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Install dependencies: Get php71 and sqlite via Homebrew. (This step is not necessary on new versions of macOS since it already comes with PHP 7.)
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Get the Nextcloud code: Either using Github Desktop (or using the Terminal if you prefer that), clone the Nextcloud server repository https://github.com/nextcloud/server
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Start the server: In the Terminal, run the command:
php -S localhost:8000
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Finish installation: In your browser, go to http://localhost:8000. You should see the setup screen asking for username and password.
🎉 Now do your changes and use Github Desktop to push them! :)
(Special thanks to @xMartin for his quick start guide!)