diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..179fbb276b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+name: SonarCloud
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened]
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: Build and analyze
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0  # Shallow clones should be disabled for a better relevancy of analysis
+      - name: Set up JDK 11
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v3
+        with:
+          java-version: 11
+          distribution: 'corretto' # Alternative distribution options are available
+      - name: Cache SonarCloud packages
+        uses: actions/cache@v3
+        with:
+          path: ~/.sonar/cache
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-sonar
+          restore-keys: ${{ runner.os }}-sonar
+      - name: Cache Gradle packages
+        uses: actions/cache@v3
+        with:
+          path: ~/.gradle/caches
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-gradle-${{ hashFiles('**/*.gradle') }}
+          restore-keys: ${{ runner.os }}-gradle
+      - name: Build and analyze
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}  # Needed to get PR information, if any
+          SONAR_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SONAR_TOKEN }}
+        run: ./gradlew clean build codeCoverageReport sonar --info -x :study:build
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 672d1adecf..1bcba66f9d 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -171,3 +171,5 @@ Temporary Items
 
 tomcat.*
 tomcat.*/**
+
+**/WEB-INF/classes/**
diff --git a/app/build.gradle b/app/build.gradle
index a94011f4db..00444e6f91 100644
--- a/app/build.gradle
+++ b/app/build.gradle
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 plugins {
-    id 'java'
-    id 'idea'
+    id "java"
+    id "idea"
+    id "jacoco"
 }
 
-group 'org.example'
-version '1.0-SNAPSHOT'
+group "org.example"
+version "1.0-SNAPSHOT"
 
 sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
 targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
@@ -14,27 +15,23 @@ repositories {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation project(':mvc')
-    implementation project(':jdbc')
-
-    implementation 'org.springframework:spring-tx:5.3.23'
-    implementation 'org.springframework:spring-jdbc:5.3.23'
-
-    implementation 'org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core:10.1.0-M16'
-    implementation 'org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-jasper:10.1.0-M16'
-    implementation 'ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.10'
-    implementation 'org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.12.0'
-    implementation 'com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:2.13.4'
-    implementation 'com.h2database:h2:2.1.214'
-
-    testImplementation 'org.assertj:assertj-core:3.22.0'
-    testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.8.1'
-    testImplementation 'org.mockito:mockito-core:3.+'
-    testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.8.1'
-}
-
-test {
-    useJUnitPlatform()
+    implementation project(":mvc")
+    implementation project(":jdbc")
+
+    implementation "org.springframework:spring-tx:5.3.23"
+    implementation "org.springframework:spring-jdbc:5.3.23"
+
+    implementation "org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core:10.1.13"
+    implementation "org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-jasper:10.1.13"
+    implementation "ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.12"
+    implementation "org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.13.0"
+    implementation "com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:2.15.2"
+    implementation "com.h2database:h2:2.2.220"
+
+    testImplementation "org.assertj:assertj-core:3.24.2"
+    testImplementation "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.7.2"
+    testImplementation "org.mockito:mockito-core:5.4.0"
+    testRuntimeOnly "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.7.2"
 }
 
 idea {
@@ -46,6 +43,6 @@ idea {
 
 sourceSets {
     main {
-        java.destinationDirectory.set(file('src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/classes'))
+        java.destinationDirectory.set(file("src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/classes"))
     }
 }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/AppWebApplicationInitializer.java b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/AppWebApplicationInitializer.java
index a0ea9347c1..024510e26c 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/AppWebApplicationInitializer.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/AppWebApplicationInitializer.java
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package com.techcourse;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.ServletContext;
-import nextstep.mvc.DispatcherServlet;
-import nextstep.mvc.controller.asis.ControllerHandlerAdapter;
-import nextstep.mvc.controller.tobe.AnnotationHandlerMapping;
-import nextstep.mvc.controller.tobe.HandlerExecutionHandlerAdapter;
-import nextstep.web.WebApplicationInitializer;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.DispatcherServlet;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.asis.ControllerHandlerAdapter;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.tobe.AnnotationHandlerMapping;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.tobe.HandlerExecutionHandlerAdapter;
+import web.org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/ManualHandlerMapping.java b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/ManualHandlerMapping.java
index 3d14ca6be8..6119278f93 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/ManualHandlerMapping.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/ManualHandlerMapping.java
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 import com.techcourse.controller.*;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
-import nextstep.mvc.HandlerMapping;
-import nextstep.mvc.controller.asis.Controller;
-import nextstep.mvc.controller.asis.ForwardController;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.HandlerMapping;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.asis.Controller;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.asis.ForwardController;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/LoginController.java b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/LoginController.java
index 492e246fd2..2f1d2d7e25 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/LoginController.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/LoginController.java
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 import com.techcourse.repository.InMemoryUserRepository;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.JspView;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.ModelAndView;
-import nextstep.web.annotation.Controller;
-import nextstep.web.annotation.RequestMapping;
-import nextstep.web.support.RequestMethod;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JspView;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
+import context.org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
+import web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/LogoutController.java b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/LogoutController.java
index 9d1f099a98..4642fd9450 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/LogoutController.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/LogoutController.java
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
-import nextstep.mvc.controller.asis.Controller;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.asis.Controller;
 
 public class LogoutController implements Controller {
 
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/RegisterController.java b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/RegisterController.java
index dcbbbc64e6..8c794c2d26 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/RegisterController.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/RegisterController.java
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 import com.techcourse.repository.InMemoryUserRepository;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.JspView;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.ModelAndView;
-import nextstep.web.annotation.Controller;
-import nextstep.web.annotation.RequestMapping;
-import nextstep.web.support.RequestMethod;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JspView;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
+import context.org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
+import web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
 
 @Controller
 public class RegisterController {
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/UserController.java b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/UserController.java
index 478c90eb06..d17bbcf0bb 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/UserController.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/controller/UserController.java
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 import com.techcourse.repository.InMemoryUserRepository;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.JsonView;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.ModelAndView;
-import nextstep.web.annotation.Controller;
-import nextstep.web.annotation.RequestMapping;
-import nextstep.web.support.RequestMethod;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JsonView;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
+import context.org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
+import web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/dao/UserDao.java b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/dao/UserDao.java
index ee17c159c2..6b98f434dc 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/dao/UserDao.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/dao/UserDao.java
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 package com.techcourse.dao;
 
 import com.techcourse.domain.User;
-import nextstep.jdbc.JdbcTemplate;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
+import org.springframework.jdbc.core.RowMapper;
 
 import javax.sql.DataSource;
-import java.sql.Connection;
-import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
-import java.sql.ResultSet;
-import java.sql.SQLException;
 import java.util.List;
 
 public class UserDao {
@@ -17,105 +14,52 @@ public class UserDao {
     private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserDao.class);
 
     private final DataSource dataSource;
+    private final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
 
     public UserDao(final DataSource dataSource) {
         this.dataSource = dataSource;
+        this.jdbcTemplate = new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);
     }
 
     public UserDao(final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) {
         this.dataSource = null;
+        this.jdbcTemplate = jdbcTemplate;
     }
 
     public void insert(final User user) {
         final var sql = "insert into users (account, password, email) values (?, ?, ?)";
-
-        Connection conn = null;
-        PreparedStatement pstmt = null;
-        try {
-            conn = dataSource.getConnection();
-            pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
-
-            log.debug("query : {}", sql);
-
-            pstmt.setString(1, user.getAccount());
-            pstmt.setString(2, user.getPassword());
-            pstmt.setString(3, user.getEmail());
-            pstmt.executeUpdate();
-        } catch (SQLException e) {
-            log.error(e.getMessage(), e);
-            throw new RuntimeException(e);
-        } finally {
-            try {
-                if (pstmt != null) {
-                    pstmt.close();
-                }
-            } catch (SQLException ignored) {}
-
-            try {
-                if (conn != null) {
-                    conn.close();
-                }
-            } catch (SQLException ignored) {}
-        }
+        jdbcTemplate.update(sql, user.getAccount(), user.getPassword(), user.getEmail());
     }
 
     public void update(final User user) {
-        // todo
+        String sql = "UPDATE users SET account = ?, password = ?, email = ? WHERE id = ?";
+        jdbcTemplate.update(sql, user.getAccount(), user.getPassword(), user.getEmail(), user.getId());
+
     }
 
     public List<User> findAll() {
-        // todo
-        return null;
+        String sql = "SELECT id, account, password, email FROM users";
+        return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, getUserRowMapper());
     }
 
+
     public User findById(final Long id) {
         final var sql = "select id, account, password, email from users where id = ?";
-
-        Connection conn = null;
-        PreparedStatement pstmt = null;
-        ResultSet rs = null;
-        try {
-            conn = dataSource.getConnection();
-            pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
-            pstmt.setLong(1, id);
-            rs = pstmt.executeQuery();
-
-            log.debug("query : {}", sql);
-
-            if (rs.next()) {
-                return new User(
-                        rs.getLong(1),
-                        rs.getString(2),
-                        rs.getString(3),
-                        rs.getString(4));
-            }
-            return null;
-        } catch (SQLException e) {
-            log.error(e.getMessage(), e);
-            throw new RuntimeException(e);
-        } finally {
-            try {
-                if (rs != null) {
-                    rs.close();
-                }
-            } catch (SQLException ignored) {}
-
-            try {
-                if (pstmt != null) {
-                    pstmt.close();
-                }
-            } catch (SQLException ignored) {}
-
-            try {
-                if (conn != null) {
-                    conn.close();
-                }
-            } catch (SQLException ignored) {}
-        }
+        return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql,getUserRowMapper(), id);
     }
 
     public User findByAccount(final String account) {
-        // todo
-        return null;
+        String sql = "SELECT id, account, password, email FROM users WHERE account = ?";
+        return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, getUserRowMapper(), account);
+    }
+
+    private RowMapper<User> getUserRowMapper() {
+        return (rs, rowNum) ->
+                new User(
+                        rs.getLong("id"),
+                        rs.getString("account"),
+                        rs.getString("password"),
+                        rs.getString("email")
+                );
     }
 }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/dao/UserHistoryDao.java b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/dao/UserHistoryDao.java
index a506912cf4..edb4338caa 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/dao/UserHistoryDao.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/com/techcourse/dao/UserHistoryDao.java
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package com.techcourse.dao;
 
 import com.techcourse.domain.UserHistory;
-import nextstep.jdbc.JdbcTemplate;
+import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
diff --git a/app/src/test/java/com/techcourse/service/MockUserHistoryDao.java b/app/src/test/java/com/techcourse/service/MockUserHistoryDao.java
index da3f2cee4b..2ee12b195f 100644
--- a/app/src/test/java/com/techcourse/service/MockUserHistoryDao.java
+++ b/app/src/test/java/com/techcourse/service/MockUserHistoryDao.java
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 import com.techcourse.dao.UserHistoryDao;
 import com.techcourse.domain.UserHistory;
-import nextstep.jdbc.DataAccessException;
-import nextstep.jdbc.JdbcTemplate;
+import org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException;
+import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
 
 public class MockUserHistoryDao extends UserHistoryDao {
 
diff --git a/app/src/test/java/com/techcourse/service/UserServiceTest.java b/app/src/test/java/com/techcourse/service/UserServiceTest.java
index a22c3c7a82..255a0ebfe7 100644
--- a/app/src/test/java/com/techcourse/service/UserServiceTest.java
+++ b/app/src/test/java/com/techcourse/service/UserServiceTest.java
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 import com.techcourse.dao.UserHistoryDao;
 import com.techcourse.domain.User;
 import com.techcourse.support.jdbc.init.DatabasePopulatorUtils;
-import nextstep.jdbc.DataAccessException;
-import nextstep.jdbc.JdbcTemplate;
+import org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException;
+import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
diff --git a/build.gradle b/build.gradle
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd90bc151f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build.gradle
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+plugins {
+    id "java"
+    id "jacoco"
+    id "org.sonarqube" version "4.2.1.3168"
+}
+
+subprojects {
+    apply plugin: 'org.sonarqube'
+    sonar {
+        properties {
+            property 'sonar.coverage.jacoco.xmlReportPaths', "$projectDir.parentFile.path/build/reports/jacoco/codeCoverageReport/codeCoverageReport.xml"
+        }
+    }
+
+    tasks.withType(Test).configureEach {
+        maxParallelForks 3
+        useJUnitPlatform()
+    }
+}
+
+apply from: "$project.rootDir/sonar.gradle"
+
+// $ ./gradlew test codeCoverageReport
+tasks.register("codeCoverageReport", JacocoReport) {
+    // If a subproject applies the 'jacoco' plugin, add the result it to the report
+    subprojects { subproject ->
+        subproject.plugins.withType(JacocoPlugin).configureEach {
+            subproject.tasks.matching({ t -> t.extensions.findByType(JacocoTaskExtension) }).configureEach { testTask ->
+                //the jacoco extension may be disabled for some projects
+                if (testTask.extensions.getByType(JacocoTaskExtension).isEnabled()) {
+                    sourceSets subproject.sourceSets.main
+                    executionData(testTask)
+                } else {
+                    logger.warn('Jacoco extension is disabled for test task \'{}\' in project \'{}\'. this test task will be excluded from jacoco report.',testTask.getName(),subproject.getName())
+                }
+            }
+
+            subproject.tasks.matching({ t -> t.extensions.findByType(JacocoTaskExtension) }).forEach {
+                rootProject.tasks.codeCoverageReport.dependsOn(it)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // enable the different report types (html, xml, csv)
+    reports {
+        xml.required = true
+        html.required = true
+        html.outputLocation = layout.buildDirectory.dir('jacocoHtml')
+    }
+}
diff --git a/jdbc/build.gradle b/jdbc/build.gradle
index c5f680359c..83f293f626 100644
--- a/jdbc/build.gradle
+++ b/jdbc/build.gradle
@@ -1,26 +1,22 @@
 plugins {
-    id 'java'
+    id "java"
+    id "jacoco"
 }
 
+sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
+targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
+
 repositories {
     mavenCentral()
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation 'org.springframework:spring-tx:5.3.23'
-    implementation 'org.springframework:spring-jdbc:5.3.23'
-
-    implementation 'org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.12.0'
-    implementation 'ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.10'
-
-    implementation 'org.reflections:reflections:0.10.2'
-
-    testImplementation 'org.assertj:assertj-core:3.22.0'
-    testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.8.1'
-    testImplementation 'org.mockito:mockito-core:3.+'
-    testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.8.1'
-}
+    implementation "org.reflections:reflections:0.10.2"
+    implementation "org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.13.0"
+    implementation "ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.12"
 
-test {
-    useJUnitPlatform()
+    testImplementation "org.assertj:assertj-core:3.24.2"
+    testImplementation "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.7.2"
+    testImplementation "org.mockito:mockito-core:5.4.0"
+    testRuntimeOnly "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.7.2"
 }
diff --git a/jdbc/src/main/java/nextstep/jdbc/JdbcTemplate.java b/jdbc/src/main/java/nextstep/jdbc/JdbcTemplate.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 613a588a93..0000000000
--- a/jdbc/src/main/java/nextstep/jdbc/JdbcTemplate.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-package nextstep.jdbc;
-
-import org.slf4j.Logger;
-import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
-
-import javax.sql.DataSource;
-
-public class JdbcTemplate {
-
-    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JdbcTemplate.class);
-
-    private final DataSource dataSource;
-
-    public JdbcTemplate(final DataSource dataSource) {
-        this.dataSource = dataSource;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/dao/DataAccessException.java b/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/dao/DataAccessException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f81f3ede9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/dao/DataAccessException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package org.springframework.dao;
+
+public class DataAccessException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    public DataAccessException() {
+        super();
+    }
+
+    public DataAccessException(String message, Throwable cause, boolean enableSuppression, boolean writableStackTrace) {
+        super(message, cause, enableSuppression, writableStackTrace);
+    }
+
+    public DataAccessException(String message, Throwable cause) {
+        super(message, cause);
+    }
+
+    public DataAccessException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+
+    public DataAccessException(Throwable cause) {
+        super(cause);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/CannotGetJdbcConnectionException.java b/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/CannotGetJdbcConnectionException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5c3bcd010
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/CannotGetJdbcConnectionException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package org.springframework.jdbc;
+
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+public class CannotGetJdbcConnectionException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    public CannotGetJdbcConnectionException(String msg) {
+        super(msg);
+    }
+
+    public CannotGetJdbcConnectionException(String msg, SQLException ex) {
+        super(msg, ex);
+    }
+
+    public CannotGetJdbcConnectionException(String msg, IllegalStateException ex) {
+        super(msg, ex);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/core/JdbcTemplate.java b/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/core/JdbcTemplate.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54f20dd461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/core/JdbcTemplate.java
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+package org.springframework.jdbc.core;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+public class JdbcTemplate {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JdbcTemplate.class);
+
+    private final DataSource dataSource;
+
+    public JdbcTemplate(final DataSource dataSource) {
+        this.dataSource = dataSource;
+    }
+
+    public void update(String sql, Object... arguments) {
+        try (Connection conn = dataSource.getConnection();
+             PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql)) {
+            log.debug("query : {}", sql);
+            setArguments(pstmt, arguments);
+            pstmt.executeUpdate();
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            log.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public <T> T queryForObject(String sql, RowMapper<T> rowMapper, Object... arguments) {
+        try (Connection conn = dataSource.getConnection();
+             PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql)) {
+            setArguments(pstmt, arguments);
+            log.debug("query : {}", sql);
+            try (ResultSet rs = pstmt.executeQuery()) {
+                if (rs.next()) {
+                    return rowMapper.getRow(rs, rs.getRow());
+                }
+            }
+            throw new NoSuchElementException();
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            log.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> query(String sql, RowMapper<T> rowMapper, Object... arguments) {
+        try (Connection conn = dataSource.getConnection();
+             PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql)) {
+            setArguments(pstmt, arguments);
+            log.debug("query : {}", sql);
+            List<T> results = new ArrayList<>();
+            try (ResultSet rs = pstmt.executeQuery()) {
+                while (rs.next()) {
+                    results.add(rowMapper.getRow(rs, rs.getRow()));
+                }
+                return results;
+            }
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            log.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setArguments(PreparedStatement pstmt, Object[] arguments) throws SQLException {
+        for (int i = 1; i < arguments.length + 1; i++) {
+            pstmt.setObject(i, arguments[i - 1]);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/core/RowMapper.java b/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/core/RowMapper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dfe54d6b2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/core/RowMapper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package org.springframework.jdbc.core;
+
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+@FunctionalInterface
+public interface RowMapper<T> {
+
+    T getRow(ResultSet rs, int rowNum) throws SQLException;
+}
diff --git a/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/datasource/DataSourceUtils.java b/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/datasource/DataSourceUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c40bfec52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/datasource/DataSourceUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package org.springframework.jdbc.datasource;
+
+import org.springframework.jdbc.CannotGetJdbcConnectionException;
+import org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronizationManager;
+
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+// 4단계 미션에서 사용할 것
+public abstract class DataSourceUtils {
+
+    private DataSourceUtils() {}
+
+    public static Connection getConnection(DataSource dataSource) throws CannotGetJdbcConnectionException {
+        Connection connection = TransactionSynchronizationManager.getResource(dataSource);
+        if (connection != null) {
+            return connection;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            connection = dataSource.getConnection();
+            TransactionSynchronizationManager.bindResource(dataSource, connection);
+            return connection;
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            throw new CannotGetJdbcConnectionException("Failed to obtain JDBC Connection", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void releaseConnection(Connection connection, DataSource dataSource) {
+        try {
+            connection.close();
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            throw new CannotGetJdbcConnectionException("Failed to close JDBC Connection");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/transaction/support/TransactionSynchronizationManager.java b/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/transaction/support/TransactionSynchronizationManager.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..715557fc66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/transaction/support/TransactionSynchronizationManager.java
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package org.springframework.transaction.support;
+
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public abstract class TransactionSynchronizationManager {
+
+    private static final ThreadLocal<Map<DataSource, Connection>> resources = new ThreadLocal<>();
+
+    private TransactionSynchronizationManager() {}
+
+    public static Connection getResource(DataSource key) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static void bindResource(DataSource key, Connection value) {
+    }
+
+    public static Connection unbindResource(DataSource key) {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/jdbc/src/test/java/nextstep/jdbc/JdbcTemplateTest.java b/jdbc/src/test/java/nextstep/jdbc/JdbcTemplateTest.java
index 040f689480..d777c8becf 100644
--- a/jdbc/src/test/java/nextstep/jdbc/JdbcTemplateTest.java
+++ b/jdbc/src/test/java/nextstep/jdbc/JdbcTemplateTest.java
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 
 class JdbcTemplateTest {
 
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/mvc/build.gradle b/mvc/build.gradle
index 7c7b100327..8cdd011952 100644
--- a/mvc/build.gradle
+++ b/mvc/build.gradle
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 plugins {
-    id 'java'
+    id "java"
+    id "jacoco"
 }
 
 sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
@@ -10,25 +11,21 @@ repositories {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation 'jakarta.servlet:jakarta.servlet-api:5.0.0'
-    implementation 'javax.servlet.jsp:javax.servlet.jsp-api:2.3.3'
-    implementation 'jakarta.servlet.jsp.jstl:jakarta.servlet.jsp.jstl-api:3.0.0'
-    implementation 'jakarta.annotation:jakarta.annotation-api:2.0.0'
-    annotationProcessor 'jakarta.annotation:jakarta.annotation-api:2.0.0'
+    implementation "jakarta.servlet:jakarta.servlet-api:5.0.0"
+    implementation "javax.servlet.jsp:javax.servlet.jsp-api:2.3.3"
+    implementation "jakarta.servlet.jsp.jstl:jakarta.servlet.jsp.jstl-api:3.0.0"
+    implementation "jakarta.annotation:jakarta.annotation-api:2.0.0"
+    annotationProcessor "jakarta.annotation:jakarta.annotation-api:2.0.0"
 
-    implementation 'org.reflections:reflections:0.10.2'
+    implementation "org.reflections:reflections:0.10.2"
 
-    implementation 'com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:2.13.4'
+    implementation "com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:2.15.2"
 
-    implementation 'org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.12.0'
-    implementation 'ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.10'
+    implementation "org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.13.0"
+    implementation "ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.12"
 
-    testImplementation 'org.assertj:assertj-core:3.22.0'
-    testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.8.1'
-    testImplementation 'org.mockito:mockito-core:3.+'
-    testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.8.1'
-}
-
-test {
-    useJUnitPlatform()
+    testImplementation "org.assertj:assertj-core:3.24.2"
+    testImplementation "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.7.2"
+    testImplementation "org.mockito:mockito-core:5.4.0"
+    testRuntimeOnly "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.7.2"
 }
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/annotation/Controller.java b/mvc/src/main/java/context/org/springframework/stereotype/Controller.java
similarity index 87%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/annotation/Controller.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/context/org/springframework/stereotype/Controller.java
index cb264235b4..ef7379b54a 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/annotation/Controller.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/context/org/springframework/stereotype/Controller.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.web.annotation;
+package context.org.springframework.stereotype;
 
 import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
 import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/core/org/springframework/util/ReflectionUtils.java b/mvc/src/main/java/core/org/springframework/util/ReflectionUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e89c1743f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/core/org/springframework/util/ReflectionUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package core.org.springframework.util;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+
+public abstract class ReflectionUtils {
+
+    /**
+     * Obtain an accessible constructor for the given class and parameters.
+     * @param clazz the clazz to check
+     * @param parameterTypes the parameter types of the desired constructor
+     * @return the constructor reference
+     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if no such constructor exists
+     * @since 5.0
+     */
+    public static <T> Constructor<T> accessibleConstructor(Class<T> clazz, Class<?>... parameterTypes)
+            throws NoSuchMethodException {
+
+        Constructor<T> ctor = clazz.getDeclaredConstructor(parameterTypes);
+        makeAccessible(ctor);
+        return ctor;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make the given constructor accessible, explicitly setting it accessible
+     * if necessary. The {@code setAccessible(true)} method is only called
+     * when actually necessary, to avoid unnecessary conflicts.
+     * @param ctor the constructor to make accessible
+     * @see Constructor#setAccessible
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+    public static void makeAccessible(Constructor<?> ctor) {
+        if ((!Modifier.isPublic(ctor.getModifiers()) ||
+                !Modifier.isPublic(ctor.getDeclaringClass().getModifiers())) && !ctor.isAccessible()) {
+            ctor.setAccessible(true);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/support/MediaType.java b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/http/MediaType.java
similarity index 76%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/support/MediaType.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/http/MediaType.java
index f881e02174..3a31f51d33 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/support/MediaType.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/http/MediaType.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.web.support;
+package web.org.springframework.http;
 
 public class MediaType {
     public static final String APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8_VALUE = "application/json;charset=UTF-8";
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/NextstepServletContainerInitializer.java b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/SpringServletContainerInitializer.java
similarity index 76%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/NextstepServletContainerInitializer.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/SpringServletContainerInitializer.java
index 3e79b34b6a..b0e900ad6e 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/NextstepServletContainerInitializer.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/SpringServletContainerInitializer.java
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-package nextstep.web;
+package web.org.springframework.web;
 
+import core.org.springframework.util.ReflectionUtils;
 import jakarta.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer;
 import jakarta.servlet.ServletContext;
 import jakarta.servlet.ServletException;
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@
 import java.util.Set;
 
 @HandlesTypes(WebApplicationInitializer.class)
-public class NextstepServletContainerInitializer implements ServletContainerInitializer {
+public class SpringServletContainerInitializer implements ServletContainerInitializer {
 
     @Override
     public void onStartup(Set<Class<?>> webAppInitializerClasses, ServletContext servletContext)
@@ -20,9 +21,10 @@ public void onStartup(Set<Class<?>> webAppInitializerClasses, ServletContext ser
         if (webAppInitializerClasses != null) {
             for (Class<?> waiClass : webAppInitializerClasses) {
                 try {
-                    initializers.add((WebApplicationInitializer) waiClass.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance());
-                } catch (Throwable e) {
-                    throw new ServletException("Failed to instantiate WebApplicationInitializer class", e);
+                    initializers.add((WebApplicationInitializer)
+                            ReflectionUtils.accessibleConstructor(waiClass).newInstance());
+                } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                    throw new ServletException("Failed to instantiate WebApplicationInitializer class", ex);
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/WebApplicationInitializer.java b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/WebApplicationInitializer.java
similarity index 84%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/WebApplicationInitializer.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/WebApplicationInitializer.java
index 60e6a89543..4b9b7d893d 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/WebApplicationInitializer.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/WebApplicationInitializer.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.web;
+package web.org.springframework.web;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.ServletContext;
 import jakarta.servlet.ServletException;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/annotation/PathVariable.java b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/bind/annotation/PathVariable.java
similarity index 82%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/annotation/PathVariable.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/bind/annotation/PathVariable.java
index 4f2a9b50a5..ceefd548e1 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/annotation/PathVariable.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/bind/annotation/PathVariable.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.web.annotation;
+package web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation;
 
 import java.lang.annotation.*;
 
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/annotation/RequestMapping.java b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/bind/annotation/RequestMapping.java
similarity index 82%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/annotation/RequestMapping.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/bind/annotation/RequestMapping.java
index bb8c9e6e7b..6a09dfa0c4 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/annotation/RequestMapping.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/bind/annotation/RequestMapping.java
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.web.annotation;
-
-import nextstep.web.support.RequestMethod;
+package web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation;
 
 import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
 import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/support/RequestMethod.java b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/bind/annotation/RequestMethod.java
similarity index 62%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/support/RequestMethod.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/bind/annotation/RequestMethod.java
index 1f37f21d5a..1dd958bd23 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/support/RequestMethod.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/bind/annotation/RequestMethod.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.web.support;
+package web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation;
 
 public enum RequestMethod {
     GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, OPTIONS, TRACE
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/annotation/RequestParam.java b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/bind/annotation/RequestParam.java
similarity index 82%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/annotation/RequestParam.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/bind/annotation/RequestParam.java
index 2813247c4a..5b3be4cedc 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/web/annotation/RequestParam.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/web/org/springframework/web/bind/annotation/RequestParam.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.web.annotation;
+package web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation;
 
 import java.lang.annotation.*;
 
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/view/ModelAndView.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/ModelAndView.java
similarity index 93%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/view/ModelAndView.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/ModelAndView.java
index cb172084b3..ff8e24553f 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/view/ModelAndView.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/ModelAndView.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.view;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet;
 
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.HashMap;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/view/View.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/View.java
similarity index 85%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/view/View.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/View.java
index f8cd1dba1a..ec335db0a0 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/view/View.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/View.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.view;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/DispatcherServlet.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/DispatcherServlet.java
similarity index 95%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/DispatcherServlet.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/DispatcherServlet.java
index e68ca5f32c..c8d74cf60b 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/DispatcherServlet.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/DispatcherServlet.java
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-package nextstep.mvc;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.ServletException;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.ModelAndView;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerAdapter.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerAdapter.java
similarity index 73%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerAdapter.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerAdapter.java
index ebecdd2e1f..4475d5a206 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerAdapter.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerAdapter.java
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-package nextstep.mvc;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc;
 
-import nextstep.mvc.view.ModelAndView;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerAdapterRegistry.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerAdapterRegistry.java
similarity index 91%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerAdapterRegistry.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerAdapterRegistry.java
index cbf1a9810a..bd960168db 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerAdapterRegistry.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerAdapterRegistry.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.mvc;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerExecutor.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerExecutor.java
similarity index 85%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerExecutor.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerExecutor.java
index abd7cba029..2ac3daddaf 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerExecutor.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerExecutor.java
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-package nextstep.mvc;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.ModelAndView;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
 
 public class HandlerExecutor {
 
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerMapping.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerMapping.java
similarity index 76%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerMapping.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerMapping.java
index 9c1f61f239..667715f716 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerMapping.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerMapping.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.mvc;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerMappingRegistry.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerMappingRegistry.java
similarity index 92%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerMappingRegistry.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerMappingRegistry.java
index 608fa6e86f..edc8430332 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/HandlerMappingRegistry.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/HandlerMappingRegistry.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.mvc;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/asis/Controller.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/asis/Controller.java
similarity index 80%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/asis/Controller.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/asis/Controller.java
index b0edabf3fb..bdd1fde780 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/asis/Controller.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/asis/Controller.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.controller.asis;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.asis;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/asis/ControllerHandlerAdapter.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/asis/ControllerHandlerAdapter.java
similarity index 70%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/asis/ControllerHandlerAdapter.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/asis/ControllerHandlerAdapter.java
index 9faf37411f..6c02851b91 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/asis/ControllerHandlerAdapter.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/asis/ControllerHandlerAdapter.java
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.controller.asis;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.asis;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
-import nextstep.mvc.HandlerAdapter;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.JspView;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.ModelAndView;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.HandlerAdapter;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JspView;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
 
 public class ControllerHandlerAdapter implements HandlerAdapter {
 
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/asis/ForwardController.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/asis/ForwardController.java
similarity index 89%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/asis/ForwardController.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/asis/ForwardController.java
index ed0f08d940..cd8f1ef371 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/asis/ForwardController.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/asis/ForwardController.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.controller.asis;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.asis;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/AnnotationHandlerMapping.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/AnnotationHandlerMapping.java
similarity index 92%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/AnnotationHandlerMapping.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/AnnotationHandlerMapping.java
index af90da57b1..5505b3eb2b 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/AnnotationHandlerMapping.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/AnnotationHandlerMapping.java
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.controller.tobe;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.tobe;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
-import nextstep.mvc.HandlerMapping;
-import nextstep.web.annotation.RequestMapping;
-import nextstep.web.support.RequestMethod;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.HandlerMapping;
+import web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
 import org.reflections.ReflectionUtils;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/ControllerScanner.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/ControllerScanner.java
similarity index 91%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/ControllerScanner.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/ControllerScanner.java
index d96ff1f849..4ced894a3d 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/ControllerScanner.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/ControllerScanner.java
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.controller.tobe;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.tobe;
 
-import nextstep.web.annotation.Controller;
+import context.org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
 import org.reflections.Reflections;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/HandlerExecution.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/HandlerExecution.java
similarity index 90%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/HandlerExecution.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/HandlerExecution.java
index 2d4bceb977..22fa2dd98c 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/HandlerExecution.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/HandlerExecution.java
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.controller.tobe;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.tobe;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.ModelAndView;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/HandlerExecutionHandlerAdapter.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/HandlerExecutionHandlerAdapter.java
similarity index 74%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/HandlerExecutionHandlerAdapter.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/HandlerExecutionHandlerAdapter.java
index 8d10ec2324..071cb6dcf0 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/HandlerExecutionHandlerAdapter.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/HandlerExecutionHandlerAdapter.java
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.controller.tobe;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.tobe;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
-import nextstep.mvc.HandlerAdapter;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.ModelAndView;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.HandlerAdapter;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
 
 public class HandlerExecutionHandlerAdapter implements HandlerAdapter {
 
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/HandlerKey.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/HandlerKey.java
similarity index 86%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/HandlerKey.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/HandlerKey.java
index 66f14a9deb..ce758bbdc1 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/HandlerKey.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/HandlerKey.java
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.controller.tobe;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.tobe;
 
-import nextstep.web.support.RequestMethod;
+import web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
 
 import java.util.Objects;
 
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/view/JsonView.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/view/JsonView.java
similarity index 89%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/view/JsonView.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/view/JsonView.java
index b24ab650fd..63c5684044 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/view/JsonView.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/view/JsonView.java
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.view;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.view;
 
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
 import jakarta.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
-import nextstep.web.support.MediaType;
+import web.org.springframework.http.MediaType;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.View;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.Map;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/view/JspView.java b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/view/JspView.java
similarity index 92%
rename from mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/view/JspView.java
rename to mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/view/JspView.java
index 63c65c9f6b..c61ee1846c 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/java/nextstep/mvc/view/JspView.java
+++ b/mvc/src/main/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/view/JspView.java
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.view;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.view;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.View;
 
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
diff --git a/mvc/src/main/resources/META-INF/services/jakarta.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer b/mvc/src/main/resources/META-INF/services/jakarta.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer
index b9002355ee..d98fc63525 100644
--- a/mvc/src/main/resources/META-INF/services/jakarta.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer
+++ b/mvc/src/main/resources/META-INF/services/jakarta.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer
@@ -1 +1 @@
-nextstep.web.NextstepServletContainerInitializer
\ No newline at end of file
+web.org.springframework.web.SpringServletContainerInitializer
diff --git a/mvc/src/test/java/samples/TestController.java b/mvc/src/test/java/samples/TestController.java
index 49d81be351..fbed040d78 100644
--- a/mvc/src/test/java/samples/TestController.java
+++ b/mvc/src/test/java/samples/TestController.java
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.JspView;
-import nextstep.mvc.view.ModelAndView;
-import nextstep.web.annotation.Controller;
-import nextstep.web.annotation.RequestMapping;
-import nextstep.web.support.RequestMethod;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JspView;
+import webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
+import context.org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
+import web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import web.org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
diff --git a/mvc/src/test/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/AnnotationHandlerMappingTest.java b/mvc/src/test/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/AnnotationHandlerMappingTest.java
similarity index 96%
rename from mvc/src/test/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/AnnotationHandlerMappingTest.java
rename to mvc/src/test/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/AnnotationHandlerMappingTest.java
index 110a45bab1..af8907e236 100644
--- a/mvc/src/test/java/nextstep/mvc/controller/tobe/AnnotationHandlerMappingTest.java
+++ b/mvc/src/test/java/webmvc/org/springframework/web/servlet/mvc/tobe/AnnotationHandlerMappingTest.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package nextstep.mvc.controller.tobe;
+package webmvc.org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.tobe;
 
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
diff --git a/settings.gradle b/settings.gradle
index f19833b340..df1d532345 100644
--- a/settings.gradle
+++ b/settings.gradle
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 rootProject.name = 'jwp-dashboard-jdbc'
-
 include 'jdbc'
 include 'mvc'
 include 'app'
+include 'study'
diff --git a/sonar.gradle b/sonar.gradle
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..249f388452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sonar.gradle
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+apply plugin: "org.sonarqube"
+
+sonar {
+    properties {
+        property "sonar.projectKey", "woowacourse_jwp-dashboard-jdbc"
+        property "sonar.organization", "woowacourse"
+        property "sonar.host.url", "https://sonarcloud.io"
+
+        property "sonar.exclusions", "study/**"
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/build.gradle b/study/build.gradle
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7aff0460e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/build.gradle
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+plugins {
+    id "org.springframework.boot" version "2.7.4"
+    id "io.spring.dependency-management" version "1.0.11.RELEASE"
+    id "java"
+}
+
+group "nextstep"
+version "1.0-SNAPSHOT"
+
+sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
+targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
+
+repositories {
+    mavenCentral()
+}
+
+dependencies {
+    implementation "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web:2.7.14"
+    implementation "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jdbc:2.7.14"
+    implementation "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-jpa:2.7.14"
+
+    implementation "com.h2database:h2:2.2.220"
+    implementation "org.testcontainers:mysql:1.17.3"
+
+    implementation "org.reflections:reflections:0.10.2"
+    implementation "ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:1.2.12"
+    implementation "org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.13.0"
+
+    testImplementation "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test:2.7.14"
+    testImplementation "org.assertj:assertj-core:3.24.2"
+    testImplementation "org.mockito:mockito-core:5.4.0"
+    testImplementation "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.7.2"
+    testImplementation "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.7.2"
+    testImplementation "mysql:mysql-connector-java:8.0.30"
+}
+
+test {
+    maxParallelForks 3
+    useJUnitPlatform()
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/aop/App.java b/study/src/main/java/aop/App.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9af82bd63f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/aop/App.java
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package aop;
+
+import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
+import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
+
+@SpringBootApplication
+public class App {
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/jdbc/src/main/java/nextstep/jdbc/DataAccessException.java b/study/src/main/java/aop/DataAccessException.java
similarity index 96%
rename from jdbc/src/main/java/nextstep/jdbc/DataAccessException.java
rename to study/src/main/java/aop/DataAccessException.java
index ac0e0a3a3b..9fd069c493 100644
--- a/jdbc/src/main/java/nextstep/jdbc/DataAccessException.java
+++ b/study/src/main/java/aop/DataAccessException.java
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-package nextstep.jdbc;
+package aop;
 
 public class DataAccessException extends RuntimeException {
-
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
     public DataAccessException() {
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/aop/Transactional.java b/study/src/main/java/aop/Transactional.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9b91810c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/aop/Transactional.java
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package aop;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.*;
+
+@Target({ElementType.METHOD})
+@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
+@Inherited
+@Documented
+public @interface Transactional {
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/aop/config/DataSourceConfig.java b/study/src/main/java/aop/config/DataSourceConfig.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d64fc2ca2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/aop/config/DataSourceConfig.java
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package aop.config;
+
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.embedded.EmbeddedDatabaseBuilder;
+import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.embedded.EmbeddedDatabaseType;
+
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+
+@Configuration
+public class DataSourceConfig {
+
+    @Bean
+    public DataSource dataSource() {
+        return new EmbeddedDatabaseBuilder()
+                .setType(EmbeddedDatabaseType.H2)
+                .setName("test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1;MODE=MYSQL;")
+                .addScript("classpath:schema.sql")
+                .build();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/aop/domain/User.java b/study/src/main/java/aop/domain/User.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb8f4d80c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/aop/domain/User.java
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package aop.domain;
+
+public class User {
+
+    private Long id;
+    private final String account;
+    private String password;
+    private final String email;
+
+    public User(long id, String account, String password, String email) {
+        this.id = id;
+        this.account = account;
+        this.password = password;
+        this.email = email;
+    }
+
+    public User(String account, String password, String email) {
+        this.account = account;
+        this.password = password;
+        this.email = email;
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkPassword(String password) {
+        return this.password.equals(password);
+    }
+
+    public void changePassword(String password) {
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    public String getAccount() {
+        return account;
+    }
+
+    public long getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    public String getEmail() {
+        return email;
+    }
+
+    public String getPassword() {
+        return password;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "User{" +
+                "id=" + id +
+                ", account='" + account + '\'' +
+                ", email='" + email + '\'' +
+                ", password='" + password + '\'' +
+                '}';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/aop/domain/UserHistory.java b/study/src/main/java/aop/domain/UserHistory.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13403450ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/aop/domain/UserHistory.java
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package aop.domain;
+
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+
+public class UserHistory {
+
+    private Long id;
+
+    private final long userId;
+    private final String account;
+    private final String password;
+    private final String email;
+
+    private final LocalDateTime createdAt;
+
+    private final String createBy;
+
+    public UserHistory(final User user, final String createBy) {
+        this(null, user.getId(), user.getAccount(), user.getPassword(), user.getEmail(), createBy);
+    }
+
+    public UserHistory(final Long id, final long userId, final String account, final String password, final String email, final String createBy) {
+        this.id = id;
+        this.userId = userId;
+        this.account = account;
+        this.password = password;
+        this.email = email;
+        this.createdAt = LocalDateTime.now();
+        this.createBy = createBy;
+    }
+
+    public Long getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    public long getUserId() {
+        return userId;
+    }
+
+    public String getAccount() {
+        return account;
+    }
+
+    public String getPassword() {
+        return password;
+    }
+
+    public String getEmail() {
+        return email;
+    }
+
+    public LocalDateTime getCreatedAt() {
+        return createdAt;
+    }
+
+    public String getCreateBy() {
+        return createBy;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/aop/repository/UserDao.java b/study/src/main/java/aop/repository/UserDao.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9463f7323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/aop/repository/UserDao.java
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package aop.repository;
+
+import aop.domain.User;
+import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
+import org.springframework.jdbc.core.RowMapper;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+@Repository
+public class UserDao {
+
+    private final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
+
+    public UserDao(final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) {
+        this.jdbcTemplate = jdbcTemplate;
+    }
+
+    public void insert(final User user) {
+        final var sql = "insert into users (account, password, email) values (?, ?, ?)";
+        jdbcTemplate.update(sql, user.getAccount(), user.getPassword(), user.getEmail());
+    }
+
+    public void update(final User user) {
+        final var sql = "update users set account = ?, password = ?, email = ? where id = ?";
+        jdbcTemplate.update(sql, user.getAccount(), user.getPassword(), user.getEmail(), user.getId());
+    }
+
+    public List<User> findAll() {
+        final var sql = "select id, account, password, email from users";
+        return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, createRowMapper());
+    }
+
+    public User findById(final Long id) {
+        final var sql = "select id, account, password, email from users where id = ?";
+        return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, createRowMapper(), id);
+    }
+
+    public User findByAccount(final String account) {
+        final var sql = "select id, account, password, email from users where account = ?";
+        return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, createRowMapper(), account);
+    }
+
+    private static RowMapper<User> createRowMapper() {
+        return (final var rs, final var i) -> new User(
+                rs.getLong("id"),
+                rs.getString("account"),
+                rs.getString("password"),
+                rs.getString("email"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/aop/repository/UserHistoryDao.java b/study/src/main/java/aop/repository/UserHistoryDao.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c5a28d050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/aop/repository/UserHistoryDao.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package aop.repository;
+
+import aop.domain.UserHistory;
+import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
+
+@Repository
+public class UserHistoryDao {
+
+    private final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
+
+    public UserHistoryDao(final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) {
+        this.jdbcTemplate = jdbcTemplate;
+    }
+
+    public void log(final UserHistory userHistory) {
+        final var sql = "insert into user_history (user_id, account, password, email, created_at, created_by) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
+        jdbcTemplate.update(sql,
+                userHistory.getUserId(),
+                userHistory.getAccount(),
+                userHistory.getPassword(),
+                userHistory.getEmail(),
+                userHistory.getCreatedAt(),
+                userHistory.getCreateBy()
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/aop/service/AppUserService.java b/study/src/main/java/aop/service/AppUserService.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cfa4de3b4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/aop/service/AppUserService.java
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package aop.service;
+
+import aop.Transactional;
+import aop.domain.User;
+import aop.domain.UserHistory;
+import aop.repository.UserDao;
+import aop.repository.UserHistoryDao;
+
+public class AppUserService implements UserService {
+
+    private final UserDao userDao;
+    private final UserHistoryDao userHistoryDao;
+
+    public AppUserService(final UserDao userDao, final UserHistoryDao userHistoryDao) {
+        this.userDao = userDao;
+        this.userHistoryDao = userHistoryDao;
+    }
+
+    @Transactional
+    public User findById(final long id) {
+        return userDao.findById(id);
+    }
+
+    @Transactional
+    public void insert(final User user) {
+        userDao.insert(user);
+    }
+
+    @Transactional
+    public void changePassword(final long id, final String newPassword, final String createBy) {
+        final var user = findById(id);
+        user.changePassword(newPassword);
+        userDao.update(user);
+        userHistoryDao.log(new UserHistory(user, createBy));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/aop/service/TxUserService.java b/study/src/main/java/aop/service/TxUserService.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3c65ddf6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/aop/service/TxUserService.java
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package aop.service;
+
+import aop.DataAccessException;
+import aop.domain.User;
+import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;
+import org.springframework.transaction.support.DefaultTransactionDefinition;
+
+public class TxUserService implements UserService {
+
+    private final PlatformTransactionManager transactionManager;
+    private final UserService userService;
+
+    public TxUserService(final PlatformTransactionManager transactionManager, final UserService userService) {
+        this.transactionManager = transactionManager;
+        this.userService = userService;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public User findById(final long id) {
+        return userService.findById(id);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void insert(final User user) {
+        userService.insert(user);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void changePassword(final long id, final String newPassword, final String createBy) {
+        /* ===== 트랜잭션 영역 ===== */
+        final var transactionStatus = transactionManager.getTransaction(new DefaultTransactionDefinition());
+
+        try {
+        /* ===== 트랜잭션 영역 ===== */
+
+        /* ===== 애플리케이션 영역 ===== */
+            userService.changePassword(id, newPassword, createBy);
+        /* ===== 애플리케이션 영역 ===== */
+
+        /* ===== 트랜잭션 영역 ===== */
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            transactionManager.rollback(transactionStatus);
+            throw new DataAccessException(e);
+        }
+        transactionManager.commit(transactionStatus);
+        /* ===== 트랜잭션 영역 ===== */
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/aop/service/UserService.java b/study/src/main/java/aop/service/UserService.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ce24e21b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/aop/service/UserService.java
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package aop.service;
+
+
+import aop.domain.User;
+
+public interface UserService {
+
+    User findById(final long id);
+    void insert(final User user);
+
+    void changePassword(final long id, final String newPassword, final String createBy);
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/connectionpool/App.java b/study/src/main/java/connectionpool/App.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3deb1fde16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/connectionpool/App.java
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package connectionpool;
+
+import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
+import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
+
+@SpringBootApplication
+public class App {
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/connectionpool/DataSourceConfig.java b/study/src/main/java/connectionpool/DataSourceConfig.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d2c3e6b7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/connectionpool/DataSourceConfig.java
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package connectionpool;
+
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+
+@Configuration
+public class DataSourceConfig {
+
+    public static final int MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE = 5;
+    private static final String H2_URL = "jdbc:h2:./test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1";
+    private static final String USER = "sa";
+    private static final String PASSWORD = "";
+
+
+    @Bean
+    public DataSource hikariDataSource() {
+        final var hikariConfig = new HikariConfig();
+        hikariConfig.setPoolName("gugu");
+        hikariConfig.setJdbcUrl(H2_URL);
+        hikariConfig.setUsername(USER);
+        hikariConfig.setPassword(PASSWORD);
+        hikariConfig.setMaximumPoolSize(MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE);
+        hikariConfig.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        hikariConfig.addDataSourceProperty("cachePrepStmts", "true");
+        hikariConfig.addDataSourceProperty("prepStmtCacheSize", "250");
+        hikariConfig.addDataSourceProperty("prepStmtCacheSqlLimit", "2048");
+
+        return new HikariDataSource(hikariConfig);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/transaction/App.java b/study/src/main/java/transaction/App.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..49b07ffd2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/transaction/App.java
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package transaction;
+
+import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
+import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
+
+@SpringBootApplication
+public class App {
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/transaction/ConsumerWrapper.java b/study/src/main/java/transaction/ConsumerWrapper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be9d1b9678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/transaction/ConsumerWrapper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package transaction;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+
+public final class ConsumerWrapper {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ConsumerWrapper.class);
+
+    public static <T> Consumer<T> accept(ThrowingConsumer<T, Exception> consumer) {
+        return i -> {
+            try {
+                consumer.accept(i);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                log.error(e.getMessage(), e.getCause());
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private ConsumerWrapper() {}
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/transaction/DatabasePopulatorUtils.java b/study/src/main/java/transaction/DatabasePopulatorUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..84195470d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/transaction/DatabasePopulatorUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package transaction;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+
+public class DatabasePopulatorUtils {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabasePopulatorUtils.class);
+
+    public static void execute(final DataSource dataSource) {
+        Connection connection = null;
+        Statement statement = null;
+        try {
+            final var url = DatabasePopulatorUtils.class.getClassLoader().getResource("schema.sql");
+            final var file = new File(url.getFile());
+            final var sql = Files.readString(file.toPath());
+            connection = dataSource.getConnection();
+            statement = connection.createStatement();
+            statement.execute(sql);
+        } catch (NullPointerException | IOException | SQLException e) {
+            log.error(e.getMessage(), e.getCause());
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                if (statement != null) {
+                    statement.close();
+                }
+            } catch (SQLException ignored) {}
+
+            try {
+                if (connection != null) {
+                    connection.close();
+                }
+            } catch (SQLException ignored) {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    private DatabasePopulatorUtils() {}
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/transaction/FunctionWrapper.java b/study/src/main/java/transaction/FunctionWrapper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e1e35fff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/transaction/FunctionWrapper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package transaction;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+public class FunctionWrapper {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FunctionWrapper.class);
+
+    public static <T, R> Function<T, R> apply(ThrowingFunction<T, R, Exception> function) {
+        return i -> {
+            try {
+                return function.apply(i);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                log.error(e.getMessage(), e.getCause());
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private FunctionWrapper() {}
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/transaction/RunnableWrapper.java b/study/src/main/java/transaction/RunnableWrapper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67515998d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/transaction/RunnableWrapper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package transaction;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+public final class RunnableWrapper {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RunnableWrapper.class);
+
+    public static Runnable accept(ThrowingRunnable<Exception> runnable) {
+        return () -> {
+            try {
+                runnable.run();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                log.error(e.getMessage(), e.getCause());
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private RunnableWrapper() {}
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/transaction/ThrowingConsumer.java b/study/src/main/java/transaction/ThrowingConsumer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..655f65e01d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/transaction/ThrowingConsumer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package transaction;
+
+@FunctionalInterface
+public interface ThrowingConsumer<T, E extends Exception> {
+    void accept(T t) throws E;
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/transaction/ThrowingFunction.java b/study/src/main/java/transaction/ThrowingFunction.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..466bed0279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/transaction/ThrowingFunction.java
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package transaction;
+
+@FunctionalInterface
+public interface ThrowingFunction<T, R, E extends Exception> {
+    R apply(T t) throws E;
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/java/transaction/ThrowingRunnable.java b/study/src/main/java/transaction/ThrowingRunnable.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b121bac040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/java/transaction/ThrowingRunnable.java
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package transaction;
+
+@FunctionalInterface
+public interface ThrowingRunnable<E extends Exception> {
+    void run() throws E;
+}
diff --git a/study/src/main/resources/application.yml b/study/src/main/resources/application.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9451e1013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/resources/application.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+spring:
+  jpa:
+    open-in-view: false
+    show-sql: true
+    generate-ddl: true
+    hibernate:
+      ddl-auto: create-drop # 주의! 로컬 테스트에서만 사용한다.
+  datasource:
+    hikari:
+      jdbc-url: jdbc:h2:./test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1;MODE=MYSQL; # TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT=3; # h2에서 출력하는 트랜잭션 로그 확인할 때 사용
+      username: sa
+      password:
+
+# 스프링에서 출력하는 트랜잭션 로그를 직접 보고 싶으면 아래 주석 해제
+#logging:
+#  level:
+#    org.springframework.transaction.interceptor: TRACE
+#    org.springframework.transaction.support: DEBUG
diff --git a/study/src/main/resources/schema.sql b/study/src/main/resources/schema.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf9c44ac95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/main/resources/schema.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (
+    id BIGINT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
+    account VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
+    password VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
+    email VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL
+) ENGINE=INNODB;
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_history (
+    id BIGINT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
+    user_id BIGINT NOT NULL,
+    account VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
+    password VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
+    email VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
+    created_at DATETIME NOT NULL,
+    created_by VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL
+) ENGINE=INNODB;
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/aop/StubUserHistoryDao.java b/study/src/test/java/aop/StubUserHistoryDao.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c74f14a29c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/aop/StubUserHistoryDao.java
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package aop;
+
+import aop.domain.UserHistory;
+import aop.repository.UserHistoryDao;
+import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
+
+@Repository
+public class StubUserHistoryDao extends UserHistoryDao {
+
+    public StubUserHistoryDao(final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) {
+        super(jdbcTemplate);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void log(final UserHistory userHistory) {
+        throw new DataAccessException();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/aop/stage0/Stage0Test.java b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage0/Stage0Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..079cc6b5a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage0/Stage0Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package aop.stage0;
+
+import aop.DataAccessException;
+import aop.StubUserHistoryDao;
+import aop.domain.User;
+import aop.repository.UserDao;
+import aop.repository.UserHistoryDao;
+import aop.service.AppUserService;
+import aop.service.UserService;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
+import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment;
+
+@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
+class Stage0Test {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Stage0Test.class);
+
+    @Autowired
+    private UserDao userDao;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private UserHistoryDao userHistoryDao;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private StubUserHistoryDao stubUserHistoryDao;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private PlatformTransactionManager platformTransactionManager;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() {
+        final var user = new User("gugu", "password", "hkkang@woowahan.com");
+        userDao.insert(user);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testChangePassword() {
+        final var appUserService = new AppUserService(userDao, userHistoryDao);
+        final UserService userService = null;
+
+        final var newPassword = "qqqqq";
+        final var createBy = "gugu";
+        userService.changePassword(1L, newPassword, createBy);
+
+        final var actual = userService.findById(1L);
+
+        assertThat(actual.getPassword()).isEqualTo(newPassword);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testTransactionRollback() {
+        final var appUserService = new AppUserService(userDao, stubUserHistoryDao);
+        final UserService userService = null;
+
+        final var newPassword = "newPassword";
+        final var createBy = "gugu";
+        assertThrows(DataAccessException.class,
+                () -> userService.changePassword(1L, newPassword, createBy));
+
+        final var actual = userService.findById(1L);
+
+        assertThat(actual.getPassword()).isNotEqualTo(newPassword);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/aop/stage0/TransactionHandler.java b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage0/TransactionHandler.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2aa8445aba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage0/TransactionHandler.java
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package aop.stage0;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+
+public class TransactionHandler implements InvocationHandler {
+
+    /**
+     * @Transactional 어노테이션이 존재하는 메서드만 트랜잭션 기능을 적용하도록 만들어보자.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Object invoke(final Object proxy, final Method method, final Object[] args) throws Throwable {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/Stage1Test.java b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/Stage1Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..113b2e7d03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/Stage1Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package aop.stage1;
+
+import aop.DataAccessException;
+import aop.StubUserHistoryDao;
+import aop.domain.User;
+import aop.repository.UserDao;
+import aop.repository.UserHistoryDao;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
+import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
+@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
+class Stage1Test {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Stage1Test.class);
+
+    @Autowired
+    private UserDao userDao;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private UserHistoryDao userHistoryDao;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private StubUserHistoryDao stubUserHistoryDao;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private PlatformTransactionManager platformTransactionManager;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() {
+        final var user = new User("gugu", "password", "hkkang@woowahan.com");
+        userDao.insert(user);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testChangePassword() {
+        final UserService userService = null;
+
+        final var newPassword = "qqqqq";
+        final var createBy = "gugu";
+        userService.changePassword(1L, newPassword, createBy);
+
+        final var actual = userService.findById(1L);
+
+        assertThat(actual.getPassword()).isEqualTo(newPassword);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testTransactionRollback() {
+        final UserService userService = null;
+
+        final var newPassword = "newPassword";
+        final var createBy = "gugu";
+        assertThrows(DataAccessException.class,
+                () -> userService.changePassword(1L, newPassword, createBy));
+
+        final var actual = userService.findById(1L);
+
+        assertThat(actual.getPassword()).isNotEqualTo(newPassword);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/TransactionAdvice.java b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/TransactionAdvice.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03a03a84e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/TransactionAdvice.java
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package aop.stage1;
+
+import org.aopalliance.intercept.MethodInterceptor;
+import org.aopalliance.intercept.MethodInvocation;
+
+/**
+ * 어드바이스(advice). 부가기능을 담고 있는 클래스
+ */
+public class TransactionAdvice  implements MethodInterceptor {
+
+    @Override
+    public Object invoke(final MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/TransactionAdvisor.java b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/TransactionAdvisor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7abc27516c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/TransactionAdvisor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package aop.stage1;
+
+import org.aopalliance.aop.Advice;
+import org.springframework.aop.Pointcut;
+import org.springframework.aop.PointcutAdvisor;
+
+/**
+ * 어드바이저(advisor). 포인트컷과 어드바이스를 하나씩 갖고 있는 객체.
+ * AOP의 애스팩트(aspect)에 해당되는 클래스다.
+ */
+public class TransactionAdvisor implements PointcutAdvisor {
+
+    @Override
+    public Pointcut getPointcut() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Advice getAdvice() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isPerInstance() {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/TransactionPointcut.java b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/TransactionPointcut.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29ff854890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/TransactionPointcut.java
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package aop.stage1;
+
+import org.springframework.aop.support.StaticMethodMatcherPointcut;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+
+/**
+ * 포인트컷(pointcut). 어드바이스를 적용할 조인 포인트를 선별하는 클래스.
+ * TransactionPointcut 클래스는 메서드를 대상으로 조인 포인트를 찾는다.
+ *
+ * 조인 포인트(join point). 어드바이스가 적용될 위치
+ */
+public class TransactionPointcut extends StaticMethodMatcherPointcut {
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean matches(final Method method, final Class<?> targetClass) {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/UserService.java b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/UserService.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a12b12f63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage1/UserService.java
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package aop.stage1;
+
+import aop.Transactional;
+import aop.domain.User;
+import aop.domain.UserHistory;
+import aop.repository.UserDao;
+import aop.repository.UserHistoryDao;
+
+public class UserService {
+
+    private final UserDao userDao;
+    private final UserHistoryDao userHistoryDao;
+
+    public UserService(final UserDao userDao, final UserHistoryDao userHistoryDao) {
+        this.userDao = userDao;
+        this.userHistoryDao = userHistoryDao;
+    }
+
+    @Transactional
+    public User findById(final long id) {
+        return userDao.findById(id);
+    }
+
+    @Transactional
+    public void insert(final User user) {
+        userDao.insert(user);
+    }
+
+    @Transactional
+    public void changePassword(final long id, final String newPassword, final String createBy) {
+        final var user = findById(id);
+        user.changePassword(newPassword);
+        userDao.update(user);
+        userHistoryDao.log(new UserHistory(user, createBy));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/aop/stage2/AopConfig.java b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage2/AopConfig.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a6e7f124e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage2/AopConfig.java
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package aop.stage2;
+
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+
+@Configuration
+public class AopConfig {
+
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/aop/stage2/Stage2Test.java b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage2/Stage2Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae46641880
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage2/Stage2Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package aop.stage2;
+
+import aop.DataAccessException;
+import aop.StubUserHistoryDao;
+import aop.domain.User;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
+@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
+class Stage2Test {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Stage2Test.class);
+
+    @Autowired
+    private UserService userService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private StubUserHistoryDao stubUserHistoryDao;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() {
+        final var user = new User("gugu", "password", "hkkang@woowahan.com");
+        userService.insert(user);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testChangePassword() {
+        final var newPassword = "qqqqq";
+        final var createBy = "gugu";
+        userService.changePassword(1L, newPassword, createBy);
+
+        final var actual = userService.findById(1L);
+
+        assertThat(actual.getPassword()).isEqualTo(newPassword);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testTransactionRollback() {
+        userService.setUserHistoryDao(stubUserHistoryDao);
+
+        final var newPassword = "newPassword";
+        final var createBy = "gugu";
+        assertThrows(DataAccessException.class,
+                () -> userService.changePassword(1L, newPassword, createBy));
+
+        final var actual = userService.findById(1L);
+
+        assertThat(actual.getPassword()).isNotEqualTo(newPassword);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/aop/stage2/UserService.java b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage2/UserService.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d76731659d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/aop/stage2/UserService.java
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package aop.stage2;
+
+import aop.Transactional;
+import aop.domain.User;
+import aop.domain.UserHistory;
+import aop.repository.UserDao;
+import aop.repository.UserHistoryDao;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+
+@Service
+public class UserService {
+
+    private final UserDao userDao;
+    private UserHistoryDao userHistoryDao;
+
+    public UserService(final UserDao userDao, final UserHistoryDao userHistoryDao) {
+        this.userDao = userDao;
+        this.userHistoryDao = userHistoryDao;
+    }
+
+    @Transactional
+    public User findById(final long id) {
+        return userDao.findById(id);
+    }
+
+    @Transactional
+    public void insert(final User user) {
+        userDao.insert(user);
+    }
+
+    @Transactional
+    public void changePassword(final long id, final String newPassword, final String createBy) {
+        final var user = findById(id);
+        user.changePassword(newPassword);
+        userDao.update(user);
+        userHistoryDao.log(new UserHistory(user, createBy));
+    }
+
+    public void setUserHistoryDao(final UserHistoryDao userHistoryDao) {
+        this.userHistoryDao = userHistoryDao;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/connectionpool/PoolingVsNoPoolingTest.java b/study/src/test/java/connectionpool/PoolingVsNoPoolingTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20942cca11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/connectionpool/PoolingVsNoPoolingTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package connectionpool;
+
+import com.mysql.cj.jdbc.MysqlDataSource;
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.util.ClockSource;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterAll;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeAll;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.MySQLContainer;
+import org.testcontainers.utility.DockerImageName;
+
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+
+/**
+ * pooling을 사용한 경우와 사용하지 않은 경우 트래픽이 얼마나 차이나는지 확인해보자.
+ *
+ * network bandwidth capture
+ * 터미널에 iftop를 설치하고 아래 명령어를 실행한 상태에서 테스트를 실행하자.
+ * $ sudo iftop -i lo0 -nf "host localhost"
+ * windows 사용자라면 wsl2를 사용하거나 다른 모니터링 툴을 찾아보자.
+ */
+class PoolingVsNoPoolingTest {
+
+    private final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PoolingVsNoPoolingTest.class);
+
+    private static final int COUNT = 1000;
+
+    private static MySQLContainer<?> container;
+
+    @BeforeAll
+    static void beforeAll() throws SQLException {
+        // TestContainer로 임시 MySQL을 실행한다.
+        container = new MySQLContainer<>(DockerImageName.parse("mysql:8.0.30"))
+                .withDatabaseName("test");
+        container.start();
+
+        final var dataSource = createMysqlDataSource();
+
+        // 테스트에 사용할 users 테이블을 생성하고 데이터를 추가한다.
+        try (Connection conn = dataSource.getConnection()) {
+            conn.setAutoCommit(true);
+            try (Statement stmt = conn.createStatement()) {
+                stmt.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS users;");
+                stmt.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, email VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL) ENGINE=INNODB;");
+                stmt.executeUpdate("INSERT INTO users (email) VALUES ('hkkang@woowahan.com')");
+                conn.setAutoCommit(false);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @AfterAll
+    static void afterAll() {
+        container.stop();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void noPoling() throws SQLException {
+        final var dataSource = createMysqlDataSource();
+
+        long start = ClockSource.currentTime();
+        connect(dataSource);
+        long end = ClockSource.currentTime();
+
+        // 테스트 결과를 확인한다.
+        log.info("Elapsed runtime: {}", ClockSource.elapsedDisplayString(start, end));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void pooling() throws SQLException {
+        final var config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setJdbcUrl(container.getJdbcUrl());
+        config.setUsername(container.getUsername());
+        config.setPassword(container.getPassword());
+        config.setMinimumIdle(1);
+        config.setMaximumPoolSize(1);
+        config.setConnectionTimeout(1000);
+        config.setAutoCommit(false);
+        config.setReadOnly(false);
+        final var hikariDataSource = new HikariDataSource(config);
+
+        long start = ClockSource.currentTime();
+        connect(hikariDataSource);
+        long end = ClockSource.currentTime();
+
+        // 테스트 결과를 확인한다.
+        log.info("Elapsed runtime: {}", ClockSource.elapsedDisplayString(start, end));
+    }
+
+    private static void connect(DataSource dataSource) throws SQLException {
+        // COUNT만큼 DB 연결을 수행한다.
+        for (int i = 0; i < COUNT; i++) {
+            try (Connection connection = dataSource.getConnection()) {
+                try (Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
+                     ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM users")) {
+                    if (rs.next()) {
+                        rs.getString(1).hashCode();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static MysqlDataSource createMysqlDataSource() throws SQLException {
+        final var dataSource = new MysqlDataSource();
+        dataSource.setUrl(container.getJdbcUrl());
+        dataSource.setUser(container.getUsername());
+        dataSource.setPassword(container.getPassword());
+        dataSource.setConnectTimeout(1000);
+        return dataSource;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/connectionpool/stage0/Stage0Test.java b/study/src/test/java/connectionpool/stage0/Stage0Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7eb3d7d87d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/connectionpool/stage0/Stage0Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+package connectionpool.stage0;
+
+import org.h2.jdbcx.JdbcDataSource;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+class Stage0Test {
+
+    private static final String H2_URL = "jdbc:h2:./test";
+    private static final String USER = "sa";
+    private static final String PASSWORD = "";
+
+    /**
+     * DriverManager
+     * JDBC 드라이버를 관리하는 가장 기본적인 방법.
+     * 커넥션 풀, 분산 트랜잭션을 지원하지 않아서 잘 사용하지 않는다.
+     *
+     * JDBC 4.0 이전에는 Class.forName 메서드를 사용하여 JDBC 드라이버를 직접 등록해야 했다.
+     * JDBC 4.0 부터 DriverManager가 적절한 JDBC 드라이버를 찾는다.
+     *
+     * Autoloading of JDBC drivers
+     * https://docs.oracle.com/javadb/10.8.3.0/ref/rrefjdbc4_0summary.html
+     */
+    @Test
+    void driverManager() throws SQLException {
+        // Class.forName("org.h2.Driver"); // JDBC 4.0 부터 생략 가능
+        // DriverManager 클래스를 활용하여 static 변수의 정보를 활용하여 h2 db에 연결한다.
+        try (final Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(H2_URL, USER, PASSWORD)) {
+            assertThat(connection.isValid(1)).isTrue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * DataSource
+     * 데이터베이스, 파일 같은 물리적 데이터 소스에 연결할 때 사용하는 인터페이스.
+     * 구현체는 각 vendor에서 제공한다.
+     * 테스트 코드의 JdbcDataSource 클래스는 h2에서 제공하는 클래스다.
+     *
+     * DirverManager가 아닌 DataSource를 사용하는 이유
+     * - 애플리케이션 코드를 직접 수정하지 않고 properties로 디비 연결을 변경할 수 있다.
+     * - 커넥션 풀링(Connection pooling) 또는 분산 트랜잭션은 DataSource를 통해서 사용 가능하다.
+     *
+     * Using a DataSource Object to Make a Connection
+     * https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.sql/javax/sql/package-summary.html
+     */
+    @Test
+    void dataSource() throws SQLException {
+        final JdbcDataSource dataSource = new JdbcDataSource();
+        dataSource.setURL(H2_URL);
+        dataSource.setUser(USER);
+        dataSource.setPassword(PASSWORD);
+
+        try (final var connection = dataSource.getConnection()) {
+            assertThat(connection.isValid(1)).isTrue();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/connectionpool/stage1/Stage1Test.java b/study/src/test/java/connectionpool/stage1/Stage1Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..087485ff58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/connectionpool/stage1/Stage1Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package connectionpool.stage1;
+
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
+import org.h2.jdbcx.JdbcConnectionPool;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+class Stage1Test {
+
+    private static final String H2_URL = "jdbc:h2:./test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1";
+    private static final String USER = "sa";
+    private static final String PASSWORD = "";
+
+    /**
+     * 커넥션 풀링(Connection Pooling)이란?
+     * DataSource 객체를 통해 미리 커넥션(Connection)을 만들어 두는 것을 의미한다.
+     * 새로운 커넥션을 생성하는 것은 많은 비용이 들기에 미리 커넥션을 만들어두면 성능상 이점이 있다.
+     * 커넥션 풀링에 미리 만들어둔 커넥션은 재사용 가능하다.
+     *
+     * h2에서 제공하는 JdbcConnectionPool를 다뤄보며 커넥션 풀에 대한 감을 잡아보자.
+     *
+     * Connection Pooling and Statement Pooling
+     * https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.sql/javax/sql/package-summary.html
+     */
+    @Test
+    void testJdbcConnectionPool() throws SQLException {
+        final JdbcConnectionPool jdbcConnectionPool = JdbcConnectionPool.create(H2_URL, USER, PASSWORD);
+
+        assertThat(jdbcConnectionPool.getActiveConnections()).isZero();
+        try (final var connection = jdbcConnectionPool.getConnection()) {
+            assertThat(connection.isValid(1)).isTrue();
+            assertThat(jdbcConnectionPool.getActiveConnections()).isEqualTo(1);
+        }
+        assertThat(jdbcConnectionPool.getActiveConnections()).isZero();
+
+        jdbcConnectionPool.dispose();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Spring Boot 2.0 부터 HikariCP를 기본 데이터 소스로 채택하고 있다.
+     * https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/htmlsingle/#data.sql.datasource.connection-pool
+     * Supported Connection Pools
+     * We prefer HikariCP for its performance and concurrency. If HikariCP is available, we always choose it.
+     *
+     * HikariCP 공식 문서를 참고하여 HikariCP를 설정해보자.
+     * https://github.com/brettwooldridge/HikariCP#rocket-initialization
+     *
+     * HikariCP 필수 설정
+     * https://github.com/brettwooldridge/HikariCP#essentials
+     *
+     * HikariCP의 pool size는 몇으로 설정하는게 좋을까?
+     * https://github.com/brettwooldridge/HikariCP/wiki/About-Pool-Sizing
+     *
+     * HikariCP를 사용할 때 적용하면 좋은 MySQL 설정
+     * https://github.com/brettwooldridge/HikariCP/wiki/MySQL-Configuration
+     */
+    @Test
+    void testHikariCP() {
+        final var hikariConfig = new HikariConfig();
+        hikariConfig.setJdbcUrl(H2_URL);
+        hikariConfig.setUsername(USER);
+        hikariConfig.setPassword(PASSWORD);
+        hikariConfig.setMaximumPoolSize(5);
+        hikariConfig.addDataSourceProperty("cachePrepStmts", "true");
+        hikariConfig.addDataSourceProperty("prepStmtCacheSize", "250");
+        hikariConfig.addDataSourceProperty("prepStmtCacheSqlLimit", "2048");
+
+        final var dataSource = new HikariDataSource(hikariConfig);
+        final var properties = dataSource.getDataSourceProperties();
+
+        assertThat(dataSource.getMaximumPoolSize()).isEqualTo(5);
+        assertThat(properties.getProperty("cachePrepStmts")).isEqualTo("true");
+        assertThat(properties.getProperty("prepStmtCacheSize")).isEqualTo("250");
+        assertThat(properties.getProperty("prepStmtCacheSqlLimit")).isEqualTo("2048");
+
+        dataSource.close();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/connectionpool/stage2/Stage2Test.java b/study/src/test/java/connectionpool/stage2/Stage2Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ed6b075b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/connectionpool/stage2/Stage2Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+package connectionpool.stage2;
+
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.pool.HikariPool;
+import connectionpool.DataSourceConfig;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
+
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+
+import static com.zaxxer.hikari.util.UtilityElf.quietlySleep;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
+class Stage2Test {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Stage2Test.class);
+
+    /**
+     * spring boot에서 설정 파일인 application.yml를 사용하여 DataSource를 설정할 수 있다.
+     * 하지만 DataSource를 여러 개 사용하거나 세부 설정을 하려면 빈을 직접 생성하는 방법을 사용한다.
+     * DataSourceConfig 클래스를 찾아서 어떻게 빈으로 직접 생성하는지 확인해보자.
+     * 그리고 아래 DataSource가 직접 생성한 빈으로 주입 받았는지 getPoolName() 메서드로 확인해보자.
+     */
+    @Autowired
+    private DataSource dataSource;
+
+    @Test
+    void test() throws InterruptedException {
+        final var hikariDataSource = (HikariDataSource) dataSource;
+        final var hikariPool = getPool((HikariDataSource) dataSource);
+
+        // 설정한 커넥션 풀 최대값보다 더 많은 스레드를 생성해서 동시에 디비에 접근을 시도하면 어떻게 될까?
+        final var threads = new Thread[20];
+        for (int i = 0; i < threads.length; i++) {
+            threads[i] = new Thread(getConnection());
+        }
+
+        for (final var thread : threads) {
+            thread.start();
+        }
+
+        for (final var thread : threads) {
+            thread.join();
+        }
+
+        // 동시에 많은 요청이 몰려도 최대 풀 사이즈를 유지한다.
+        assertThat(hikariPool.getTotalConnections()).isEqualTo(DataSourceConfig.MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE);
+
+        // DataSourceConfig 클래스에서 직접 생성한 커넥션 풀.
+        assertThat(hikariDataSource.getPoolName()).isEqualTo("gugu");
+    }
+
+    // 데이터베이스에 연결만 하는 메서드. 커넥션 풀에 몇 개의 연결이 생기는지 확인하는 용도.
+    private Runnable getConnection() {
+        return () -> {
+            try {
+                log.info("Before acquire ");
+                try (Connection ignored = dataSource.getConnection()) {
+                    log.info("After acquire ");
+                    quietlySleep(500); // Thread.sleep(500)과 동일한 기능
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    // 학습 테스트를 위해 HikariPool을 추출
+    public static HikariPool getPool(final HikariDataSource hikariDataSource)
+    {
+        try {
+            Field field = hikariDataSource.getClass().getDeclaredField("pool");
+            field.setAccessible(true);
+            return (HikariPool) field.get(hikariDataSource);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/Stage1Test.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/Stage1Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c29944d4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/Stage1Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+package transaction.stage1;
+
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
+import org.h2.jdbcx.JdbcDataSource;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.JdbcDatabaseContainer;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.MySQLContainer;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.output.Slf4jLogConsumer;
+import org.testcontainers.utility.DockerImageName;
+import transaction.DatabasePopulatorUtils;
+import transaction.RunnableWrapper;
+
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+/**
+ * 격리 레벨(Isolation Level)에 따라 여러 사용자가 동시에 db에 접근했을 때 어떤 문제가 발생하는지 확인해보자.
+ * ❗phantom reads는 docker를 실행한 상태에서 테스트를 실행한다.
+ * ❗phantom reads는 MySQL로 확인한다. H2 데이터베이스에서는 발생하지 않는다.
+ *
+ * 참고 링크
+ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(database_systems)
+ *
+ * 각 테스트에서 어떤 현상이 발생하는지 직접 경험해보고 아래 표를 채워보자.
+ * + : 발생
+ * - : 발생하지 않음
+ *   Read phenomena | Dirty reads | Non-repeatable reads | Phantom reads
+ * Isolation level  |             |                      |
+ * -----------------|-------------|----------------------|--------------
+ * Read Uncommitted |             |                      |
+ * Read Committed   |             |                      |
+ * Repeatable Read  |             |                      |
+ * Serializable     |             |                      |
+ */
+class Stage1Test {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Stage1Test.class);
+    private DataSource dataSource;
+    private UserDao userDao;
+
+    private void setUp(final DataSource dataSource) {
+        this.dataSource = dataSource;
+        DatabasePopulatorUtils.execute(dataSource);
+        this.userDao = new UserDao(dataSource);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 격리 수준에 따라 어떤 현상이 발생하는지 테스트를 돌려 직접 눈으로 확인하고 표를 채워보자.
+     * + : 발생
+     * - : 발생하지 않음
+     *   Read phenomena | Dirty reads
+     * Isolation level  |
+     * -----------------|-------------
+     * Read Uncommitted |
+     * Read Committed   |
+     * Repeatable Read  |
+     * Serializable     |
+     */
+    @Test
+    void dirtyReading() throws SQLException {
+        setUp(createH2DataSource());
+
+        // db에 새로운 연결(사용자A)을 받아와서
+        final var connection = dataSource.getConnection();
+
+        // 트랜잭션을 시작한다.
+        connection.setAutoCommit(false);
+
+        // db에 데이터를 추가하고 커밋하기 전에
+        userDao.insert(connection, new User("gugu", "password", "hkkang@woowahan.com"));
+
+        new Thread(RunnableWrapper.accept(() -> {
+            // db에 connection(사용자A)이 아닌 새로운 연결인 subConnection(사용자B)을 받아온다.
+            final var subConnection = dataSource.getConnection();
+
+            // 적절한 격리 레벨을 찾는다.
+            final int isolationLevel = Connection.TRANSACTION_NONE;
+
+            // 트랜잭션 격리 레벨을 설정한다.
+            subConnection.setTransactionIsolation(isolationLevel);
+
+            // ❗️gugu 객체는 connection에서 아직 커밋하지 않은 상태다.
+            // 격리 레벨에 따라 커밋하지 않은 gugu 객체를 조회할 수 있다.
+            // 사용자B가 사용자A가 커밋하지 않은 데이터를 조회하는게 적절할까?
+            final var actual = userDao.findByAccount(subConnection, "gugu");
+
+            // 트랜잭션 격리 레벨에 따라 아래 테스트가 통과한다.
+            // 어떤 격리 레벨일 때 다른 연결의 커밋 전 데이터를 조회할 수 있을지 찾아보자.
+            // 다른 격리 레벨은 어떤 결과가 나오는지 직접 확인해보자.
+            log.info("isolation level : {}, user : {}", isolationLevel, actual);
+            assertThat(actual).isNull();
+        })).start();
+
+        sleep(0.5);
+
+        // 롤백하면 사용자A의 user 데이터를 저장하지 않았는데 사용자B는 user 데이터가 있다고 인지한 상황이 된다.
+        connection.rollback();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 격리 수준에 따라 어떤 현상이 발생하는지 테스트를 돌려 직접 눈으로 확인하고 표를 채워보자.
+     * + : 발생
+     * - : 발생하지 않음
+     *   Read phenomena | Non-repeatable reads
+     * Isolation level  |
+     * -----------------|---------------------
+     * Read Uncommitted |
+     * Read Committed   |
+     * Repeatable Read  |
+     * Serializable     |
+     */
+    @Test
+    void noneRepeatable() throws SQLException {
+        setUp(createH2DataSource());
+
+        // 테스트 전에 필요한 데이터를 추가한다.
+        userDao.insert(dataSource.getConnection(), new User("gugu", "password", "hkkang@woowahan.com"));
+
+        // db에 새로운 연결(사용자A)을 받아와서
+        final var connection = dataSource.getConnection();
+
+        // 트랜잭션을 시작한다.
+        connection.setAutoCommit(false);
+
+        // 적절한 격리 레벨을 찾는다.
+        final int isolationLevel = Connection.TRANSACTION_NONE;
+
+        // 트랜잭션 격리 레벨을 설정한다.
+        connection.setTransactionIsolation(isolationLevel);
+
+        // 사용자A가 gugu 객체를 조회했다.
+        final var user = userDao.findByAccount(connection, "gugu");
+        log.info("user : {}", user);
+
+        new Thread(RunnableWrapper.accept(() -> {
+            // 사용자B가 새로 연결하여
+            final var subConnection = dataSource.getConnection();
+
+            // 사용자A가 조회한 gugu 객체를 사용자B가 다시 조회했다.
+            final var anotherUser = userDao.findByAccount(subConnection, "gugu");
+
+            // ❗사용자B가 gugu 객체의 비밀번호를 변경했다.(subConnection은 auto commit 상태)
+            anotherUser.changePassword("qqqq");
+            userDao.update(subConnection, anotherUser);
+        })).start();
+
+        sleep(0.5);
+
+        // 사용자A가 다시 gugu 객체를 조회했다.
+        // 사용자B는 패스워드를 변경하고 아직 커밋하지 않았다.
+        final var actual = userDao.findByAccount(connection, "gugu");
+
+        // 트랜잭션 격리 레벨에 따라 아래 테스트가 통과한다.
+        // 각 격리 레벨은 어떤 결과가 나오는지 직접 확인해보자.
+        log.info("isolation level : {}, user : {}", isolationLevel, actual);
+        assertThat(actual.getPassword()).isEqualTo("password");
+
+        connection.rollback();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * phantom read는 h2에서 발생하지 않는다. mysql로 확인해보자.
+     * 격리 수준에 따라 어떤 현상이 발생하는지 테스트를 돌려 직접 눈으로 확인하고 표를 채워보자.
+     * + : 발생
+     * - : 발생하지 않음
+     *   Read phenomena | Phantom reads
+     * Isolation level  |
+     * -----------------|--------------
+     * Read Uncommitted |
+     * Read Committed   |
+     * Repeatable Read  |
+     * Serializable     |
+     */
+    @Test
+    void phantomReading() throws SQLException {
+
+        // testcontainer로 docker를 실행해서 mysql에 연결한다.
+        final var mysql = new MySQLContainer<>(DockerImageName.parse("mysql:8.0.30"))
+                .withLogConsumer(new Slf4jLogConsumer(log));
+        mysql.start();
+        setUp(createMySQLDataSource(mysql));
+
+        // 테스트 전에 필요한 데이터를 추가한다.
+        userDao.insert(dataSource.getConnection(), new User("gugu", "password", "hkkang@woowahan.com"));
+
+        // db에 새로운 연결(사용자A)을 받아와서
+        final var connection = dataSource.getConnection();
+
+        // 트랜잭션을 시작한다.
+        connection.setAutoCommit(false);
+
+        // 적절한 격리 레벨을 찾는다.
+        final int isolationLevel = Connection.TRANSACTION_NONE;
+
+        // 트랜잭션 격리 레벨을 설정한다.
+        connection.setTransactionIsolation(isolationLevel);
+
+        // 사용자A가 id로 범위를 조회했다.
+        userDao.findGreaterThan(connection, 1);
+
+        new Thread(RunnableWrapper.accept(() -> {
+            // 사용자B가 새로 연결하여
+            final var subConnection = dataSource.getConnection();
+
+            // 트랜잭션 시작
+            subConnection.setAutoCommit(false);
+
+            // 새로운 user 객체를 저장했다.
+            // id는 2로 저장된다.
+            userDao.insert(subConnection, new User("bird", "password", "bird@woowahan.com"));
+
+            subConnection.commit();
+        })).start();
+
+        sleep(0.5);
+
+        // MySQL에서 팬텀 읽기를 시연하려면 update를 실행해야 한다.
+        // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/42794425/unable-to-produce-a-phantom-read/42796969#42796969
+        userDao.updatePasswordGreaterThan(connection, "qqqq", 1);
+
+        // 사용자A가 다시 id로 범위를 조회했다.
+        final var actual = userDao.findGreaterThan(connection, 1);
+
+        // 트랜잭션 격리 레벨에 따라 아래 테스트가 통과한다.
+        // 각 격리 레벨은 어떤 결과가 나오는지 직접 확인해보자.
+        log.info("isolation level : {}, user : {}", isolationLevel, actual);
+        assertThat(actual).hasSize(1);
+
+        connection.rollback();
+        mysql.close();
+    }
+
+    private static DataSource createMySQLDataSource(final JdbcDatabaseContainer<?> container) {
+        final var config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setJdbcUrl(container.getJdbcUrl());
+        config.setUsername(container.getUsername());
+        config.setPassword(container.getPassword());
+        config.setDriverClassName(container.getDriverClassName());
+        return new HikariDataSource(config);
+    }
+
+    private static DataSource createH2DataSource() {
+        final var jdbcDataSource = new JdbcDataSource();
+        // h2 로그를 확인하고 싶을 때 사용
+//        jdbcDataSource.setUrl("jdbc:h2:mem:test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1;TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT=3;MODE=MYSQL");
+        jdbcDataSource.setUrl("jdbc:h2:mem:test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1;MODE=MYSQL;");
+        jdbcDataSource.setUser("sa");
+        jdbcDataSource.setPassword("");
+        return jdbcDataSource;
+    }
+
+    private void sleep(double seconds) {
+        try {
+            TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep((long) (seconds * 1000));
+        } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/User.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/User.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c2036720db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/User.java
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package transaction.stage1;
+
+public class User {
+
+    private Long id;
+    private final String account;
+    private String password;
+    private final String email;
+
+    public User(long id, String account, String password, String email) {
+        this.id = id;
+        this.account = account;
+        this.password = password;
+        this.email = email;
+    }
+
+    public User(String account, String password, String email) {
+        this.account = account;
+        this.password = password;
+        this.email = email;
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkPassword(String password) {
+        return this.password.equals(password);
+    }
+
+    public void changePassword(String password) {
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    public String getAccount() {
+        return account;
+    }
+
+    public long getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    public String getEmail() {
+        return email;
+    }
+
+    public String getPassword() {
+        return password;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "User{" +
+                "id=" + id +
+                ", account='" + account + '\'' +
+                ", email='" + email + '\'' +
+                ", password='" + password + '\'' +
+                '}';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/UserDao.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/UserDao.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dad7915cba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/UserDao.java
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package transaction.stage1;
+
+import transaction.stage1.jdbc.JdbcTemplate;
+import transaction.stage1.jdbc.RowMapper;
+
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class UserDao {
+
+    // spring jdbc가 아닌 직접 구현한 JdbcTemplate을 사용한다.
+    private final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
+
+    public UserDao(final DataSource dataSource) {
+        this.jdbcTemplate = new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);
+    }
+
+    public void insert(final Connection connection, final User user) {
+        final var sql = "insert into users (account, password, email) values (?, ?, ?)";
+        jdbcTemplate.update(connection, sql, user.getAccount(), user.getPassword(), user.getEmail());
+    }
+
+    public void update(final Connection connection, final User user) {
+        final var sql = "update users set account = ?, password = ?, email = ? where id = ?";
+        jdbcTemplate.update(connection, sql, user.getAccount(), user.getPassword(), user.getEmail(), user.getId());
+    }
+
+    public void updatePasswordGreaterThan(final Connection connection, final String password, final long id) {
+        final var sql = "update users set password = ? where id >= ?";
+        jdbcTemplate.update(connection, sql, password, id);
+    }
+
+    public User findById(final Connection connection, final Long id) {
+        final var sql = "select id, account, password, email from users where id = ?";
+        return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(connection, sql, createRowMapper(), id);
+    }
+
+    public User findByAccount(final Connection connection, final String account) {
+        final var sql = "select id, account, password, email from users where account = ?";
+        return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(connection, sql, createRowMapper(), account);
+    }
+
+    public List<User> findGreaterThan(final Connection connection, final long id) {
+        final var sql = "select id, account, password, email from users where id >= ?";
+        return jdbcTemplate.query(connection, sql, createRowMapper(), id);
+    }
+
+    public List<User> findByAccountGreaterThan(final Connection connection, final String account) {
+        final var sql = "select id, account, password, email from users where account >= ?";
+        return jdbcTemplate.query(connection, sql, createRowMapper(), account);
+    }
+
+    public List<User> findAll(final Connection connection) {
+        final var sql = "select id, account, password, email from users";
+        return jdbcTemplate.query(connection, sql, createRowMapper());
+    }
+
+    private static RowMapper<User> createRowMapper() {
+        return (final var rs) -> new User(
+                rs.getLong("id"),
+                rs.getString("account"),
+                rs.getString("password"),
+                rs.getString("email"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/DataAccessException.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/DataAccessException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa427fd7fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/DataAccessException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package transaction.stage1.jdbc;
+
+public class DataAccessException extends RuntimeException {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    public DataAccessException() {
+        super();
+    }
+
+    public DataAccessException(String message, Throwable cause, boolean enableSuppression, boolean writableStackTrace) {
+        super(message, cause, enableSuppression, writableStackTrace);
+    }
+
+    public DataAccessException(String message, Throwable cause) {
+        super(message, cause);
+    }
+
+    public DataAccessException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+
+    public DataAccessException(Throwable cause) {
+        super(cause);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/JdbcTemplate.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/JdbcTemplate.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d64be5a99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/JdbcTemplate.java
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+package transaction.stage1.jdbc;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class JdbcTemplate {
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JdbcTemplate.class);
+    private final DataSource dataSource;
+
+    public JdbcTemplate(final DataSource dataSource) {
+        this.dataSource = dataSource;
+    }
+
+    public void update(final Connection connection, final String sql, final PreparedStatementSetter pss) throws DataAccessException {
+        try (final var pstmt = connection.prepareStatement(sql)) {
+            pss.setParameters(pstmt);
+            pstmt.executeUpdate();
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            throw new DataAccessException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void update(final Connection connection, final String sql, final Object... parameters) {
+        update(connection, sql, createPreparedStatementSetter(parameters));
+    }
+
+    public void update(final String sql, final PreparedStatementSetter pss) throws DataAccessException {
+        try (final var conn = dataSource.getConnection(); final var pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql)) {
+            pss.setParameters(pstmt);
+            pstmt.executeUpdate();
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            throw new DataAccessException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void update(final String sql, final Object... parameters) {
+        update(sql, createPreparedStatementSetter(parameters));
+    }
+
+    public void update(final PreparedStatementCreator psc, final KeyHolder holder) {
+        try (final var conn = dataSource.getConnection(); final var ps = psc.createPreparedStatement(conn)) {
+            ps.executeUpdate();
+            final var rs = ps.getGeneratedKeys();
+            if (rs.next()) {
+                long generatedKey = rs.getLong(1);
+                log.debug("Generated Key:{}", generatedKey);
+                holder.setId(generatedKey);
+            }
+            rs.close();
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            throw new DataAccessException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public <T> T queryForObject(final Connection connection, final String sql, final RowMapper<T> rm, final PreparedStatementSetter pss) {
+        final var list = query(connection, sql, rm, pss);
+        if (list.isEmpty()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return list.get(0);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T queryForObject(final Connection connection, final String sql, final RowMapper<T> rm, final Object... parameters) {
+        return queryForObject(connection, sql, rm, createPreparedStatementSetter(parameters));
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> query(final Connection connection, final String sql, final RowMapper<T> rm, final PreparedStatementSetter pss) throws DataAccessException {
+        try (final var pstmt = connection.prepareStatement(sql)) {
+            pss.setParameters(pstmt);
+            return mapResultSetToObject(rm, pstmt);
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            throw new DataAccessException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private <T> List<T> mapResultSetToObject(final RowMapper<T> rm, final PreparedStatement pstmt) {
+        try (final var rs = pstmt.executeQuery()) {
+            final var list = new ArrayList<T>();
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                list.add(rm.mapRow(rs));
+            }
+            return list;
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            throw new DataAccessException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> query(final Connection connection, final String sql, final RowMapper<T> rm, final Object... parameters) {
+        return query(connection, sql, rm, createPreparedStatementSetter(parameters));
+    }
+
+    private PreparedStatementSetter createPreparedStatementSetter(final Object... parameters) {
+        return pstmt -> {
+            for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
+                pstmt.setObject(i + 1, parameters[i]);
+            }
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/KeyHolder.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/KeyHolder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04718bc3ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/KeyHolder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package transaction.stage1.jdbc;
+
+public class KeyHolder {
+
+    private long id;
+
+    public void setId(long id) {
+        this.id = id;
+    }
+
+    public long getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "KeyHolder{" +
+                "id=" + id +
+                '}';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/PreparedStatementCreator.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/PreparedStatementCreator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a7b625f1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/PreparedStatementCreator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package transaction.stage1.jdbc;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+public interface PreparedStatementCreator {
+    PreparedStatement createPreparedStatement(final Connection con) throws SQLException;
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/PreparedStatementSetter.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/PreparedStatementSetter.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b94832e83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/PreparedStatementSetter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package transaction.stage1.jdbc;
+
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+public interface PreparedStatementSetter {
+    void setParameters(final PreparedStatement pstmt) throws SQLException;
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/RowMapper.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/RowMapper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fbcd1d441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage1/jdbc/RowMapper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package transaction.stage1.jdbc;
+
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+@FunctionalInterface
+public interface RowMapper<T> {
+    T mapRow(final ResultSet rs) throws SQLException;
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/FirstUserService.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/FirstUserService.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a1d415c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/FirstUserService.java
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+package transaction.stage2;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Propagation;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
+import org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronizationManager;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+@Service
+public class FirstUserService {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FirstUserService.class);
+
+    private final UserRepository userRepository;
+    private final SecondUserService secondUserService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    public FirstUserService(final UserRepository userRepository,
+                            final SecondUserService secondUserService) {
+        this.userRepository = userRepository;
+        this.secondUserService = secondUserService;
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(readOnly = true, propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
+    public List<User> findAll() {
+        return userRepository.findAll();
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
+    public Set<String> saveFirstTransactionWithRequired() {
+        final var firstTransactionName = TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+
+        final var secondTransactionName = secondUserService.saveSecondTransactionWithRequired();
+
+        return of(firstTransactionName, secondTransactionName);
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
+    public Set<String> saveFirstTransactionWithRequiredNew() {
+        final var firstTransactionName = TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+
+        final var secondTransactionName = secondUserService.saveSecondTransactionWithRequiresNew();
+
+        return of(firstTransactionName, secondTransactionName);
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
+    public Set<String> saveAndExceptionWithRequiredNew() {
+        secondUserService.saveSecondTransactionWithRequiresNew();
+
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+
+        throw new RuntimeException();
+    }
+
+//    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
+    public Set<String> saveFirstTransactionWithSupports() {
+        final var firstTransactionName = TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+
+        final var secondTransactionName = secondUserService.saveSecondTransactionWithSupports();
+
+        return of(firstTransactionName, secondTransactionName);
+    }
+
+//    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
+    public Set<String> saveFirstTransactionWithMandatory() {
+        final var firstTransactionName = TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+
+        final var secondTransactionName = secondUserService.saveSecondTransactionWithMandatory();
+
+        return of(firstTransactionName, secondTransactionName);
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
+    public Set<String> saveFirstTransactionWithNotSupported() {
+        final var firstTransactionName = TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+
+        final var secondTransactionName = secondUserService.saveSecondTransactionWithNotSupported();
+
+        return of(firstTransactionName, secondTransactionName);
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
+    public Set<String> saveFirstTransactionWithNested() {
+        final var firstTransactionName = TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+
+        final var secondTransactionName = secondUserService.saveSecondTransactionWithNested();
+
+        return of(firstTransactionName, secondTransactionName);
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
+    public Set<String> saveFirstTransactionWithNever() {
+        final var firstTransactionName = TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+
+        final var secondTransactionName = secondUserService.saveSecondTransactionWithNever();
+
+        return of(firstTransactionName, secondTransactionName);
+    }
+
+    private Set<String> of(final String firstTransactionName, final String secondTransactionName) {
+        return Stream.of(firstTransactionName, secondTransactionName)
+                .filter(transactionName -> !Objects.isNull(transactionName))
+                .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    }
+
+    private void logActualTransactionActive() {
+        final var currentTransactionName = TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+        final var actualTransactionActive = TransactionSynchronizationManager.isActualTransactionActive();
+        final var emoji = actualTransactionActive ? "✅" : "❌";
+        log.info("\n{} is Actual Transaction Active : {} {}", currentTransactionName, emoji, actualTransactionActive);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/SecondUserService.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/SecondUserService.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d240fe854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/SecondUserService.java
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package transaction.stage2;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Propagation;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
+import org.springframework.transaction.support.TransactionSynchronizationManager;
+
+@Service
+public class SecondUserService {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SecondUserService.class);
+
+    private final UserRepository userRepository;
+
+    public SecondUserService(final UserRepository userRepository) {
+        this.userRepository = userRepository;
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)
+    public String saveSecondTransactionWithRequired() {
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+        return TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRES_NEW)
+    public String saveSecondTransactionWithRequiresNew() {
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+        return TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.SUPPORTS)
+    public String saveSecondTransactionWithSupports() {
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+        return TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.MANDATORY)
+    public String saveSecondTransactionWithMandatory() {
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+        return TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.NOT_SUPPORTED)
+    public String saveSecondTransactionWithNotSupported() {
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+        return TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.NESTED)
+    public String saveSecondTransactionWithNested() {
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+        return TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+    }
+
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.NEVER)
+    public String saveSecondTransactionWithNever() {
+        userRepository.save(User.createTest());
+        logActualTransactionActive();
+        return TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+    }
+
+    private void logActualTransactionActive() {
+        final var currentTransactionName = TransactionSynchronizationManager.getCurrentTransactionName();
+        final var actualTransactionActive = TransactionSynchronizationManager.isActualTransactionActive();
+        final var emoji = actualTransactionActive ? "✅" : "❌";
+        log.info("\n{} is Actual Transaction Active : {} {}", currentTransactionName, emoji, actualTransactionActive);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/Stage2Test.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/Stage2Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e522bf4365
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/Stage2Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+package transaction.stage2;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
+
+/**
+ * 트랜잭션 전파(Transaction Propagation)란?
+ * 트랜잭션의 경계에서 이미 진행 중인 트랜잭션이 있을 때 또는 없을 때 어떻게 동작할 것인가를 결정하는 방식을 말한다.
+ *
+ * FirstUserService 클래스의 메서드를 실행할 때 첫 번째 트랜잭션이 생성된다.
+ * SecondUserService 클래스의 메서드를 실행할 때 두 번째 트랜잭션이 어떻게 되는지 관찰해보자.
+ *
+ * https://docs.spring.io/spring-framework/docs/current/reference/html/data-access.html#tx-propagation
+ */
+@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
+class Stage2Test {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Stage2Test.class);
+
+    @Autowired
+    private FirstUserService firstUserService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private UserRepository userRepository;
+
+    @AfterEach
+    void tearDown() {
+        userRepository.deleteAll();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 생성된 트랜잭션이 몇 개인가?
+     * 왜 그런 결과가 나왔을까?
+     */
+    @Test
+    void testRequired() {
+        final var actual = firstUserService.saveFirstTransactionWithRequired();
+
+        log.info("transactions : {}", actual);
+        assertThat(actual)
+                .hasSize(0)
+                .containsExactly("");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 생성된 트랜잭션이 몇 개인가?
+     * 왜 그런 결과가 나왔을까?
+     */
+    @Test
+    void testRequiredNew() {
+        final var actual = firstUserService.saveFirstTransactionWithRequiredNew();
+
+        log.info("transactions : {}", actual);
+        assertThat(actual)
+                .hasSize(0)
+                .containsExactly("");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * firstUserService.saveAndExceptionWithRequiredNew()에서 강제로 예외를 발생시킨다.
+     * REQUIRES_NEW 일 때 예외로 인한 롤백이 발생하면서 어떤 상황이 발생하는 지 확인해보자.
+     */
+    @Test
+    void testRequiredNewWithRollback() {
+        assertThat(firstUserService.findAll()).hasSize(-1);
+
+        assertThatThrownBy(() -> firstUserService.saveAndExceptionWithRequiredNew())
+                .isInstanceOf(RuntimeException.class);
+
+        assertThat(firstUserService.findAll()).hasSize(-1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * FirstUserService.saveFirstTransactionWithSupports() 메서드를 보면 @Transactional이 주석으로 되어 있다.
+     * 주석인 상태에서 테스트를 실행했을 때와 주석을 해제하고 테스트를 실행했을 때 어떤 차이점이 있는지 확인해보자.
+     */
+    @Test
+    void testSupports() {
+        final var actual = firstUserService.saveFirstTransactionWithSupports();
+
+        log.info("transactions : {}", actual);
+        assertThat(actual)
+                .hasSize(0)
+                .containsExactly("");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * FirstUserService.saveFirstTransactionWithMandatory() 메서드를 보면 @Transactional이 주석으로 되어 있다.
+     * 주석인 상태에서 테스트를 실행했을 때와 주석을 해제하고 테스트를 실행했을 때 어떤 차이점이 있는지 확인해보자.
+     * SUPPORTS와 어떤 점이 다른지도 같이 챙겨보자.
+     */
+    @Test
+    void testMandatory() {
+        final var actual = firstUserService.saveFirstTransactionWithMandatory();
+
+        log.info("transactions : {}", actual);
+        assertThat(actual)
+                .hasSize(0)
+                .containsExactly("");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 아래 테스트는 몇 개의 물리적 트랜잭션이 동작할까?
+     * FirstUserService.saveFirstTransactionWithNotSupported() 메서드의 @Transactional을 주석 처리하자.
+     * 다시 테스트를 실행하면 몇 개의 물리적 트랜잭션이 동작할까?
+     *
+     * 스프링 공식 문서에서 물리적 트랜잭션과 논리적 트랜잭션의 차이점이 무엇인지 찾아보자.
+     */
+    @Test
+    void testNotSupported() {
+        final var actual = firstUserService.saveFirstTransactionWithNotSupported();
+
+        log.info("transactions : {}", actual);
+        assertThat(actual)
+                .hasSize(0)
+                .containsExactly("");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 아래 테스트는 왜 실패할까?
+     * FirstUserService.saveFirstTransactionWithNested() 메서드의 @Transactional을 주석 처리하면 어떻게 될까?
+     */
+    @Test
+    void testNested() {
+        final var actual = firstUserService.saveFirstTransactionWithNested();
+
+        log.info("transactions : {}", actual);
+        assertThat(actual)
+                .hasSize(0)
+                .containsExactly("");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 마찬가지로 @Transactional을 주석처리하면서 관찰해보자.
+     */
+    @Test
+    void testNever() {
+        final var actual = firstUserService.saveFirstTransactionWithNever();
+
+        log.info("transactions : {}", actual);
+        assertThat(actual)
+                .hasSize(0)
+                .containsExactly("");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/User.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/User.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..60d113b723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/User.java
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package transaction.stage2;
+
+import javax.persistence.Entity;
+import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
+import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
+import javax.persistence.Id;
+
+@Entity(name = "users")
+public class User {
+
+    @Id
+    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
+    private Long id;
+    private String account;
+    private String password;
+    private String email;
+
+    protected User() {}
+
+    public User(String account, String password, String email) {
+        this.account = account;
+        this.password = password;
+        this.email = email;
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkPassword(String password) {
+        return this.password.equals(password);
+    }
+
+    public void changePassword(String password) {
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    public static User createTest() {
+        return new User("gugu", "password", "hkkang@woowahan.com");
+    }
+
+    public Long getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    public String getAccount() {
+        return account;
+    }
+
+    public String getPassword() {
+        return password;
+    }
+
+    public String getEmail() {
+        return email;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "User{" +
+                "id=" + id +
+                ", account='" + account + '\'' +
+                ", email='" + email + '\'' +
+                ", password='" + password + '\'' +
+                '}';
+    }
+}
diff --git a/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/UserRepository.java b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/UserRepository.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61e329a3b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/src/test/java/transaction/stage2/UserRepository.java
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package transaction.stage2;
+
+import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
+
+public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
+}