diff --git a/db/migrations/20240417164251_alter_user_add_publish_rate.js b/db/migrations/20240417164251_alter_user_add_publish_rate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39d884b1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/migrations/20240417164251_alter_user_add_publish_rate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+const table = 'user'
+
+exports.up = async (knex) => {
+  await knex.schema.table(table, (t) => {
+    t.jsonb('publish_rate')
+  })
+}
+
+exports.down = async (knex) => {
+  await knex.schema.table(table, (t) => {
+    t.dropColumn('publish_rate')
+  })
+}
diff --git a/src/common/enums/user.ts b/src/common/enums/user.ts
index b7d1a33ca..04e7e6ca9 100644
--- a/src/common/enums/user.ts
+++ b/src/common/enums/user.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { isProd } from 'common/environment'
+
 export const USER_STATE = {
   frozen: 'frozen',
   active: 'active',
@@ -16,3 +18,6 @@ export const AUTHOR_TYPE = {
   default: 'default',
   trendy: 'trendy',
 } as const
+
+export const PUBLISH_ARTICLE_RATE_LIMIT = isProd ? 1 : 1000
+export const PUBLISH_ARTICLE_RATE_PERIOD = 720 // for 12 minutes;
diff --git a/src/common/utils/index.ts b/src/common/utils/index.ts
index ab340ad63..f8f560790 100644
--- a/src/common/utils/index.ts
+++ b/src/common/utils/index.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ export * from './genDisplayName'
 export * from './counter'
 export * from './verify'
 export * from './nanoid'
+export * from './rateLimit'
 
 /**
  * Make a valid user name based on a given email address. It removes all special characters including _.
diff --git a/src/common/utils/rateLimit.ts b/src/common/utils/rateLimit.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f79239a12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/common/utils/rateLimit.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+export const checkOperationLimit = async ({
+  user,
+  operation,
+  limit,
+  period,
+  redis,
+}: {
+  user: string
+  operation: string
+  limit: number
+  period: number
+  redis: Redis
+}) => {
+  const cacheKey = genCacheKey({
+    id: user,
+    field: operation,
+    prefix: CACHE_PREFIX.OPERATION_LOG,
+  })
+
+  const operationLog = await redis.lrange(cacheKey, 0, -1)
+
+  // timestamp in seconds
+  const current = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)
+
+  // no record
+  if (!operationLog) {
+    // create
+    redis.lpush(cacheKey, current).then(() => {
+      redis.expire(cacheKey, period)
+    })
+
+    // pass
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // count times within period
+  const cutoff = current - period
+  let times = 0
+  for (const timestamp of operationLog) {
+    if (parseInt(timestamp, 10) >= cutoff) {
+      times += 1
+    } else {
+      break
+    }
+  }
+
+  // over limit
+  if (times >= limit) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // add, trim, update expiration
+  redis.lpush(cacheKey, current)
+  redis.ltrim(cacheKey, 0, times)
+  redis.expire(cacheKey, period)
+
+  // pass
+  return true
+}
diff --git a/src/mutations/article/publishArticle.ts b/src/mutations/article/publishArticle.ts
index f695c9782..d56e75a09 100644
--- a/src/mutations/article/publishArticle.ts
+++ b/src/mutations/article/publishArticle.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 import type { GQLMutationResolvers } from 'definitions'
+import type { Redis } from 'ioredis'
 
-import { PUBLISH_STATE, USER_STATE } from 'common/enums'
+import {
+  PUBLISH_ARTICLE_RATE_LIMIT,
+  PUBLISH_ARTICLE_RATE_PERIOD,
+  PUBLISH_STATE,
+  USER_STATE,
+} from 'common/enums'
 import {
   DraftNotFoundError,
   ForbiddenByStateError,
@@ -8,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   UserInputError,
 } from 'common/errors'
 import { fromGlobalId } from 'common/utils'
+import { checkOperationLimit } from 'types/directives'
 
 const resolver: GQLMutationResolvers['publishArticle'] = async (
   _,
@@ -18,6 +25,7 @@ const resolver: GQLMutationResolvers['publishArticle'] = async (
       draftService,
       atomService,
       queues: { publicationQueue },
+      redis,
     },
   }
 ) => {
@@ -50,6 +58,20 @@ const resolver: GQLMutationResolvers['publishArticle'] = async (
     throw new UserInputError('content is required')
   }
 
+  const pass = await checkOperationLimit({
+    user: viewer.id || viewer.ip,
+    operation: 'publishArticle',
+    limit: viewer?.publishRate?.limit ?? PUBLISH_ARTICLE_RATE_LIMIT,
+    period: viewer?.publishRate?.period ?? PUBLISH_ARTICLE_RATE_PERIOD,
+    redis, // : connections.redis,
+  })
+
+  if (!pass) {
+    throw new ActionLimitExceededError(
+      `rate exceeded for operation ${fieldName}`
+    )
+  }
+
   if (
     draft.publishState === PUBLISH_STATE.pending ||
     (draft.archived && isPublished)
diff --git a/src/types/directives/rateLimit.ts b/src/types/directives/rateLimit.ts
index 4042a28f8..fdcdd76dc 100644
--- a/src/types/directives/rateLimit.ts
+++ b/src/types/directives/rateLimit.ts
@@ -5,68 +5,9 @@ import { defaultFieldResolver, GraphQLSchema } from 'graphql'
 
 import { CACHE_PREFIX } from 'common/enums'
 import { ActionLimitExceededError } from 'common/errors'
+import { checkOperationLimit } from 'common/utils'
 import { genCacheKey } from 'connectors'
 
-const checkOperationLimit = async ({
-  user,
-  operation,
-  limit,
-  period,
-  redis,
-}: {
-  user: string
-  operation: string
-  limit: number
-  period: number
-  redis: Redis
-}) => {
-  const cacheKey = genCacheKey({
-    id: user,
-    field: operation,
-    prefix: CACHE_PREFIX.OPERATION_LOG,
-  })
-
-  const operationLog = await redis.lrange(cacheKey, 0, -1)
-
-  // timestamp in seconds
-  const current = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)
-
-  // no record
-  if (!operationLog) {
-    // create
-    redis.lpush(cacheKey, current).then(() => {
-      redis.expire(cacheKey, period)
-    })
-
-    // pass
-    return true
-  }
-
-  // count times within period
-  const cutoff = current - period
-  let times = 0
-  for (const timestamp of operationLog) {
-    if (parseInt(timestamp, 10) >= cutoff) {
-      times += 1
-    } else {
-      break
-    }
-  }
-
-  // over limit
-  if (times >= limit) {
-    return false
-  }
-
-  // add, trim, update expiration
-  redis.lpush(cacheKey, current)
-  redis.ltrim(cacheKey, 0, times)
-  redis.expire(cacheKey, period)
-
-  // pass
-  return true
-}
-
 export const rateLimitDirective = (directiveName = 'rateLimit') => ({
   typeDef: `"Rate limit within a given period of time, in seconds"
 directive @${directiveName}(period: Int!, limit: Int!) on FIELD_DEFINITION`,