella => LightClientHeader::Capella(
                 LightClientHeaderCapella::block_to_light_client_header(block)?,
             ),
-            ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => LightClientHeader::Deneb(
+            ForkName::Deneb => LightClientHeader::Deneb(
                 LightClientHeaderDeneb::block_to_light_client_header(block)?,
             ),
+            ForkName::Electra => LightClientHeader::Electra(
+                LightClientHeaderElectra::block_to_light_client_header(block)?,
+            ),
         };
         Ok(header)
     }
@@ -96,9 +104,12 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientHeader<E> {
             ForkName::Capella => {
                 LightClientHeader::Capella(LightClientHeaderCapella::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
             }
-            ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => {
+            ForkName::Deneb => {
                 LightClientHeader::Deneb(LightClientHeaderDeneb::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
             }
+            ForkName::Electra => {
+                LightClientHeader::Electra(LightClientHeaderElectra::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
+            }
             ForkName::Base => {
                 return Err(ssz::DecodeError::BytesInvalid(format!(
                     "LightClientHeader decoding for {fork_name} not implemented"
@@ -192,6 +203,34 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientHeaderDeneb<E> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientHeaderElectra<E> {
+    pub fn block_to_light_client_header(block: &SignedBeaconBlock<E>) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        let payload = block
+            .message()
+            .execution_payload()?
+            .execution_payload_electra()?;
+
+        let header = ExecutionPayloadHeaderElectra::from(payload);
+        let beacon_block_body = BeaconBlockBody::from(
+            block
+                .message()
+                .body_electra()
+                .map_err(|_| Error::BeaconBlockBodyError)?
+                .to_owned(),
+        );
+
+        let execution_branch =
+            beacon_block_body.block_body_merkle_proof(EXECUTION_PAYLOAD_INDEX)?;
+
+        Ok(LightClientHeaderElectra {
+            beacon: block.message().block_header(),
+            execution: header,
+            execution_branch: FixedVector::new(execution_branch)?,
+            _phantom_data: PhantomData,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 impl<E: EthSpec> ForkVersionDeserialize for LightClientHeader<E> {
     fn deserialize_by_fork<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(
         value: serde_json::value::Value,
@@ -204,9 +243,12 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> ForkVersionDeserialize for LightClientHeader<E> {
             ForkName::Capella => serde_json::from_value(value)
                 .map(|light_client_header| Self::Capella(light_client_header))
                 .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom),
-            ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => serde_json::from_value(value)
+            ForkName::Deneb => serde_json::from_value(value)
                 .map(|light_client_header| Self::Deneb(light_client_header))
                 .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom),
+            ForkName::Electra => serde_json::from_value(value)
+                .map(|light_client_header| Self::Electra(light_client_header))
+                .map_err(serde::de::Error::custom),
             ForkName::Base => Err(serde::de::Error::custom(format!(
                 "LightClientHeader deserialization for {fork_name} not implemented"
             ))),
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/light_client_optimistic_update.rs b/consensus/types/src/light_client_optimistic_update.rs
index 4727673f6c0..708f24e7701 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/light_client_optimistic_update.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/light_client_optimistic_update.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use super::{EthSpec, ForkName, ForkVersionDeserialize, LightClientHeader, Slot,
 use crate::test_utils::TestRandom;
 use crate::{
     light_client_update::*, ChainSpec, LightClientHeaderAltair, LightClientHeaderCapella,
-    LightClientHeaderDeneb, SignedBeaconBlock,
+    LightClientHeaderDeneb, LightClientHeaderElectra, SignedBeaconBlock,
 };
 use derivative::Derivative;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize};
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 /// A LightClientOptimisticUpdate is the update we send on each slot,
 /// it is based off the current unfinalized epoch is verified only against BLS signature.
 #[superstruct(
-    variants(Altair, Capella, Deneb),
+    variants(Altair, Capella, Deneb, Electra),
     variant_attributes(
         derive(
             Debug,
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ pub struct LightClientOptimisticUpdate<E: EthSpec> {
     pub attested_header: LightClientHeaderCapella<E>,
     #[superstruct(only(Deneb), partial_getter(rename = "attested_header_deneb"))]
     pub attested_header: LightClientHeaderDeneb<E>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra), partial_getter(rename = "attested_header_electra"))]
+    pub attested_header: LightClientHeaderElectra<E>,
     /// current sync aggregate
     pub sync_aggregate: SyncAggregate<E>,
     /// Slot of the sync aggregated signature
@@ -86,13 +88,20 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientOptimisticUpdate<E> {
                 sync_aggregate,
                 signature_slot,
             }),
-            ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => Self::Deneb(LightClientOptimisticUpdateDeneb {
+            ForkName::Deneb => Self::Deneb(LightClientOptimisticUpdateDeneb {
                 attested_header: LightClientHeaderDeneb::block_to_light_client_header(
                     attested_block,
                 )?,
                 sync_aggregate,
                 signature_slot,
             }),
+            ForkName::Electra => Self::Electra(LightClientOptimisticUpdateElectra {
+                attested_header: LightClientHeaderElectra::block_to_light_client_header(
+                    attested_block,
+                )?,
+                sync_aggregate,
+                signature_slot,
+            }),
             ForkName::Base => return Err(Error::AltairForkNotActive),
         };
 
@@ -107,6 +116,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientOptimisticUpdate<E> {
             Self::Altair(_) => func(ForkName::Altair),
             Self::Capella(_) => func(ForkName::Capella),
             Self::Deneb(_) => func(ForkName::Deneb),
+            Self::Electra(_) => func(ForkName::Electra),
         }
     }
 
@@ -139,9 +149,12 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientOptimisticUpdate<E> {
             ForkName::Capella => {
                 Self::Capella(LightClientOptimisticUpdateCapella::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
             }
-            ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => {
+            ForkName::Deneb => {
                 Self::Deneb(LightClientOptimisticUpdateDeneb::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
             }
+            ForkName::Electra => {
+                Self::Electra(LightClientOptimisticUpdateElectra::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
+            }
             ForkName::Base => {
                 return Err(ssz::DecodeError::BytesInvalid(format!(
                     "LightClientOptimisticUpdate decoding for {fork_name} not implemented"
@@ -154,18 +167,16 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientOptimisticUpdate<E> {
 
     #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
     pub fn ssz_max_len_for_fork(fork_name: ForkName) -> usize {
-        // TODO(electra): review electra changes
-        match fork_name {
+        let fixed_len = match fork_name {
             ForkName::Base => 0,
-            ForkName::Altair
-            | ForkName::Bellatrix
-            | ForkName::Capella
-            | ForkName::Deneb
-            | ForkName::Electra => {
+            ForkName::Altair | ForkName::Bellatrix => {
                 <LightClientOptimisticUpdateAltair<E> as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len()
-                    + LightClientHeader::<E>::ssz_max_var_len_for_fork(fork_name)
             }
-        }
+            ForkName::Capella => <LightClientOptimisticUpdateCapella<E> as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len(),
+            ForkName::Deneb => <LightClientOptimisticUpdateDeneb<E> as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len(),
+            ForkName::Electra => <LightClientOptimisticUpdateElectra<E> as Encode>::ssz_fixed_len(),
+        };
+        fixed_len + LightClientHeader::<E>::ssz_max_var_len_for_fork(fork_name)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/light_client_update.rs b/consensus/types/src/light_client_update.rs
index 002fbea2d37..76ad5689888 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/light_client_update.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/light_client_update.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use super::{EthSpec, FixedVector, Hash256, Slot, SyncAggregate, SyncCommittee};
+use crate::light_client_header::LightClientHeaderElectra;
 use crate::{
     beacon_state, test_utils::TestRandom, BeaconBlock, BeaconBlockHeader, BeaconState, ChainSpec,
     ForkName, ForkVersionDeserialize, LightClientHeaderAltair, LightClientHeaderCapella,
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ impl From<milhouse::Error> for Error {
 /// or to sync up to the last committee period, we need to have one ready for each ALTAIR period
 /// we go over, note: there is no need to keep all of the updates from [ALTAIR_PERIOD, CURRENT_PERIOD].
 #[superstruct(
-    variants(Altair, Capella, Deneb),
+    variants(Altair, Capella, Deneb, Electra),
     variant_attributes(
         derive(
             Debug,
@@ -111,6 +112,8 @@ pub struct LightClientUpdate<E: EthSpec> {
     pub attested_header: LightClientHeaderCapella<E>,
     #[superstruct(only(Deneb), partial_getter(rename = "attested_header_deneb"))]
     pub attested_header: LightClientHeaderDeneb<E>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra), partial_getter(rename = "attested_header_electra"))]
+    pub attested_header: LightClientHeaderElectra<E>,
     /// The `SyncCommittee` used in the next period.
     pub next_sync_committee: Arc<SyncCommittee<E>>,
     /// Merkle proof for next sync committee
@@ -122,6 +125,8 @@ pub struct LightClientUpdate<E: EthSpec> {
     pub finalized_header: LightClientHeaderCapella<E>,
     #[superstruct(only(Deneb), partial_getter(rename = "finalized_header_deneb"))]
     pub finalized_header: LightClientHeaderDeneb<E>,
+    #[superstruct(only(Electra), partial_getter(rename = "finalized_header_electra"))]
+    pub finalized_header: LightClientHeaderElectra<E>,
     /// Merkle proof attesting finalized header.
     pub finality_branch: FixedVector<Hash256, FinalizedRootProofLen>,
     /// current sync aggreggate
@@ -221,7 +226,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientUpdate<E> {
                     signature_slot: block.slot(),
                 })
             }
-            ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => {
+            ForkName::Deneb => {
                 let attested_header =
                     LightClientHeaderDeneb::block_to_light_client_header(attested_block)?;
                 let finalized_header =
@@ -236,6 +241,23 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientUpdate<E> {
                     signature_slot: block.slot(),
                 })
             }
+            ForkName::Electra => {
+                let attested_header =
+                    LightClientHeaderElectra::block_to_light_client_header(attested_block)?;
+                let finalized_header =
+                    LightClientHeaderElectra::block_to_light_client_header(finalized_block)?;
+                Self::Electra(LightClientUpdateElectra {
+                    attested_header,
+                    next_sync_committee: attested_state.next_sync_committee()?.clone(),
+                    next_sync_committee_branch: FixedVector::new(next_sync_committee_branch)?,
+                    finalized_header,
+                    finality_branch: FixedVector::new(finality_branch)?,
+                    sync_aggregate: sync_aggregate.clone(),
+                    signature_slot: block.slot(),
+                })
+            } // To add a new fork, just append the new fork variant on the latest fork. Forks that
+              // have a distinct execution header will need a new LightClientUdpate variant only
+              // if you need to test or support lightclient usages
         };
 
         Ok(light_client_update)
@@ -247,9 +269,8 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LightClientUpdate<E> {
                 Self::Altair(LightClientUpdateAltair::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
             }
             ForkName::Capella => Self::Capella(LightClientUpdateCapella::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?),
-            ForkName::Deneb | ForkName::Electra => {
-                Self::Deneb(LightClientUpdateDeneb::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?)
-            }
+            ForkName::Deneb => Self::Deneb(LightClientUpdateDeneb::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?),
+            ForkName::Electra => Self::Electra(LightClientUpdateElectra::from_ssz_bytes(bytes)?),
             ForkName::Base => {
                 return Err(ssz::DecodeError::BytesInvalid(format!(
                     "LightClientUpdate decoding for {fork_name} not implemented"
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/signed_aggregate_and_proof.rs b/consensus/types/src/signed_aggregate_and_proof.rs
index c31c50ea174..26eca19bf15 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/signed_aggregate_and_proof.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/signed_aggregate_and_proof.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 use super::{
-    AggregateAndProof, Attestation, ChainSpec, Domain, EthSpec, Fork, Hash256, SecretKey,
-    SelectionProof, Signature, SignedRoot,
+    AggregateAndProof, AggregateAndProofBase, AggregateAndProofElectra, AggregateAndProofRef,
+};
+use super::{
+    AttestationRef, ChainSpec, Domain, EthSpec, Fork, Hash256, SecretKey, SelectionProof,
+    Signature, SignedRoot,
 };
 use crate::test_utils::TestRandom;
+use crate::Attestation;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use ssz_derive::{Decode, Encode};
+use superstruct::superstruct;
 use test_random_derive::TestRandom;
 use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 
@@ -12,22 +17,38 @@ use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
 /// gossipsub topic.
 ///
 /// Spec v0.12.1
+#[superstruct(
+    variants(Base, Electra),
+    variant_attributes(
+        derive(
+            arbitrary::Arbitrary,
+            Debug,
+            Clone,
+            PartialEq,
+            Serialize,
+            Deserialize,
+            Encode,
+            Decode,
+            TestRandom,
+            TreeHash,
+        ),
+        serde(bound = "E: EthSpec"),
+        arbitrary(bound = "E: EthSpec"),
+    ),
+    map_into(Attestation),
+    map_ref_into(AggregateAndProofRef)
+)]
 #[derive(
-    Debug,
-    Clone,
-    PartialEq,
-    Serialize,
-    Deserialize,
-    Encode,
-    Decode,
-    TestRandom,
-    TreeHash,
-    arbitrary::Arbitrary,
+    arbitrary::Arbitrary, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, TreeHash,
 )]
-#[serde(bound = "E: EthSpec")]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+#[tree_hash(enum_behaviour = "transparent")]
+#[ssz(enum_behaviour = "transparent")]
+#[serde(bound = "E: EthSpec", deny_unknown_fields)]
 #[arbitrary(bound = "E: EthSpec")]
 pub struct SignedAggregateAndProof<E: EthSpec> {
     /// The `AggregateAndProof` that was signed.
+    #[superstruct(flatten)]
     pub message: AggregateAndProof<E>,
     /// The aggregate attestation.
     pub signature: Signature,
@@ -40,7 +61,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SignedAggregateAndProof<E> {
     /// If `selection_proof.is_none()` it will be computed locally.
     pub fn from_aggregate(
         aggregator_index: u64,
-        aggregate: Attestation<E>,
+        aggregate: AttestationRef<'_, E>,
         selection_proof: Option<SelectionProof>,
         secret_key: &SecretKey,
         fork: &Fork,
@@ -56,8 +77,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SignedAggregateAndProof<E> {
             genesis_validators_root,
             spec,
         );
-
-        let target_epoch = message.aggregate.data.slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
+        let target_epoch = message.aggregate().data().slot.epoch(E::slots_per_epoch());
         let domain = spec.get_domain(
             target_epoch,
             Domain::AggregateAndProof,
@@ -66,9 +86,35 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SignedAggregateAndProof<E> {
         );
         let signing_message = message.signing_root(domain);
 
-        SignedAggregateAndProof {
-            message,
-            signature: secret_key.sign(signing_message),
+        Self::from_aggregate_and_proof(message, secret_key.sign(signing_message))
+    }
+
+    /// Produces a new `SignedAggregateAndProof` given a `signature` of `aggregate`
+    pub fn from_aggregate_and_proof(aggregate: AggregateAndProof<E>, signature: Signature) -> Self {
+        match aggregate {
+            AggregateAndProof::Base(message) => {
+                SignedAggregateAndProof::Base(SignedAggregateAndProofBase { message, signature })
+            }
+            AggregateAndProof::Electra(message) => {
+                SignedAggregateAndProof::Electra(SignedAggregateAndProofElectra {
+                    message,
+                    signature,
+                })
+            }
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn message<'a>(&'a self) -> AggregateAndProofRef<'a, E> {
+        map_signed_aggregate_and_proof_ref_into_aggregate_and_proof_ref!(
+            &'a _,
+            self.to_ref(),
+            |inner, cons| { cons(&inner.message) }
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_attestation(self) -> Attestation<E> {
+        map_signed_aggregate_and_proof_into_attestation!(self, |inner, cons| {
+            cons(inner.message.aggregate)
+        })
+    }
 }
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/signed_beacon_block.rs b/consensus/types/src/signed_beacon_block.rs
index 4d3279a7f77..a22df49ad7b 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/signed_beacon_block.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/signed_beacon_block.rs
@@ -498,6 +498,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SignedBeaconBlockElectra<E, BlindedPayload<E>> {
                             execution_payload: BlindedPayloadElectra { .. },
                             bls_to_execution_changes,
                             blob_kzg_commitments,
+                            consolidations,
                         },
                 },
             signature,
@@ -521,6 +522,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SignedBeaconBlockElectra<E, BlindedPayload<E>> {
                     execution_payload: FullPayloadElectra { execution_payload },
                     bls_to_execution_changes,
                     blob_kzg_commitments,
+                    consolidations,
                 },
             },
             signature,
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/subnet_id.rs b/consensus/types/src/subnet_id.rs
index 1fff2518e83..66786b51297 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/subnet_id.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/subnet_id.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! Identifies each shard by an integer identifier.
-use crate::{AttestationData, ChainSpec, CommitteeIndex, Epoch, EthSpec, Slot};
+use crate::{AttestationRef, ChainSpec, CommitteeIndex, Epoch, EthSpec, Slot};
 use lazy_static::lazy_static;
 use safe_arith::{ArithError, SafeArith};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -38,16 +38,18 @@ impl SubnetId {
         id.into()
     }
 
-    /// Compute the subnet for an attestation with `attestation_data` where each slot in the
+    /// Compute the subnet for an attestation where each slot in the
     /// attestation epoch contains `committee_count_per_slot` committees.
-    pub fn compute_subnet_for_attestation_data<E: EthSpec>(
-        attestation_data: &AttestationData,
+    pub fn compute_subnet_for_attestation<E: EthSpec>(
+        attestation: AttestationRef<E>,
         committee_count_per_slot: u64,
         spec: &ChainSpec,
     ) -> Result<SubnetId, ArithError> {
+        let committee_index = attestation.committee_index().ok_or(ArithError::Overflow)?;
+
         Self::compute_subnet::<E>(
-            attestation_data.slot,
-            attestation_data.index,
+            attestation.data().slot,
+            committee_index,
             committee_count_per_slot,
             spec,
         )
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/sync_committee_contribution.rs b/consensus/types/src/sync_committee_contribution.rs
index 2c20daa9702..c348c3e8be3 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/sync_committee_contribution.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/sync_committee_contribution.rs
@@ -63,13 +63,6 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SyncCommitteeContribution<E> {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Are the aggregation bitfields of these sync contribution disjoint?
-    pub fn signers_disjoint_from(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.aggregation_bits
-            .intersection(&other.aggregation_bits)
-            .is_zero()
-    }
-
     /// Aggregate another `SyncCommitteeContribution` into this one.
     ///
     /// The aggregation bitfields must be disjoint, and the data must be the same.
@@ -77,7 +70,6 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SyncCommitteeContribution<E> {
         debug_assert_eq!(self.slot, other.slot);
         debug_assert_eq!(self.beacon_block_root, other.beacon_block_root);
         debug_assert_eq!(self.subcommittee_index, other.subcommittee_index);
-        debug_assert!(self.signers_disjoint_from(other));
 
         self.aggregation_bits = self.aggregation_bits.union(&other.aggregation_bits);
         self.signature.add_assign_aggregate(&other.signature);
@@ -110,6 +102,12 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SlotData for SyncCommitteeContribution<E> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<E: EthSpec> SlotData for &SyncCommitteeContribution<E> {
+    fn get_slot(&self) -> Slot {
+        self.slot
+    }
+}
+
 impl SlotData for SyncContributionData {
     fn get_slot(&self) -> Slot {
         self.slot
diff --git a/consensus/types/src/validator.rs b/consensus/types/src/validator.rs
index ba99a0a68d8..f2b36ee1533 100644
--- a/consensus/types/src/validator.rs
+++ b/consensus/types/src/validator.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl Validator {
         spec: &ChainSpec,
         current_fork: ForkName,
     ) -> bool {
-        if current_fork >= ForkName::Electra {
+        if current_fork.electra_enabled() {
             self.is_eligible_for_activation_queue_electra(spec)
         } else {
             self.is_eligible_for_activation_queue_base(spec)
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ impl Validator {
         spec: &ChainSpec,
         current_fork: ForkName,
     ) -> bool {
-        if current_fork >= ForkName::Electra {
+        if current_fork.electra_enabled() {
             self.is_fully_withdrawable_at_electra(balance, epoch, spec)
         } else {
             self.is_fully_withdrawable_at_capella(balance, epoch, spec)
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl Validator {
         spec: &ChainSpec,
         current_fork: ForkName,
     ) -> bool {
-        if current_fork >= ForkName::Electra {
+        if current_fork.electra_enabled() {
             self.is_partially_withdrawable_validator_electra(balance, spec)
         } else {
             self.is_partially_withdrawable_validator_capella(balance, spec)
diff --git a/lcli/src/indexed_attestations.rs b/lcli/src/indexed_attestations.rs
index 63f8cd94637..ccc14171128 100644
--- a/lcli/src/indexed_attestations.rs
+++ b/lcli/src/indexed_attestations.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use clap::ArgMatches;
 use clap_utils::parse_required;
-use state_processing::common::get_indexed_attestation;
+use state_processing::common::{attesting_indices_base, attesting_indices_electra};
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::Read;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
@@ -33,9 +33,14 @@ pub fn run<E: EthSpec>(matches: &ArgMatches) -> Result<(), String> {
 
     let indexed_attestations = attestations
         .into_iter()
-        .map(|att| {
-            let committee = state.get_beacon_committee(att.data.slot, att.data.index)?;
-            get_indexed_attestation(committee.committee, &att)
+        .map(|att| match att {
+            Attestation::Base(att) => {
+                let committee = state.get_beacon_committee(att.data.slot, att.data.index)?;
+                attesting_indices_base::get_indexed_attestation(committee.committee, &att)
+            }
+            Attestation::Electra(att) => {
+                attesting_indices_electra::get_indexed_attestation_from_state(&state, &att)
+            }
         })
         .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
         .map_err(|e| format!("Error constructing indexed attestation: {:?}", e))?;
diff --git a/lcli/src/transition_blocks.rs b/lcli/src/transition_blocks.rs
index 5a450fed774..62ae602187b 100644
--- a/lcli/src/transition_blocks.rs
+++ b/lcli/src/transition_blocks.rs
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ fn do_transition<E: EthSpec>(
         // Signature verification should prime the indexed attestation cache.
         assert_eq!(
             ctxt.num_cached_indexed_attestations(),
-            block.message().body().attestations().len()
+            block.message().body().attestations_len()
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/slasher/Cargo.toml b/slasher/Cargo.toml
index ef5cb8249ec..563c4599d8b 100644
--- a/slasher/Cargo.toml
+++ b/slasher/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ tree_hash = { workspace = true }
 tree_hash_derive = { workspace = true }
 types = { workspace = true }
 strum = { workspace = true }
+ssz_types = { workspace = true }
 
 # MDBX is pinned at the last version with Windows and macOS support.
 mdbx = { package = "libmdbx", git = "https://github.com/sigp/libmdbx-rs", tag = "v0.1.4", optional = true }
diff --git a/slasher/src/array.rs b/slasher/src/array.rs
index b733b07c63f..77ddceb85fe 100644
--- a/slasher/src/array.rs
+++ b/slasher/src/array.rs
@@ -226,12 +226,12 @@ impl TargetArrayChunk for MinTargetChunk {
     ) -> Result<AttesterSlashingStatus<E>, Error> {
         let min_target =
             self.chunk
-                .get_target(validator_index, attestation.data.source.epoch, config)?;
-        if attestation.data.target.epoch > min_target {
+                .get_target(validator_index, attestation.data().source.epoch, config)?;
+        if attestation.data().target.epoch > min_target {
             let existing_attestation =
                 db.get_attestation_for_validator(txn, validator_index, min_target)?;
 
-            if attestation.data.source.epoch < existing_attestation.data.source.epoch {
+            if attestation.data().source.epoch < existing_attestation.data().source.epoch {
                 Ok(AttesterSlashingStatus::SurroundsExisting(Box::new(
                     existing_attestation,
                 )))
@@ -329,12 +329,12 @@ impl TargetArrayChunk for MaxTargetChunk {
     ) -> Result<AttesterSlashingStatus<E>, Error> {
         let max_target =
             self.chunk
-                .get_target(validator_index, attestation.data.source.epoch, config)?;
-        if attestation.data.target.epoch < max_target {
+                .get_target(validator_index, attestation.data().source.epoch, config)?;
+        if attestation.data().target.epoch < max_target {
             let existing_attestation =
                 db.get_attestation_for_validator(txn, validator_index, max_target)?;
 
-            if existing_attestation.data.source.epoch < attestation.data.source.epoch {
+            if existing_attestation.data().source.epoch < attestation.data().source.epoch {
                 Ok(AttesterSlashingStatus::SurroundedByExisting(Box::new(
                     existing_attestation,
                 )))
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ pub fn apply_attestation_for_validator<E: EthSpec, T: TargetArrayChunk>(
     current_epoch: Epoch,
     config: &Config,
 ) -> Result<AttesterSlashingStatus<E>, Error> {
-    let mut chunk_index = config.chunk_index(attestation.data.source.epoch);
+    let mut chunk_index = config.chunk_index(attestation.data().source.epoch);
     let mut current_chunk = get_chunk_for_update(
         db,
         txn,
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ pub fn apply_attestation_for_validator<E: EthSpec, T: TargetArrayChunk>(
     }
 
     let Some(mut start_epoch) =
-        T::first_start_epoch(attestation.data.source.epoch, current_epoch, config)
+        T::first_start_epoch(attestation.data().source.epoch, current_epoch, config)
     else {
         return Ok(slashing_status);
     };
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ pub fn apply_attestation_for_validator<E: EthSpec, T: TargetArrayChunk>(
             chunk_index,
             validator_index,
             start_epoch,
-            attestation.data.target.epoch,
+            attestation.data().target.epoch,
             current_epoch,
             config,
         )?;
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ pub fn update<E: EthSpec>(
     let mut chunk_attestations = BTreeMap::new();
     for attestation in batch {
         chunk_attestations
-            .entry(config.chunk_index(attestation.indexed.data.source.epoch))
+            .entry(config.chunk_index(attestation.indexed.data().source.epoch))
             .or_insert_with(Vec::new)
             .push(attestation);
     }
diff --git a/slasher/src/attestation_queue.rs b/slasher/src/attestation_queue.rs
index 3d23932df9f..62a1bb09455 100644
--- a/slasher/src/attestation_queue.rs
+++ b/slasher/src/attestation_queue.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AttestationBatch<E> {
         self.attestations.push(Arc::downgrade(&indexed_record));
 
         let attestation_data_hash = indexed_record.record.attestation_data_hash;
-        for &validator_index in &indexed_record.indexed.attesting_indices {
+
+        for &validator_index in indexed_record.indexed.attesting_indices_iter() {
             self.attesters
                 .entry((validator_index, attestation_data_hash))
                 .and_modify(|existing_entry| {
@@ -56,8 +57,8 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AttestationBatch<E> {
                     // smaller indexed attestation. Single-bit attestations will usually be removed
                     // completely by this process, and aggregates will only be retained if they
                     // are not redundant with respect to a larger aggregate seen in the same batch.
-                    if existing_entry.indexed.attesting_indices.len()
-                        < indexed_record.indexed.attesting_indices.len()
+                    if existing_entry.indexed.attesting_indices_len()
+                        < indexed_record.indexed.attesting_indices_len()
                     {
                         *existing_entry = indexed_record.clone();
                     }
diff --git a/slasher/src/attester_record.rs b/slasher/src/attester_record.rs
index 56fdcb809ff..1cd4ba7d4e0 100644
--- a/slasher/src/attester_record.rs
+++ b/slasher/src/attester_record.rs
@@ -80,18 +80,20 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> IndexedAttesterRecord<E> {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Encode, Decode, TreeHash)]
 struct IndexedAttestationHeader<E: EthSpec> {
-    pub attesting_indices: VariableList<u64, E::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee>,
+    pub attesting_indices: VariableList<u64, E::MaxValidatorsPerSlot>,
     pub data_root: Hash256,
     pub signature: AggregateSignature,
 }
 
 impl<E: EthSpec> From<IndexedAttestation<E>> for AttesterRecord {
     fn from(indexed_attestation: IndexedAttestation<E>) -> AttesterRecord {
-        let attestation_data_hash = indexed_attestation.data.tree_hash_root();
+        let attestation_data_hash = indexed_attestation.data().tree_hash_root();
+        let attesting_indices =
+            VariableList::new(indexed_attestation.attesting_indices_to_vec()).unwrap_or_default();
         let header = IndexedAttestationHeader::<E> {
-            attesting_indices: indexed_attestation.attesting_indices,
+            attesting_indices,
             data_root: attestation_data_hash,
-            signature: indexed_attestation.signature,
+            signature: indexed_attestation.signature().clone(),
         };
         let indexed_attestation_hash = header.tree_hash_root();
         AttesterRecord {
@@ -104,15 +106,15 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> From<IndexedAttestation<E>> for AttesterRecord {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::test_utils::indexed_att;
+    use crate::test_utils::indexed_att_electra;
 
     // Check correctness of fast hashing
     #[test]
     fn fast_hash() {
         let data = vec![
-            indexed_att(vec![], 0, 0, 0),
-            indexed_att(vec![1, 2, 3], 12, 14, 1),
-            indexed_att(vec![4], 0, 5, u64::MAX),
+            indexed_att_electra(vec![], 0, 0, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(vec![1, 2, 3], 12, 14, 1),
+            indexed_att_electra(vec![4], 0, 5, u64::MAX),
         ];
         for att in data {
             assert_eq!(
diff --git a/slasher/src/config.rs b/slasher/src/config.rs
index 54161f6ce9d..1851e2e4418 100644
--- a/slasher/src/config.rs
+++ b/slasher/src/config.rs
@@ -166,8 +166,7 @@ impl Config {
         validator_chunk_index: usize,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = u64> + 'a {
         attestation
-            .attesting_indices
-            .iter()
+            .attesting_indices_iter()
             .filter(move |v| self.validator_chunk_index(**v) == validator_chunk_index)
             .copied()
     }
diff --git a/slasher/src/database.rs b/slasher/src/database.rs
index 49d2b00a4cd..801abe9283b 100644
--- a/slasher/src/database.rs
+++ b/slasher/src/database.rs
@@ -13,12 +13,15 @@ use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 use slog::{info, Logger};
 use ssz::{Decode, Encode};
+use ssz_derive::{Decode, Encode};
 use std::borrow::{Borrow, Cow};
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tree_hash::TreeHash;
 use types::{
-    Epoch, EthSpec, Hash256, IndexedAttestation, ProposerSlashing, SignedBeaconBlockHeader, Slot,
+    AggregateSignature, AttestationData, ChainSpec, Epoch, EthSpec, Hash256, IndexedAttestation,
+    IndexedAttestationBase, IndexedAttestationElectra, ProposerSlashing, SignedBeaconBlockHeader,
+    Slot, VariableList,
 };
 
 /// Current database schema version, to check compatibility of on-disk DB with software.
@@ -69,6 +72,7 @@ pub struct SlasherDB<E: EthSpec> {
     /// LRU cache mapping indexed attestation IDs to their attestation data roots.
     attestation_root_cache: Mutex<LruCache<IndexedAttestationId, Hash256>>,
     pub(crate) config: Arc<Config>,
+    pub(crate) spec: Arc<ChainSpec>,
     _phantom: PhantomData<E>,
 }
 
@@ -235,6 +239,43 @@ impl AsRef<[u8]> for IndexedAttestationId {
     }
 }
 
+/// Indexed attestation that abstracts over Phase0 and Electra variants by using a plain `Vec` for
+/// the attesting indices.
+///
+/// This allows us to avoid rewriting the entire indexed attestation database at Electra, which
+/// saves a lot of execution time. The bytes that it encodes to are the same as the bytes that a
+/// regular IndexedAttestation encodes to, because SSZ doesn't care about the length-bound.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Decode, Encode)]
+pub struct IndexedAttestationOnDisk {
+    attesting_indices: Vec<u64>,
+    data: AttestationData,
+    signature: AggregateSignature,
+}
+
+impl IndexedAttestationOnDisk {
+    fn into_indexed_attestation<E: EthSpec>(
+        self,
+        spec: &ChainSpec,
+    ) -> Result<IndexedAttestation<E>, Error> {
+        let fork_at_target_epoch = spec.fork_name_at_epoch(self.data.target.epoch);
+        if fork_at_target_epoch.electra_enabled() {
+            let attesting_indices = VariableList::new(self.attesting_indices)?;
+            Ok(IndexedAttestation::Electra(IndexedAttestationElectra {
+                attesting_indices,
+                data: self.data,
+                signature: self.signature,
+            }))
+        } else {
+            let attesting_indices = VariableList::new(self.attesting_indices)?;
+            Ok(IndexedAttestation::Base(IndexedAttestationBase {
+                attesting_indices,
+                data: self.data,
+                signature: self.signature,
+            }))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Bincode deserialization specialised to `Cow<[u8]>`.
 fn bincode_deserialize<T: DeserializeOwned>(bytes: Cow<[u8]>) -> Result<T, Error> {
     Ok(bincode::deserialize(bytes.borrow())?)
@@ -245,7 +286,7 @@ fn ssz_decode<T: Decode>(bytes: Cow<[u8]>) -> Result<T, Error> {
 }
 
 impl<E: EthSpec> SlasherDB<E> {
-    pub fn open(config: Arc<Config>, log: Logger) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+    pub fn open(config: Arc<Config>, spec: Arc<ChainSpec>, log: Logger) -> Result<Self, Error> {
         info!(log, "Opening slasher database"; "backend" => %config.backend);
 
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&config.database_path)?;
@@ -268,6 +309,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SlasherDB<E> {
             databases,
             attestation_root_cache,
             config,
+            spec,
             _phantom: PhantomData,
         };
 
@@ -438,7 +480,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SlasherDB<E> {
     ) -> Result<u64, Error> {
         // Look-up ID by hash.
         let id_key = IndexedAttestationIdKey::new(
-            indexed_attestation.data.target.epoch,
+            indexed_attestation.data().target.epoch,
             indexed_attestation_hash,
         );
 
@@ -457,6 +499,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SlasherDB<E> {
         };
 
         let attestation_key = IndexedAttestationId::new(indexed_att_id);
+        // IndexedAttestationOnDisk and IndexedAttestation have compatible encodings.
         let data = indexed_attestation.as_ssz_bytes();
 
         cursor.put(attestation_key.as_ref(), &data)?;
@@ -481,7 +524,8 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SlasherDB<E> {
             .ok_or(Error::MissingIndexedAttestation {
                 id: indexed_attestation_id.as_u64(),
             })?;
-        ssz_decode(bytes)
+        let indexed_attestation_on_disk: IndexedAttestationOnDisk = ssz_decode(bytes)?;
+        indexed_attestation_on_disk.into_indexed_attestation(&self.spec)
     }
 
     fn get_attestation_data_root(
@@ -500,7 +544,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SlasherDB<E> {
 
         // Otherwise, load the indexed attestation, compute the root and cache it.
         let indexed_attestation = self.get_indexed_attestation(txn, indexed_id)?;
-        let attestation_data_root = indexed_attestation.data.tree_hash_root();
+        let attestation_data_root = indexed_attestation.data().tree_hash_root();
 
         cache.put(indexed_id, attestation_data_root);
 
@@ -536,7 +580,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SlasherDB<E> {
         indexed_attestation_id: IndexedAttestationId,
     ) -> Result<AttesterSlashingStatus<E>, Error> {
         // See if there's an existing attestation for this attester.
-        let target_epoch = attestation.data.target.epoch;
+        let target_epoch = attestation.data().target.epoch;
 
         let prev_max_target = self.get_attester_max_target(validator_index, txn)?;
 
@@ -771,3 +815,93 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SlasherDB<E> {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    use types::{Checkpoint, ForkName, MainnetEthSpec, Unsigned};
+
+    type E = MainnetEthSpec;
+
+    fn indexed_attestation_on_disk_roundtrip_test(
+        spec: &ChainSpec,
+        make_attestation: fn(
+            Vec<u64>,
+            AttestationData,
+            AggregateSignature,
+        ) -> IndexedAttestation<E>,
+        committee_len: u64,
+    ) {
+        let attestation_data = AttestationData {
+            slot: Slot::new(1000),
+            index: 0,
+            beacon_block_root: Hash256::repeat_byte(0xaa),
+            source: Checkpoint {
+                epoch: Epoch::new(0),
+                root: Hash256::repeat_byte(0xbb),
+            },
+            target: Checkpoint {
+                epoch: Epoch::new(31),
+                root: Hash256::repeat_byte(0xcc),
+            },
+        };
+
+        let attesting_indices = (0..committee_len).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let signature = AggregateSignature::infinity();
+
+        let fork_attestation = make_attestation(
+            attesting_indices.clone(),
+            attestation_data.clone(),
+            signature.clone(),
+        );
+
+        let on_disk = IndexedAttestationOnDisk {
+            attesting_indices,
+            data: attestation_data,
+            signature,
+        };
+        let encoded = on_disk.as_ssz_bytes();
+        assert_eq!(encoded, fork_attestation.as_ssz_bytes());
+
+        let decoded_on_disk = IndexedAttestationOnDisk::from_ssz_bytes(&encoded).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decoded_on_disk, on_disk);
+
+        let decoded = on_disk.into_indexed_attestation(spec).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decoded, fork_attestation);
+    }
+
+    /// Check that `IndexedAttestationOnDisk` and `IndexedAttestation` have compatible encodings.
+    #[test]
+    fn indexed_attestation_on_disk_roundtrip_base() {
+        let spec = ForkName::Base.make_genesis_spec(E::default_spec());
+        let make_attestation = |attesting_indices, data, signature| {
+            IndexedAttestation::<E>::Base(IndexedAttestationBase {
+                attesting_indices: VariableList::new(attesting_indices).unwrap(),
+                data,
+                signature,
+            })
+        };
+        indexed_attestation_on_disk_roundtrip_test(
+            &spec,
+            make_attestation,
+            <E as EthSpec>::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee::to_u64(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn indexed_attestation_on_disk_roundtrip_electra() {
+        let spec = ForkName::Electra.make_genesis_spec(E::default_spec());
+        let make_attestation = |attesting_indices, data, signature| {
+            IndexedAttestation::<E>::Electra(IndexedAttestationElectra {
+                attesting_indices: VariableList::new(attesting_indices).unwrap(),
+                data,
+                signature,
+            })
+        };
+        indexed_attestation_on_disk_roundtrip_test(
+            &spec,
+            make_attestation,
+            <E as EthSpec>::MaxValidatorsPerSlot::to_u64(),
+        )
+    }
+}
diff --git a/slasher/src/error.rs b/slasher/src/error.rs
index b939c281e9f..8d3295b22a8 100644
--- a/slasher/src/error.rs
+++ b/slasher/src/error.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ pub enum Error {
     DatabaseIOError(io::Error),
     DatabasePermissionsError(filesystem::Error),
     SszDecodeError(ssz::DecodeError),
+    SszTypesError(ssz_types::Error),
     BincodeError(bincode::Error),
     ArithError(safe_arith::ArithError),
     ChunkIndexOutOfBounds(usize),
@@ -100,6 +101,12 @@ impl From<ssz::DecodeError> for Error {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<ssz_types::Error> for Error {
+    fn from(e: ssz_types::Error) -> Self {
+        Error::SszTypesError(e)
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<bincode::Error> for Error {
     fn from(e: bincode::Error) -> Self {
         Error::BincodeError(e)
diff --git a/slasher/src/lib.rs b/slasher/src/lib.rs
index 45cbef84f21..4d58fa77029 100644
--- a/slasher/src/lib.rs
+++ b/slasher/src/lib.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ pub use database::{
 };
 pub use error::Error;
 
-use types::{AttesterSlashing, EthSpec, IndexedAttestation, ProposerSlashing};
+use types::{AttesterSlashing, AttesterSlashingBase, AttesterSlashingElectra};
+use types::{EthSpec, IndexedAttestation, ProposerSlashing};
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum AttesterSlashingStatus<E: EthSpec> {
@@ -59,14 +60,34 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> AttesterSlashingStatus<E> {
         match self {
             NotSlashable => None,
             AlreadyDoubleVoted => None,
-            DoubleVote(existing) | SurroundedByExisting(existing) => Some(AttesterSlashing {
-                attestation_1: *existing,
-                attestation_2: new_attestation.clone(),
-            }),
-            SurroundsExisting(existing) => Some(AttesterSlashing {
-                attestation_1: new_attestation.clone(),
-                attestation_2: *existing,
-            }),
+            DoubleVote(existing) | SurroundedByExisting(existing) => {
+                match (&*existing, new_attestation) {
+                    (IndexedAttestation::Base(existing_att), IndexedAttestation::Base(new)) => {
+                        Some(AttesterSlashing::Base(AttesterSlashingBase {
+                            attestation_1: existing_att.clone(),
+                            attestation_2: new.clone(),
+                        }))
+                    }
+                    // A slashing involving an electra attestation type must return an `AttesterSlashingElectra` type
+                    (_, _) => Some(AttesterSlashing::Electra(AttesterSlashingElectra {
+                        attestation_1: existing.clone().to_electra(),
+                        attestation_2: new_attestation.clone().to_electra(),
+                    })),
+                }
+            }
+            SurroundsExisting(existing) => match (&*existing, new_attestation) {
+                (IndexedAttestation::Base(existing_att), IndexedAttestation::Base(new)) => {
+                    Some(AttesterSlashing::Base(AttesterSlashingBase {
+                        attestation_1: new.clone(),
+                        attestation_2: existing_att.clone(),
+                    }))
+                }
+                // A slashing involving an electra attestation type must return an `AttesterSlashingElectra` type
+                (_, _) => Some(AttesterSlashing::Electra(AttesterSlashingElectra {
+                    attestation_1: new_attestation.clone().to_electra(),
+                    attestation_2: existing.clone().to_electra(),
+                })),
+            },
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/slasher/src/slasher.rs b/slasher/src/slasher.rs
index 066c8d63d98..0bb7c9c3ffe 100644
--- a/slasher/src/slasher.rs
+++ b/slasher/src/slasher.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ use slog::{debug, error, info, Logger};
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use types::{
-    AttesterSlashing, Epoch, EthSpec, IndexedAttestation, ProposerSlashing, SignedBeaconBlockHeader,
+    AttesterSlashing, ChainSpec, Epoch, EthSpec, IndexedAttestation, ProposerSlashing,
+    SignedBeaconBlockHeader,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -28,10 +29,10 @@ pub struct Slasher<E: EthSpec> {
 }
 
 impl<E: EthSpec> Slasher<E> {
-    pub fn open(config: Config, log: Logger) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+    pub fn open(config: Config, spec: Arc<ChainSpec>, log: Logger) -> Result<Self, Error> {
         config.validate()?;
         let config = Arc::new(config);
-        let db = SlasherDB::open(config.clone(), log.clone())?;
+        let db = SlasherDB::open(config.clone(), spec, log.clone())?;
         let attester_slashings = Mutex::new(HashSet::new());
         let proposer_slashings = Mutex::new(HashSet::new());
         let attestation_queue = AttestationQueue::default();
@@ -299,7 +300,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> Slasher<E> {
                     self.log,
                     "Found double-vote slashing";
                     "validator_index" => validator_index,
-                    "epoch" => slashing.attestation_1.data.target.epoch,
+                    "epoch" => slashing.attestation_1().data().target.epoch,
                 );
                 slashings.insert(slashing);
             }
@@ -325,8 +326,8 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> Slasher<E> {
 
         for indexed_record in batch {
             let attestation = &indexed_record.indexed;
-            let target_epoch = attestation.data.target.epoch;
-            let source_epoch = attestation.data.source.epoch;
+            let target_epoch = attestation.data().target.epoch;
+            let source_epoch = attestation.data().source.epoch;
 
             if source_epoch > target_epoch
                 || source_epoch + self.config.history_length as u64 <= current_epoch
diff --git a/slasher/src/test_utils.rs b/slasher/src/test_utils.rs
index 0011df1ffb0..453d0e66670 100644
--- a/slasher/src/test_utils.rs
+++ b/slasher/src/test_utils.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,46 @@
 use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use types::{
-    AggregateSignature, AttestationData, AttesterSlashing, BeaconBlockHeader, Checkpoint, Epoch,
-    Hash256, IndexedAttestation, MainnetEthSpec, Signature, SignedBeaconBlockHeader, Slot,
+    indexed_attestation::{IndexedAttestationBase, IndexedAttestationElectra},
+    AggregateSignature, AttestationData, AttesterSlashing, AttesterSlashingBase,
+    AttesterSlashingElectra, BeaconBlockHeader, ChainSpec, Checkpoint, Epoch, EthSpec, Hash256,
+    IndexedAttestation, MainnetEthSpec, Signature, SignedBeaconBlockHeader, Slot,
 };
 
 pub type E = MainnetEthSpec;
 
+pub fn indexed_att_electra(
+    attesting_indices: impl AsRef<[u64]>,
+    source_epoch: u64,
+    target_epoch: u64,
+    target_root: u64,
+) -> IndexedAttestation<E> {
+    IndexedAttestation::Electra(IndexedAttestationElectra {
+        attesting_indices: attesting_indices.as_ref().to_vec().into(),
+        data: AttestationData {
+            slot: Slot::new(0),
+            index: 0,
+            beacon_block_root: Hash256::zero(),
+            source: Checkpoint {
+                epoch: Epoch::new(source_epoch),
+                root: Hash256::from_low_u64_be(0),
+            },
+            target: Checkpoint {
+                epoch: Epoch::new(target_epoch),
+                root: Hash256::from_low_u64_be(target_root),
+            },
+        },
+        signature: AggregateSignature::empty(),
+    })
+}
+
 pub fn indexed_att(
     attesting_indices: impl AsRef<[u64]>,
     source_epoch: u64,
     target_epoch: u64,
     target_root: u64,
 ) -> IndexedAttestation<E> {
-    IndexedAttestation {
+    IndexedAttestation::Base(IndexedAttestationBase {
         attesting_indices: attesting_indices.as_ref().to_vec().into(),
         data: AttestationData {
             slot: Slot::new(0),
@@ -28,16 +56,25 @@ pub fn indexed_att(
             },
         },
         signature: AggregateSignature::empty(),
-    }
+    })
 }
 
 pub fn att_slashing(
     attestation_1: &IndexedAttestation<E>,
     attestation_2: &IndexedAttestation<E>,
 ) -> AttesterSlashing<E> {
-    AttesterSlashing {
-        attestation_1: attestation_1.clone(),
-        attestation_2: attestation_2.clone(),
+    match (attestation_1, attestation_2) {
+        (IndexedAttestation::Base(att1), IndexedAttestation::Base(att2)) => {
+            AttesterSlashing::Base(AttesterSlashingBase {
+                attestation_1: att1.clone(),
+                attestation_2: att2.clone(),
+            })
+        }
+        // A slashing involving an electra attestation type must return an electra AttesterSlashing type
+        (_, _) => AttesterSlashing::Electra(AttesterSlashingElectra {
+            attestation_1: attestation_1.clone().to_electra(),
+            attestation_2: attestation_2.clone().to_electra(),
+        }),
     }
 }
 
@@ -59,14 +96,16 @@ pub fn slashed_validators_from_slashings(slashings: &HashSet<AttesterSlashing<E>
     slashings
         .iter()
         .flat_map(|slashing| {
-            let att1 = &slashing.attestation_1;
-            let att2 = &slashing.attestation_2;
+            let att1 = slashing.attestation_1();
+            let att2 = slashing.attestation_2();
             assert!(
                 att1.is_double_vote(att2) || att1.is_surround_vote(att2),
                 "invalid slashing: {:#?}",
                 slashing
             );
-            hashset_intersection(&att1.attesting_indices, &att2.attesting_indices)
+            let attesting_indices_1 = att1.attesting_indices_to_vec();
+            let attesting_indices_2 = att2.attesting_indices_to_vec();
+            hashset_intersection(&attesting_indices_1, &attesting_indices_2)
         })
         .collect()
 }
@@ -83,9 +122,11 @@ pub fn slashed_validators_from_attestations(
             }
 
             if att1.is_double_vote(att2) || att1.is_surround_vote(att2) {
+                let attesting_indices_1 = att1.attesting_indices_to_vec();
+                let attesting_indices_2 = att2.attesting_indices_to_vec();
                 slashed_validators.extend(hashset_intersection(
-                    &att1.attesting_indices,
-                    &att2.attesting_indices,
+                    &attesting_indices_1,
+                    &attesting_indices_2,
                 ));
             }
         }
@@ -105,3 +146,7 @@ pub fn block(slot: u64, proposer_index: u64, block_root: u64) -> SignedBeaconBlo
         signature: Signature::empty(),
     }
 }
+
+pub fn chain_spec() -> Arc<ChainSpec> {
+    Arc::new(E::default_spec())
+}
diff --git a/slasher/tests/attester_slashings.rs b/slasher/tests/attester_slashings.rs
index 40d9fa511c6..902141d9710 100644
--- a/slasher/tests/attester_slashings.rs
+++ b/slasher/tests/attester_slashings.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ use maplit::hashset;
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 use slasher::{
     config::DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE,
-    test_utils::{att_slashing, indexed_att, slashed_validators_from_slashings, E},
+    test_utils::{
+        att_slashing, chain_spec, indexed_att, indexed_att_electra,
+        slashed_validators_from_slashings, E,
+    },
     Config, Slasher,
 };
 use std::collections::HashSet;
@@ -15,23 +18,35 @@ use types::{AttesterSlashing, Epoch, IndexedAttestation};
 #[test]
 fn double_vote_single_val() {
     let v = vec![99];
-    let att1 = indexed_att(&v, 0, 1, 0);
-    let att2 = indexed_att(&v, 0, 1, 1);
-    let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att1, &att2)];
-    let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1);
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1000);
+    for (att1, att2) in [
+        (indexed_att(&v, 0, 1, 0), indexed_att(&v, 0, 1, 1)),
+        (
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, 0, 1, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, 0, 1, 1),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att1, &att2)];
+        let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1);
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1000);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn double_vote_multi_vals() {
     let v = vec![0, 1, 2];
-    let att1 = indexed_att(&v, 0, 1, 0);
-    let att2 = indexed_att(&v, 0, 1, 1);
-    let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att1, &att2)];
-    let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1);
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1000);
+    for (att1, att2) in [
+        (indexed_att(&v, 0, 1, 0), indexed_att(&v, 0, 1, 1)),
+        (
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, 0, 1, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, 0, 1, 1),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att1, &att2)];
+        let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1);
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1000);
+    }
 }
 
 // A subset of validators double vote.
@@ -39,12 +54,18 @@ fn double_vote_multi_vals() {
 fn double_vote_some_vals() {
     let v1 = vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
     let v2 = vec![0, 2, 4, 6];
-    let att1 = indexed_att(v1, 0, 1, 0);
-    let att2 = indexed_att(v2, 0, 1, 1);
-    let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att1, &att2)];
-    let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1);
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1000);
+    for (att1, att2) in [
+        (indexed_att(&v1, 0, 1, 0), indexed_att(&v2, 0, 1, 1)),
+        (
+            indexed_att_electra(&v1, 0, 1, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v2, 0, 1, 1),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att1, &att2)];
+        let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1);
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1000);
+    }
 }
 
 // A subset of validators double vote, others vote twice for the same thing.
@@ -53,13 +74,23 @@ fn double_vote_some_vals_repeat() {
     let v1 = vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
     let v2 = vec![0, 2, 4, 6];
     let v3 = vec![1, 3, 5];
-    let att1 = indexed_att(v1, 0, 1, 0);
-    let att2 = indexed_att(v2, 0, 1, 1);
-    let att3 = indexed_att(v3, 0, 1, 0);
-    let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att1, &att2)];
-    let attestations = vec![att1, att2, att3];
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1);
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1000);
+    for (att1, att2, att3) in [
+        (
+            indexed_att(&v1, 0, 1, 0),
+            indexed_att(&v2, 0, 1, 1),
+            indexed_att(&v3, 0, 1, 0),
+        ),
+        (
+            indexed_att_electra(&v1, 0, 1, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v2, 0, 1, 1),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v3, 0, 1, 0),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att1, &att2)];
+        let attestations = vec![att1, att2, att3];
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1);
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 1000);
+    }
 }
 
 // Nobody double votes, nobody gets slashed.
@@ -67,11 +98,17 @@ fn double_vote_some_vals_repeat() {
 fn no_double_vote_same_target() {
     let v1 = vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
     let v2 = vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8];
-    let att1 = indexed_att(v1, 0, 1, 0);
-    let att2 = indexed_att(v2, 0, 1, 0);
-    let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &hashset! {}, 1);
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &hashset! {}, 1000);
+    for (att1, att2) in [
+        (indexed_att(&v1, 0, 1, 0), indexed_att(&v2, 0, 1, 0)),
+        (
+            indexed_att_electra(&v1, 0, 1, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v2, 0, 1, 0),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &hashset! {}, 1);
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &hashset! {}, 1000);
+    }
 }
 
 // Two groups votes for different things, no slashings.
@@ -79,73 +116,133 @@ fn no_double_vote_same_target() {
 fn no_double_vote_distinct_vals() {
     let v1 = vec![0, 1, 2, 3];
     let v2 = vec![4, 5, 6, 7];
-    let att1 = indexed_att(v1, 0, 1, 0);
-    let att2 = indexed_att(v2, 0, 1, 1);
-    let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &hashset! {}, 1);
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &hashset! {}, 1000);
+    for (att1, att2) in [
+        (indexed_att(&v1, 0, 1, 0), indexed_att(&v2, 0, 1, 0)),
+        (
+            indexed_att_electra(&v1, 0, 1, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v2, 0, 1, 1),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &hashset! {}, 1);
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &hashset! {}, 1000);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn no_double_vote_repeated() {
     let v = vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4];
-    let att1 = indexed_att(v, 0, 1, 0);
-    let att2 = att1.clone();
-    let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &hashset! {}, 1);
-    slasher_test_batch(&attestations, &hashset! {}, 1);
-    parallel_slasher_test(&attestations, hashset! {}, 1);
+    for att1 in [indexed_att(&v, 0, 1, 0), indexed_att_electra(&v, 0, 1, 0)] {
+        let att2 = att1.clone();
+        let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &hashset! {}, 1);
+        slasher_test_batch(&attestations, &hashset! {}, 1);
+        parallel_slasher_test(&attestations, hashset! {}, 1);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn surrounds_existing_single_val_single_chunk() {
     let v = vec![0];
-    let att1 = indexed_att(&v, 1, 2, 0);
-    let att2 = indexed_att(&v, 0, 3, 0);
-    let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att2, &att1)];
-    slasher_test_indiv(&[att1, att2], &slashings, 3);
+    for (att1, att2) in [
+        (indexed_att(&v, 1, 2, 0), indexed_att(&v, 0, 3, 0)),
+        (indexed_att(&v, 1, 2, 0), indexed_att_electra(&v, 0, 3, 0)),
+        (
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, 1, 2, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, 0, 3, 0),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att2, &att1)];
+        slasher_test_indiv(&[att1, att2], &slashings, 3);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn surrounds_existing_multi_vals_single_chunk() {
     let validators = vec![0, 16, 1024, 300_000, 300_001];
-    let att1 = indexed_att(validators.clone(), 1, 2, 0);
-    let att2 = indexed_att(validators, 0, 3, 0);
-    let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att2, &att1)];
-    slasher_test_indiv(&[att1, att2], &slashings, 3);
+    for (att1, att2) in [
+        (
+            indexed_att(&validators, 1, 2, 0),
+            indexed_att(&validators, 0, 3, 0),
+        ),
+        (
+            indexed_att(&validators, 1, 2, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&validators, 0, 3, 0),
+        ),
+        (
+            indexed_att_electra(&validators, 1, 2, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&validators, 0, 3, 0),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att2, &att1)];
+        slasher_test_indiv(&[att1, att2], &slashings, 3);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn surrounds_existing_many_chunks() {
     let v = vec![0];
     let chunk_size = DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE as u64;
-    let att1 = indexed_att(&v, 3 * chunk_size, 3 * chunk_size + 1, 0);
-    let att2 = indexed_att(&v, 0, 3 * chunk_size + 2, 0);
-    let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att2, &att1)];
-    let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 4 * chunk_size);
+    for (att1, att2) in [
+        (
+            indexed_att(&v, 3 * chunk_size, 3 * chunk_size + 1, 0),
+            indexed_att(&v, 0, 3 * chunk_size + 2, 0),
+        ),
+        (
+            indexed_att(&v, 3 * chunk_size, 3 * chunk_size + 1, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, 0, 3 * chunk_size + 2, 0),
+        ),
+        (
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, 3 * chunk_size, 3 * chunk_size + 1, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, 0, 3 * chunk_size + 2, 0),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att2, &att1)];
+        let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 4 * chunk_size);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn surrounded_by_single_val_single_chunk() {
     let v = vec![0];
-    let att1 = indexed_att(&v, 0, 15, 0);
-    let att2 = indexed_att(&v, 1, 14, 0);
-    let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att1, &att2)];
-    let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 15);
+    for (att1, att2) in [
+        (indexed_att(&v, 0, 15, 0), indexed_att(&v, 1, 14, 0)),
+        (indexed_att(&v, 0, 15, 0), indexed_att_electra(&v, 1, 14, 0)),
+        (
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, 0, 15, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, 1, 14, 0),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att1, &att2)];
+        let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 15);
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn surrounded_by_single_val_multi_chunk() {
     let v = vec![0];
     let chunk_size = DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE as u64;
-    let att1 = indexed_att(&v, 0, 3 * chunk_size, 0);
-    let att2 = indexed_att(&v, chunk_size, chunk_size + 1, 0);
-    let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att1, &att2)];
-    let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 3 * chunk_size);
-    slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 4 * chunk_size);
+    for (att1, att2) in [
+        (
+            indexed_att(&v, 0, 3 * chunk_size, 0),
+            indexed_att(&v, chunk_size, chunk_size + 1, 0),
+        ),
+        (
+            indexed_att(&v, 0, 3 * chunk_size, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, chunk_size, chunk_size + 1, 0),
+        ),
+        (
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, 0, 3 * chunk_size, 0),
+            indexed_att_electra(&v, chunk_size, chunk_size + 1, 0),
+        ),
+    ] {
+        let slashings = hashset![att_slashing(&att1, &att2)];
+        let attestations = vec![att1, att2];
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 3 * chunk_size);
+        slasher_test_indiv(&attestations, &slashings, 4 * chunk_size);
+    }
 }
 
 // Process each attestation individually, and confirm that the slashings produced are as expected.
@@ -174,7 +271,8 @@ fn slasher_test(
 ) {
     let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let config = Config::new(tempdir.path().into());
-    let slasher = Slasher::open(config, test_logger()).unwrap();
+    let spec = chain_spec();
+    let slasher = Slasher::open(config, spec, test_logger()).unwrap();
     let current_epoch = Epoch::new(current_epoch);
 
     for (i, attestation) in attestations.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -203,7 +301,8 @@ fn parallel_slasher_test(
 ) {
     let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let config = Config::new(tempdir.path().into());
-    let slasher = Slasher::open(config, test_logger()).unwrap();
+    let spec = chain_spec();
+    let slasher = Slasher::open(config, spec, test_logger()).unwrap();
     let current_epoch = Epoch::new(current_epoch);
 
     attestations
diff --git a/slasher/tests/proposer_slashings.rs b/slasher/tests/proposer_slashings.rs
index 3b7b8ed583c..2d2738087dc 100644
--- a/slasher/tests/proposer_slashings.rs
+++ b/slasher/tests/proposer_slashings.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use logging::test_logger;
 use slasher::{
-    test_utils::{block as test_block, E},
+    test_utils::{block as test_block, chain_spec, E},
     Config, Slasher,
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ use types::{Epoch, EthSpec};
 fn empty_pruning() {
     let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let config = Config::new(tempdir.path().into());
-    let slasher = Slasher::<E>::open(config, test_logger()).unwrap();
+    let spec = chain_spec();
+    let slasher = Slasher::<E>::open(config, spec, test_logger()).unwrap();
     slasher.prune_database(Epoch::new(0)).unwrap();
 }
 
@@ -24,8 +25,9 @@ fn block_pruning() {
     let mut config = Config::new(tempdir.path().into());
     config.chunk_size = 2;
     config.history_length = 2;
+    let spec = chain_spec();
 
-    let slasher = Slasher::<E>::open(config.clone(), test_logger()).unwrap();
+    let slasher = Slasher::<E>::open(config.clone(), spec, test_logger()).unwrap();
     let current_epoch = Epoch::from(2 * config.history_length);
 
     // Pruning the empty database should be safe.
diff --git a/slasher/tests/random.rs b/slasher/tests/random.rs
index ce0e42df1d3..ebfe0ef4e97 100644
--- a/slasher/tests/random.rs
+++ b/slasher/tests/random.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use logging::test_logger;
 use rand::prelude::*;
 use slasher::{
     test_utils::{
-        block, indexed_att, slashed_validators_from_attestations,
+        block, chain_spec, indexed_att, slashed_validators_from_attestations,
         slashed_validators_from_slashings, E,
     },
     Config, Slasher,
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@ fn random_test(seed: u64, test_config: TestConfig) {
     config.chunk_size = 1 << chunk_size_exponent;
     config.history_length = 1 << rng.gen_range(chunk_size_exponent..chunk_size_exponent + 3);
 
-    let slasher = Slasher::<E>::open(config.clone(), test_logger()).unwrap();
+    let spec = chain_spec();
+
+    let slasher = Slasher::<E>::open(config.clone(), spec, test_logger()).unwrap();
 
     let validators = (0..num_validators as u64).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
 
diff --git a/slasher/tests/wrap_around.rs b/slasher/tests/wrap_around.rs
index d2c876d3630..9a42aeb60ba 100644
--- a/slasher/tests/wrap_around.rs
+++ b/slasher/tests/wrap_around.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 #![cfg(any(feature = "mdbx", feature = "lmdb"))]
 
 use logging::test_logger;
-use slasher::{test_utils::indexed_att, Config, Slasher};
+use slasher::{
+    test_utils::{chain_spec, indexed_att},
+    Config, Slasher,
+};
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 use types::Epoch;
 
@@ -9,11 +12,12 @@ use types::Epoch;
 fn attestation_pruning_empty_wrap_around() {
     let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
     let mut config = Config::new(tempdir.path().into());
+    let spec = chain_spec();
     config.validator_chunk_size = 1;
     config.chunk_size = 16;
     config.history_length = 16;
 
-    let slasher = Slasher::open(config.clone(), test_logger()).unwrap();
+    let slasher = Slasher::open(config.clone(), spec, test_logger()).unwrap();
 
     let v = vec![0];
     let history_length = config.history_length as u64;
diff --git a/testing/ef_tests/check_all_files_accessed.py b/testing/ef_tests/check_all_files_accessed.py
index 7629d61827f..5f425ab98b4 100755
--- a/testing/ef_tests/check_all_files_accessed.py
+++ b/testing/ef_tests/check_all_files_accessed.py
@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@
     "bls12-381-tests/deserialization_G2",
     "bls12-381-tests/hash_to_G2",
     "tests/.*/eip6110",
-    "tests/.*/whisk"
+    "tests/.*/whisk",
+    # TODO(electra): re-enable in https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/pull/5758
+    "tests/.*/.*/ssz_static/IndexedAttestation"
 ]
 
 
diff --git a/testing/ef_tests/src/cases/fork_choice.rs b/testing/ef_tests/src/cases/fork_choice.rs
index bd8cc791565..2a2cc067e58 100644
--- a/testing/ef_tests/src/cases/fork_choice.rs
+++ b/testing/ef_tests/src/cases/fork_choice.rs
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ use std::future::Future;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use types::{
-    Attestation, AttesterSlashing, BeaconBlock, BeaconState, BlobSidecar, BlobsList,
-    BlockImportSource, Checkpoint, ExecutionBlockHash, Hash256, IndexedAttestation, KzgProof,
-    ProposerPreparationData, SignedBeaconBlock, Slot, Uint256,
+    Attestation, AttestationRef, AttesterSlashing, AttesterSlashingRef, BeaconBlock, BeaconState,
+    BlobSidecar, BlobsList, BlockImportSource, Checkpoint, ExecutionBlockHash, Hash256,
+    IndexedAttestation, KzgProof, ProposerPreparationData, SignedBeaconBlock, Slot, Uint256,
 };
 
 #[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Deserialize, Decode)]
@@ -180,12 +180,32 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> LoadCase for ForkChoiceTest<E> {
                     })
                 }
                 Step::Attestation { attestation } => {
-                    ssz_decode_file(&path.join(format!("{}.ssz_snappy", attestation)))
-                        .map(|attestation| Step::Attestation { attestation })
+                    if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+                        ssz_decode_file(&path.join(format!("{}.ssz_snappy", attestation))).map(
+                            |attestation| Step::Attestation {
+                                attestation: Attestation::Electra(attestation),
+                            },
+                        )
+                    } else {
+                        ssz_decode_file(&path.join(format!("{}.ssz_snappy", attestation))).map(
+                            |attestation| Step::Attestation {
+                                attestation: Attestation::Base(attestation),
+                            },
+                        )
+                    }
                 }
                 Step::AttesterSlashing { attester_slashing } => {
-                    ssz_decode_file(&path.join(format!("{}.ssz_snappy", attester_slashing)))
-                        .map(|attester_slashing| Step::AttesterSlashing { attester_slashing })
+                    if fork_name.electra_enabled() {
+                        ssz_decode_file(&path.join(format!("{}.ssz_snappy", attester_slashing)))
+                            .map(|attester_slashing| Step::AttesterSlashing {
+                                attester_slashing: AttesterSlashing::Electra(attester_slashing),
+                            })
+                    } else {
+                        ssz_decode_file(&path.join(format!("{}.ssz_snappy", attester_slashing)))
+                            .map(|attester_slashing| Step::AttesterSlashing {
+                                attester_slashing: AttesterSlashing::Base(attester_slashing),
+                            })
+                    }
                 }
                 Step::PowBlock { pow_block } => {
                     ssz_decode_file(&path.join(format!("{}.ssz_snappy", pow_block)))
@@ -249,7 +269,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> Case for ForkChoiceTest<E> {
                 } => tester.process_block(block.clone(), blobs.clone(), proofs.clone(), *valid)?,
                 Step::Attestation { attestation } => tester.process_attestation(attestation)?,
                 Step::AttesterSlashing { attester_slashing } => {
-                    tester.process_attester_slashing(attester_slashing)
+                    tester.process_attester_slashing(attester_slashing.to_ref())
                 }
                 Step::PowBlock { pow_block } => tester.process_pow_block(pow_block),
                 Step::OnPayloadInfo {
@@ -575,11 +595,11 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> Tester<E> {
     }
 
     pub fn process_attestation(&self, attestation: &Attestation<E>) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let (indexed_attestation, _) =
-            obtain_indexed_attestation_and_committees_per_slot(&self.harness.chain, attestation)
-                .map_err(|e| {
-                    Error::InternalError(format!("attestation indexing failed with {:?}", e))
-                })?;
+        let (indexed_attestation, _) = obtain_indexed_attestation_and_committees_per_slot(
+            &self.harness.chain,
+            attestation.to_ref(),
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| Error::InternalError(format!("attestation indexing failed with {:?}", e)))?;
         let verified_attestation: ManuallyVerifiedAttestation<EphemeralHarnessType<E>> =
             ManuallyVerifiedAttestation {
                 attestation,
@@ -592,7 +612,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> Tester<E> {
             .map_err(|e| Error::InternalError(format!("attestation import failed with {:?}", e)))
     }
 
-    pub fn process_attester_slashing(&self, attester_slashing: &AttesterSlashing<E>) {
+    pub fn process_attester_slashing(&self, attester_slashing: AttesterSlashingRef<E>) {
         self.harness
             .chain
             .canonical_head
@@ -851,8 +871,8 @@ pub struct ManuallyVerifiedAttestation<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, T: BeaconChainTypes> VerifiedAttestation<T> for ManuallyVerifiedAttestation<'a, T> {
-    fn attestation(&self) -> &Attestation<T::EthSpec> {
-        self.attestation
+    fn attestation(&self) -> AttestationRef<T::EthSpec> {
+        self.attestation.to_ref()
     }
 
     fn indexed_attestation(&self) -> &IndexedAttestation<T::EthSpec> {
diff --git a/testing/ef_tests/src/cases/operations.rs b/testing/ef_tests/src/cases/operations.rs
index 158f2334dc3..d87770a4df0 100644
--- a/testing/ef_tests/src/cases/operations.rs
+++ b/testing/ef_tests/src/cases/operations.rs
@@ -78,8 +78,12 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> Operation<E> for Attestation<E> {
         "attestation".into()
     }
 
-    fn decode(path: &Path, _fork_name: ForkName, _spec: &ChainSpec) -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        ssz_decode_file(path)
+    fn decode(path: &Path, fork_name: ForkName, _spec: &ChainSpec) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        if fork_name < ForkName::Electra {
+            Ok(Self::Base(ssz_decode_file(path)?))
+        } else {
+            Ok(Self::Electra(ssz_decode_file(path)?))
+        }
     }
 
     fn apply_to(
@@ -93,7 +97,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> Operation<E> for Attestation<E> {
         match state {
             BeaconState::Base(_) => base::process_attestations(
                 state,
-                &[self.clone()],
+                [self.clone().to_ref()].into_iter(),
                 VerifySignatures::True,
                 &mut ctxt,
                 spec,
@@ -106,7 +110,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> Operation<E> for Attestation<E> {
                 initialize_progressive_balances_cache(state, spec)?;
                 altair_deneb::process_attestation(
                     state,
-                    self,
+                    self.to_ref(),
                     0,
                     &mut ctxt,
                     VerifySignatures::True,
@@ -122,8 +126,15 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> Operation<E> for AttesterSlashing<E> {
         "attester_slashing".into()
     }
 
-    fn decode(path: &Path, _fork_name: ForkName, _spec: &ChainSpec) -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        ssz_decode_file(path)
+    fn decode(path: &Path, fork_name: ForkName, _spec: &ChainSpec) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        Ok(match fork_name {
+            ForkName::Base
+            | ForkName::Altair
+            | ForkName::Bellatrix
+            | ForkName::Capella
+            | ForkName::Deneb => Self::Base(ssz_decode_file(path)?),
+            ForkName::Electra => Self::Electra(ssz_decode_file(path)?),
+        })
     }
 
     fn apply_to(
@@ -136,7 +147,7 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> Operation<E> for AttesterSlashing<E> {
         initialize_progressive_balances_cache(state, spec)?;
         process_attester_slashings(
             state,
-            &[self.clone()],
+            [self.clone().to_ref()].into_iter(),
             VerifySignatures::True,
             &mut ctxt,
             spec,
diff --git a/testing/ef_tests/src/handler.rs b/testing/ef_tests/src/handler.rs
index 2d5ea4149ef..c1e7386bc45 100644
--- a/testing/ef_tests/src/handler.rs
+++ b/testing/ef_tests/src/handler.rs
@@ -229,6 +229,10 @@ impl<T, E> SszStaticHandler<T, E> {
         Self::for_forks(vec![ForkName::Deneb])
     }
 
+    pub fn electra_only() -> Self {
+        Self::for_forks(vec![ForkName::Electra])
+    }
+
     pub fn altair_and_later() -> Self {
         Self::for_forks(ForkName::list_all()[1..].to_vec())
     }
@@ -240,6 +244,10 @@ impl<T, E> SszStaticHandler<T, E> {
     pub fn capella_and_later() -> Self {
         Self::for_forks(ForkName::list_all()[3..].to_vec())
     }
+
+    pub fn pre_electra() -> Self {
+        Self::for_forks(ForkName::list_all()[0..5].to_vec())
+    }
 }
 
 /// Handler for SSZ types that implement `CachedTreeHash`.
diff --git a/testing/ef_tests/src/type_name.rs b/testing/ef_tests/src/type_name.rs
index 49ebbe81909..f886431b400 100644
--- a/testing/ef_tests/src/type_name.rs
+++ b/testing/ef_tests/src/type_name.rs
@@ -37,11 +37,16 @@ macro_rules! type_name_generic {
 
 type_name!(MinimalEthSpec, "minimal");
 type_name!(MainnetEthSpec, "mainnet");
-
 type_name_generic!(AggregateAndProof);
+type_name_generic!(AggregateAndProofBase, "AggregateAndProof");
+type_name_generic!(AggregateAndProofElectra, "AggregateAndProof");
 type_name_generic!(Attestation);
+type_name_generic!(AttestationBase, "Attestation");
+type_name_generic!(AttestationElectra, "Attestation");
 type_name!(AttestationData);
 type_name_generic!(AttesterSlashing);
+type_name_generic!(AttesterSlashingBase, "AttesterSlashing");
+type_name_generic!(AttesterSlashingElectra, "AttesterSlashing");
 type_name_generic!(BeaconBlock);
 type_name_generic!(BeaconBlockBody);
 type_name_generic!(BeaconBlockBodyBase, "BeaconBlockBody");
@@ -73,6 +78,8 @@ type_name!(Fork);
 type_name!(ForkData);
 type_name_generic!(HistoricalBatch);
 type_name_generic!(IndexedAttestation);
+type_name_generic!(IndexedAttestationBase, "IndexedAttestation");
+type_name_generic!(IndexedAttestationElectra, "IndexedAttestation");
 type_name_generic!(LightClientBootstrap);
 type_name_generic!(LightClientBootstrapAltair, "LightClientBootstrap");
 type_name_generic!(LightClientBootstrapCapella, "LightClientBootstrap");
@@ -108,6 +115,8 @@ type_name_generic!(LightClientUpdateDeneb, "LightClientUpdate");
 type_name_generic!(PendingAttestation);
 type_name!(ProposerSlashing);
 type_name_generic!(SignedAggregateAndProof);
+type_name_generic!(SignedAggregateAndProofBase, "SignedAggregateAndProof");
+type_name_generic!(SignedAggregateAndProofElectra, "SignedAggregateAndProof");
 type_name_generic!(SignedBeaconBlock);
 type_name!(SignedBeaconBlockHeader);
 type_name_generic!(SignedContributionAndProof);
diff --git a/testing/ef_tests/tests/tests.rs b/testing/ef_tests/tests/tests.rs
index 5226c7ac2b0..60685140100 100644
--- a/testing/ef_tests/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/testing/ef_tests/tests/tests.rs
@@ -217,12 +217,9 @@ mod ssz_static {
     use ef_tests::{Handler, SszStaticHandler, SszStaticTHCHandler, SszStaticWithSpecHandler};
     use types::blob_sidecar::BlobIdentifier;
     use types::historical_summary::HistoricalSummary;
-    use types::{LightClientBootstrapAltair, *};
+    use types::{AttesterSlashingBase, AttesterSlashingElectra, LightClientBootstrapAltair, *};
 
-    ssz_static_test!(aggregate_and_proof, AggregateAndProof<_>);
-    ssz_static_test!(attestation, Attestation<_>);
     ssz_static_test!(attestation_data, AttestationData);
-    ssz_static_test!(attester_slashing, AttesterSlashing<_>);
     ssz_static_test!(beacon_block, SszStaticWithSpecHandler, BeaconBlock<_>);
     ssz_static_test!(beacon_block_header, BeaconBlockHeader);
     ssz_static_test!(beacon_state, SszStaticTHCHandler, BeaconState<_>);
@@ -235,10 +232,8 @@ mod ssz_static {
     ssz_static_test!(fork, Fork);
     ssz_static_test!(fork_data, ForkData);
     ssz_static_test!(historical_batch, HistoricalBatch<_>);
-    ssz_static_test!(indexed_attestation, IndexedAttestation<_>);
     ssz_static_test!(pending_attestation, PendingAttestation<_>);
     ssz_static_test!(proposer_slashing, ProposerSlashing);
-    ssz_static_test!(signed_aggregate_and_proof, SignedAggregateAndProof<_>);
     ssz_static_test!(
         signed_beacon_block,
         SszStaticWithSpecHandler,
@@ -249,6 +244,59 @@ mod ssz_static {
     ssz_static_test!(signing_data, SigningData);
     ssz_static_test!(validator, Validator);
     ssz_static_test!(voluntary_exit, VoluntaryExit);
+
+    #[test]
+    fn attestation() {
+        SszStaticHandler::<AttestationBase<MinimalEthSpec>, MinimalEthSpec>::pre_electra().run();
+        SszStaticHandler::<AttestationBase<MainnetEthSpec>, MainnetEthSpec>::pre_electra().run();
+        SszStaticHandler::<AttestationElectra<MinimalEthSpec>, MinimalEthSpec>::electra_only()
+            .run();
+        SszStaticHandler::<AttestationElectra<MainnetEthSpec>, MainnetEthSpec>::electra_only()
+            .run();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn attester_slashing() {
+        SszStaticHandler::<AttesterSlashingBase<MinimalEthSpec>, MinimalEthSpec>::pre_electra()
+            .run();
+        SszStaticHandler::<AttesterSlashingBase<MainnetEthSpec>, MainnetEthSpec>::pre_electra()
+            .run();
+        SszStaticHandler::<AttesterSlashingElectra<MinimalEthSpec>, MinimalEthSpec>::electra_only()
+            .run();
+        SszStaticHandler::<AttesterSlashingElectra<MainnetEthSpec>, MainnetEthSpec>::electra_only()
+            .run();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn signed_aggregate_and_proof() {
+        SszStaticHandler::<SignedAggregateAndProofBase<MinimalEthSpec>, MinimalEthSpec>::pre_electra(
+        )
+        .run();
+        SszStaticHandler::<SignedAggregateAndProofBase<MainnetEthSpec>, MainnetEthSpec>::pre_electra(
+        )
+        .run();
+        SszStaticHandler::<SignedAggregateAndProofElectra<MinimalEthSpec>, MinimalEthSpec>::electra_only(
+        )
+        .run();
+        SszStaticHandler::<SignedAggregateAndProofElectra<MainnetEthSpec>, MainnetEthSpec>::electra_only(
+        )
+        .run();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn aggregate_and_proof() {
+        SszStaticHandler::<AggregateAndProofBase<MinimalEthSpec>, MinimalEthSpec>::pre_electra()
+            .run();
+        SszStaticHandler::<AggregateAndProofBase<MainnetEthSpec>, MainnetEthSpec>::pre_electra()
+            .run();
+        SszStaticHandler::<AggregateAndProofElectra<MinimalEthSpec>, MinimalEthSpec>::electra_only(
+        )
+        .run();
+        SszStaticHandler::<AggregateAndProofElectra<MainnetEthSpec>, MainnetEthSpec>::electra_only(
+        )
+        .run();
+    }
+
     // BeaconBlockBody has no internal indicator of which fork it is for, so we test it separately.
     #[test]
     fn beacon_block_body() {
diff --git a/testing/web3signer_tests/src/lib.rs b/testing/web3signer_tests/src/lib.rs
index 911704e7518..4187844cecc 100644
--- a/testing/web3signer_tests/src/lib.rs
+++ b/testing/web3signer_tests/src/lib.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ mod tests {
     use tempfile::{tempdir, TempDir};
     use tokio::sync::OnceCell;
     use tokio::time::sleep;
-    use types::*;
+    use types::{attestation::AttestationBase, *};
     use url::Url;
     use validator_client::{
         initialized_validators::{
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     /// Get a generic, arbitrary attestation for signing.
     fn get_attestation() -> Attestation<E> {
-        Attestation {
+        Attestation::Base(AttestationBase {
             aggregation_bits: BitList::with_capacity(1).unwrap(),
             data: AttestationData {
                 slot: <_>::default(),
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             },
             signature: AggregateSignature::empty(),
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     fn get_validator_registration(pubkey: PublicKeyBytes) -> ValidatorRegistrationData {
@@ -778,28 +778,28 @@ mod tests {
 
         let first_attestation = || {
             let mut attestation = get_attestation();
-            attestation.data.source.epoch = Epoch::new(1);
-            attestation.data.target.epoch = Epoch::new(4);
+            attestation.data_mut().source.epoch = Epoch::new(1);
+            attestation.data_mut().target.epoch = Epoch::new(4);
             attestation
         };
 
         let double_vote_attestation = || {
             let mut attestation = first_attestation();
-            attestation.data.beacon_block_root = Hash256::from_low_u64_be(1);
+            attestation.data_mut().beacon_block_root = Hash256::from_low_u64_be(1);
             attestation
         };
 
         let surrounding_attestation = || {
             let mut attestation = first_attestation();
-            attestation.data.source.epoch = Epoch::new(0);
-            attestation.data.target.epoch = Epoch::new(5);
+            attestation.data_mut().source.epoch = Epoch::new(0);
+            attestation.data_mut().target.epoch = Epoch::new(5);
             attestation
         };
 
         let surrounded_attestation = || {
             let mut attestation = first_attestation();
-            attestation.data.source.epoch = Epoch::new(2);
-            attestation.data.target.epoch = Epoch::new(3);
+            attestation.data_mut().source.epoch = Epoch::new(2);
+            attestation.data_mut().target.epoch = Epoch::new(3);
             attestation
         };
 
diff --git a/validator_client/src/attestation_service.rs b/validator_client/src/attestation_service.rs
index 1c6b60addb6..0cff39546dd 100644
--- a/validator_client/src/attestation_service.rs
+++ b/validator_client/src/attestation_service.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,7 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::time::{sleep, sleep_until, Duration, Instant};
 use tree_hash::TreeHash;
-use types::{
-    AggregateSignature, Attestation, AttestationData, BitList, ChainSpec, CommitteeIndex, EthSpec,
-    Slot,
-};
+use types::{Attestation, AttestationData, ChainSpec, CommitteeIndex, EthSpec, Slot};
 
 /// Builds an `AttestationService`.
 pub struct AttestationServiceBuilder<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> {
@@ -363,9 +360,7 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> AttestationService<T, E> {
             let attestation_data = attestation_data_ref;
 
             // Ensure that the attestation matches the duties.
-            #[allow(clippy::suspicious_operation_groupings)]
-            if duty.slot != attestation_data.slot || duty.committee_index != attestation_data.index
-            {
+            if !duty.match_attestation_data::<E>(attestation_data, &self.context.eth2_config.spec) {
                 crit!(
                     log,
                     "Inconsistent validator duties during signing";
@@ -378,10 +373,26 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> AttestationService<T, E> {
                 return None;
             }
 
-            let mut attestation = Attestation {
-                aggregation_bits: BitList::with_capacity(duty.committee_length as usize).unwrap(),
-                data: attestation_data.clone(),
-                signature: AggregateSignature::infinity(),
+            let mut attestation = match Attestation::<E>::empty_for_signing(
+                duty.committee_index,
+                duty.committee_length as usize,
+                attestation_data.slot,
+                attestation_data.beacon_block_root,
+                attestation_data.source,
+                attestation_data.target,
+                &self.context.eth2_config.spec,
+            ) {
+                Ok(attestation) => attestation,
+                Err(err) => {
+                    crit!(
+                        log,
+                        "Invalid validator duties during signing";
+                        "validator" => ?duty.pubkey,
+                        "duty" => ?duty,
+                        "err" => ?err,
+                    );
+                    return None;
+                }
             };
 
             match self
@@ -536,10 +547,7 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> AttestationService<T, E> {
             let duty = &duty_and_proof.duty;
             let selection_proof = duty_and_proof.selection_proof.as_ref()?;
 
-            let slot = attestation_data.slot;
-            let committee_index = attestation_data.index;
-
-            if duty.slot != slot || duty.committee_index != committee_index {
+            if !duty.match_attestation_data::<E>(attestation_data, &self.context.eth2_config.spec) {
                 crit!(log, "Inconsistent validator duties during signing");
                 return None;
             }
@@ -605,29 +613,29 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> AttestationService<T, E> {
             {
                 Ok(()) => {
                     for signed_aggregate_and_proof in signed_aggregate_and_proofs {
-                        let attestation = &signed_aggregate_and_proof.message.aggregate;
+                        let attestation = signed_aggregate_and_proof.message().aggregate();
                         info!(
                             log,
                             "Successfully published attestation";
-                            "aggregator" => signed_aggregate_and_proof.message.aggregator_index,
-                            "signatures" => attestation.aggregation_bits.num_set_bits(),
-                            "head_block" => format!("{:?}", attestation.data.beacon_block_root),
-                            "committee_index" => attestation.data.index,
-                            "slot" => attestation.data.slot.as_u64(),
+                            "aggregator" => signed_aggregate_and_proof.message().aggregator_index(),
+                            "signatures" => attestation.num_set_aggregation_bits(),
+                            "head_block" => format!("{:?}", attestation.data().beacon_block_root),
+                            "committee_index" => attestation.committee_index(),
+                            "slot" => attestation.data().slot.as_u64(),
                             "type" => "aggregated",
                         );
                     }
                 }
                 Err(e) => {
                     for signed_aggregate_and_proof in signed_aggregate_and_proofs {
-                        let attestation = &signed_aggregate_and_proof.message.aggregate;
+                        let attestation = &signed_aggregate_and_proof.message().aggregate();
                         crit!(
                             log,
                             "Failed to publish attestation";
                             "error" => %e,
-                            "aggregator" => signed_aggregate_and_proof.message.aggregator_index,
-                            "committee_index" => attestation.data.index,
-                            "slot" => attestation.data.slot.as_u64(),
+                            "aggregator" => signed_aggregate_and_proof.message().aggregator_index(),
+                            "committee_index" => attestation.committee_index(),
+                            "slot" => attestation.data().slot.as_u64(),
                             "type" => "aggregated",
                         );
                     }
diff --git a/validator_client/src/block_service.rs b/validator_client/src/block_service.rs
index 06d484a52bb..cb3636135c1 100644
--- a/validator_client/src/block_service.rs
+++ b/validator_client/src/block_service.rs
@@ -919,8 +919,8 @@ impl<E: EthSpec> SignedBlock<E> {
     }
     pub fn num_attestations(&self) -> usize {
         match self {
-            SignedBlock::Full(block) => block.signed_block().message().body().attestations().len(),
-            SignedBlock::Blinded(block) => block.message().body().attestations().len(),
+            SignedBlock::Full(block) => block.signed_block().message().body().attestations_len(),
+            SignedBlock::Blinded(block) => block.message().body().attestations_len(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/validator_client/src/http_api/tests/keystores.rs b/validator_client/src/http_api/tests/keystores.rs
index fe58393bb8d..b6923d1c788 100644
--- a/validator_client/src/http_api/tests/keystores.rs
+++ b/validator_client/src/http_api/tests/keystores.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use rand::{rngs::SmallRng, Rng, SeedableRng};
 use slashing_protection::interchange::{Interchange, InterchangeMetadata};
 use std::{collections::HashMap, path::Path};
 use tokio::runtime::Handle;
-use types::Address;
+use types::{attestation::AttestationBase, Address};
 
 fn new_keystore(password: ZeroizeString) -> Keystore {
     let keypair = Keypair::random();
@@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@ async fn generic_migration_test(
         // Sign attestations on VC1.
         for (validator_index, mut attestation) in first_vc_attestations {
             let public_key = keystore_pubkey(&keystores[validator_index]);
-            let current_epoch = attestation.data.target.epoch;
+            let current_epoch = attestation.data().target.epoch;
             tester1
                 .validator_store
                 .sign_attestation(public_key, 0, &mut attestation, current_epoch)
@@ -1170,7 +1170,7 @@ async fn generic_migration_test(
         // Sign attestations on the second VC.
         for (validator_index, mut attestation, should_succeed) in second_vc_attestations {
             let public_key = keystore_pubkey(&keystores[validator_index]);
-            let current_epoch = attestation.data.target.epoch;
+            let current_epoch = attestation.data().target.epoch;
             match tester2
                 .validator_store
                 .sign_attestation(public_key, 0, &mut attestation, current_epoch)
@@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@ async fn delete_nonexistent_keystores() {
 }
 
 fn make_attestation(source_epoch: u64, target_epoch: u64) -> Attestation<E> {
-    Attestation {
+    Attestation::Base(AttestationBase {
         aggregation_bits: BitList::with_capacity(
             <E as EthSpec>::MaxValidatorsPerCommittee::to_usize(),
         )
@@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ fn make_attestation(source_epoch: u64, target_epoch: u64) -> Attestation<E> {
             ..AttestationData::default()
         },
         signature: AggregateSignature::empty(),
-    }
+    })
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
diff --git a/validator_client/src/signing_method.rs b/validator_client/src/signing_method.rs
index 8c11027b8d0..d89c9b82292 100644
--- a/validator_client/src/signing_method.rs
+++ b/validator_client/src/signing_method.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub enum SignableMessage<'a, E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E> = FullP
     RandaoReveal(Epoch),
     BeaconBlock(&'a BeaconBlock<E, Payload>),
     AttestationData(&'a AttestationData),
-    SignedAggregateAndProof(&'a AggregateAndProof<E>),
+    SignedAggregateAndProof(AggregateAndProofRef<'a, E>),
     SelectionProof(Slot),
     SyncSelectionProof(&'a SyncAggregatorSelectionData),
     SyncCommitteeSignature {
diff --git a/validator_client/src/signing_method/web3signer.rs b/validator_client/src/signing_method/web3signer.rs
index 8ad37a1620a..86e7015ad35 100644
--- a/validator_client/src/signing_method/web3signer.rs
+++ b/validator_client/src/signing_method/web3signer.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub enum Web3SignerObject<'a, E: EthSpec, Payload: AbstractExecPayload<E>> {
     AggregationSlot {
         slot: Slot,
     },
-    AggregateAndProof(&'a AggregateAndProof<E>),
+    AggregateAndProof(AggregateAndProofRef<'a, E>),
     Attestation(&'a AttestationData),
     BeaconBlock {
         version: ForkName,
diff --git a/validator_client/src/validator_store.rs b/validator_client/src/validator_store.rs
index f3bdc2c0f69..e6e19b6e06c 100644
--- a/validator_client/src/validator_store.rs
+++ b/validator_client/src/validator_store.rs
@@ -647,9 +647,9 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore<T, E> {
         current_epoch: Epoch,
     ) -> Result<(), Error> {
         // Make sure the target epoch is not higher than the current epoch to avoid potential attacks.
-        if attestation.data.target.epoch > current_epoch {
+        if attestation.data().target.epoch > current_epoch {
             return Err(Error::GreaterThanCurrentEpoch {
-                epoch: attestation.data.target.epoch,
+                epoch: attestation.data().target.epoch,
                 current_epoch,
             });
         }
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore<T, E> {
         let signing_method = self.doppelganger_checked_signing_method(validator_pubkey)?;
 
         // Checking for slashing conditions.
-        let signing_epoch = attestation.data.target.epoch;
+        let signing_epoch = attestation.data().target.epoch;
         let signing_context = self.signing_context(Domain::BeaconAttester, signing_epoch);
         let domain_hash = signing_context.domain_hash(&self.spec);
         let slashing_status = if signing_method
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore<T, E> {
         {
             self.slashing_protection.check_and_insert_attestation(
                 &validator_pubkey,
-                &attestation.data,
+                attestation.data(),
                 domain_hash,
             )
         } else {
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore<T, E> {
             Ok(Safe::Valid) => {
                 let signature = signing_method
                     .get_signature::<E, BlindedPayload<E>>(
-                        SignableMessage::AttestationData(&attestation.data),
+                        SignableMessage::AttestationData(attestation.data()),
                         signing_context,
                         &self.spec,
                         &self.task_executor,
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore<T, E> {
                 crit!(
                     self.log,
                     "Not signing slashable attestation";
-                    "attestation" => format!("{:?}", attestation.data),
+                    "attestation" => format!("{:?}", attestation.data()),
                     "error" => format!("{:?}", e)
                 );
                 metrics::inc_counter_vec(
@@ -798,19 +798,16 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore<T, E> {
         aggregate: Attestation<E>,
         selection_proof: SelectionProof,
     ) -> Result<SignedAggregateAndProof<E>, Error> {
-        let signing_epoch = aggregate.data.target.epoch;
+        let signing_epoch = aggregate.data().target.epoch;
         let signing_context = self.signing_context(Domain::AggregateAndProof, signing_epoch);
 
-        let message = AggregateAndProof {
-            aggregator_index,
-            aggregate,
-            selection_proof: selection_proof.into(),
-        };
+        let message =
+            AggregateAndProof::from_attestation(aggregator_index, aggregate, selection_proof);
 
         let signing_method = self.doppelganger_checked_signing_method(validator_pubkey)?;
         let signature = signing_method
             .get_signature::<E, BlindedPayload<E>>(
-                SignableMessage::SignedAggregateAndProof(&message),
+                SignableMessage::SignedAggregateAndProof(message.to_ref()),
                 signing_context,
                 &self.spec,
                 &self.task_executor,
@@ -819,7 +816,9 @@ impl<T: SlotClock + 'static, E: EthSpec> ValidatorStore<T, E> {
 
         metrics::inc_counter_vec(&metrics::SIGNED_AGGREGATES_TOTAL, &[metrics::SUCCESS]);
 
-        Ok(SignedAggregateAndProof { message, signature })
+        Ok(SignedAggregateAndProof::from_aggregate_and_proof(
+            message, signature,
+        ))
     }
 
     /// Produces a `SelectionProof` for the `slot`, signed by with corresponding secret key to
diff --git a/watch/src/database/mod.rs b/watch/src/database/mod.rs
index 315fcbc8358..b31583c6299 100644
--- a/watch/src/database/mod.rs
+++ b/watch/src/database/mod.rs
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn insert_beacon_block<E: EthSpec>(
     let parent_root = WatchHash::from_hash(block.parent_root());
     let proposer_index = block_message.proposer_index() as i32;
     let graffiti = block_message.body().graffiti().as_utf8_lossy();
-    let attestation_count = block_message.body().attestations().len() as i32;
+    let attestation_count = block_message.body().attestations_len() as i32;
 
     let full_payload = block_message.execution_payload().ok();