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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.5.57">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes">
<meta name="author" content="Yu, Lexun">
<title>Water Temperature at Beaches in Toronto</title>
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<body class="fullcontent">
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<main class="content" id="quarto-document-content">
<header id="title-block-header" class="quarto-title-block default">
<div class="quarto-title">
<h1 class="title">Water Temperature at Beaches in Toronto</h1>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta">
<div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Author</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
<p>Yu, Lexun </p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Published</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
<p class="date">Sep 13, 2024</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="abstract">
<div class="block-title">Abstract</div>
This is a Quarto file that downloads a dataset using opendatatoronto, cleans it, and makes a graph.
</div>
</div>
</header>
<section id="plan" class="level1">
<h1>Plan</h1>
<p>The dataset I am interested in would need to have the date, and the water temperature. A quick sketch of a dataset that would work is <a href="#fig-plan-quick-sketch" class="quarto-xref">Figure 2 (a)</a>, I am interested in the water temperature each month, the table would be like <a href="#fig-plan-table-created" class="quarto-xref">Figure 2 (b)</a>:</p>
<div id="fig-plan" class="quarto-layout-panel">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-plan-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="quarto-layout-row quarto-layout-valign-bottom">
<div class="quarto-layout-cell-subref quarto-layout-cell" data-ref-parent="fig-plan" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: flex-start;">
<div id="fig-plan-quick-sketch" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-subfloat-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-plan-quick-sketch-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<img src="Figures/figure1a-quick-sketch-of-dataset.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" style="width:45.0%" data-ref-parent="fig-plan">
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-subfloat-caption quarto-subfloat-fig" id="fig-plan-quick-sketch-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
(a) Quick sketch of a dataset
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quarto-layout-cell-subref quarto-layout-cell" data-ref-parent="fig-plan" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: flex-start;">
<div id="fig-plan-table-created" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-subfloat-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-plan-table-created-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<img src="Figures/figure1b-table-created.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" style="width:45.0%" data-ref-parent="fig-plan">
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-subfloat-caption quarto-subfloat-fig" id="fig-plan-table-created-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
(b) Quick sketch of a table of the average water temperature each month
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-plan-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Figure 1: Sketches of a potential dataset and table related to water temperature.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>Them I will draw a geom_point graph like <a href="#fig-graph" class="quarto-xref">Figure 2 (a)</a>:</p>
<div id="fig-plan" class="quarto-layout-panel">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-plan-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="quarto-layout-row quarto-layout-valign-bottom">
<div class="quarto-layout-cell-subref quarto-layout-cell" data-ref-parent="fig-plan" style="flex-basis: 100.0%;justify-content: flex-start;">
<div id="fig-graph" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-subfloat-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-graph-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<img src="Figures/figure2-graph.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" style="width:100.0%" data-ref-parent="fig-plan">
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-subfloat-caption quarto-subfloat-fig" id="fig-graph-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
(a) Quick sketch of a graph
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-plan-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
Figure 2: Sketches of a potential dataset and graph related to water temperature.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</section>
<section id="simulate" class="level1">
<h1>Simulate</h1>
<p>This document uses <span class="citation" data-cites="r">R Core Team (<a href="#ref-r" role="doc-biblioref">2024</a>)</span> and <span class="citation" data-cites="ggplot2">Wickham (<a href="#ref-ggplot2" role="doc-biblioref">2016</a>)</span></p>
<p>After examining the raw data, I found that there is only data between May and September. So, I am only generating simulated data between May and September</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">set.seed</span>(<span class="dv">853</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>simulated_temp_data <span class="ot"><-</span> </span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">tibble</span>(</span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">date =</span> <span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="fu">as.Date</span>(<span class="st">"2016-05-01"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">0</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">152</span>), <span class="at">times =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>),</span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">water_temp =</span> <span class="fu">rpois</span>(</span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">n =</span> <span class="dv">153</span> <span class="sc">*</span> <span class="dv">1</span>,</span>
<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">lambda =</span> <span class="dv">16</span></span>
<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-12"><a href="#cb1-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(simulated_temp_data)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 6 × 2
date water_temp
<date> <int>
1 2016-05-01 14
2 2016-05-02 15
3 2016-05-03 29
4 2016-05-04 10
5 2016-05-05 8
6 2016-05-06 12</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<section id="acquire-and-display-the-raw-data" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="acquire-and-display-the-raw-data">Acquire and display the raw data</h2>
<p>The following terminal output displays the raw data obtained from <a href="https://open.toronto.ca/dataset/toronto-beaches-observations/">opendatatoronto</a>.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 6 × 13
`_id` dataCollectionDate beachName windSpeed windDirection airTemp rain
<int> <chr> <chr> <int> <chr> <int> <chr>
1 1 2010-08-03 Marie Curtis P… 5 SW 31 Yes
2 2 2010-08-03 Sunnyside Beach 5 SW 31 Yes
3 3 2010-08-03 Hanlan's Point… 5 SW 31 Yes
4 4 2010-08-03 Gibraltar Poin… 5 SW 31 Yes
5 5 2010-08-03 Centre Island … 5 SW 31 Yes
6 6 2010-08-03 Ward's Island … 5 SW 31 Yes
# ℹ 6 more variables: rainAmount <int>, waterTemp <dbl>, waterFowl <int>,
# waveAction <chr>, waterClarity <chr>, turbidity <dbl></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="clean-the-data" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="clean-the-data">Clean the data</h2>
<p>Read the csv</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>raw_toronto_beaches_data <span class="ot"><-</span></span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">read_csv</span>(</span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">file =</span> <span class="st">"input/toronto_beaches.csv"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">show_col_types =</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span></span>
<span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(raw_toronto_beaches_data)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 6 × 13
`_id` dataCollectionDate beachName windSpeed windDirection airTemp rain
<dbl> <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
1 1 2010-08-03 Marie Curtis P… 5 SW 31 Yes
2 2 2010-08-03 Sunnyside Beach 5 SW 31 Yes
3 3 2010-08-03 Hanlan's Point… 5 SW 31 Yes
4 4 2010-08-03 Gibraltar Poin… 5 SW 31 Yes
5 5 2010-08-03 Centre Island … 5 SW 31 Yes
6 6 2010-08-03 Ward's Island … 5 SW 31 Yes
# ℹ 6 more variables: rainAmount <dbl>, waterTemp <dbl>, waterFowl <dbl>,
# waveAction <chr>, waterClarity <chr>, turbidity <dbl></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Clean names</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>cleaned_beaches_data <span class="ot"><-</span></span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">clean_names</span>(raw_toronto_beaches_data)</span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(cleaned_beaches_data)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 6 × 13
id data_collection_date beach_name wind_speed wind_direction air_temp rain
<dbl> <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
1 1 2010-08-03 Marie Cur… 5 SW 31 Yes
2 2 2010-08-03 Sunnyside… 5 SW 31 Yes
3 3 2010-08-03 Hanlan's … 5 SW 31 Yes
4 4 2010-08-03 Gibraltar… 5 SW 31 Yes
5 5 2010-08-03 Centre Is… 5 SW 31 Yes
6 6 2010-08-03 Ward's Is… 5 SW 31 Yes
# ℹ 6 more variables: rain_amount <dbl>, water_temp <dbl>, water_fowl <dbl>,
# wave_action <chr>, water_clarity <chr>, turbidity <dbl></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>keep only the necessary date and water temperature information</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>cleaned_beaches_data <span class="ot"><-</span></span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> cleaned_beaches_data <span class="sc">|></span></span>
<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(</span>
<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> data_collection_date,</span>
<span id="cb8-5"><a href="#cb8-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> water_temp</span>
<span id="cb8-6"><a href="#cb8-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb8-7"><a href="#cb8-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb8-8"><a href="#cb8-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>cleaned_beaches_data <span class="ot"><-</span></span>
<span id="cb8-9"><a href="#cb8-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> cleaned_beaches_data <span class="sc">|></span></span>
<span id="cb8-10"><a href="#cb8-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">rename</span>(</span>
<span id="cb8-11"><a href="#cb8-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">date =</span> data_collection_date,</span>
<span id="cb8-12"><a href="#cb8-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">temp =</span> water_temp</span>
<span id="cb8-13"><a href="#cb8-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb8-14"><a href="#cb8-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb8-15"><a href="#cb8-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(cleaned_beaches_data)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 6 × 2
date temp
<date> <dbl>
1 2010-08-03 22.6
2 2010-08-03 21.9
3 2010-08-03 24.3
4 2010-08-03 21.3
5 2010-08-03 21.3
6 2010-08-03 21.4</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">names</span>(cleaned_beaches_data)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "date" "temp"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Write the new csv</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">write_csv</span>(</span>
<span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">x =</span> cleaned_beaches_data,</span>
<span id="cb12-3"><a href="#cb12-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">file =</span> <span class="st">"output/cleaned_beaches_data.csv"</span></span>
<span id="cb12-4"><a href="#cb12-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>beaches_clean <span class="ot"><-</span></span>
<span id="cb13-2"><a href="#cb13-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">read_csv</span>(<span class="st">"output/cleaned_beaches_data.csv"</span>, <span class="at">show_col_types =</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Group the cleaned data by year.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>summary_data <span class="ot"><-</span> beaches_clean <span class="sc">|></span></span>
<span id="cb14-2"><a href="#cb14-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">temp_year =</span> <span class="fu">year</span>(date)</span>
<span id="cb14-3"><a href="#cb14-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">|></span></span>
<span id="cb14-4"><a href="#cb14-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">arrange</span>(<span class="fu">year</span>(date)) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb14-5"><a href="#cb14-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">drop_na</span>(temp) <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb14-6"><a href="#cb14-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">summarise</span>(<span class="at">number_temp =</span> <span class="fu">mean</span>(temp),</span>
<span id="cb14-7"><a href="#cb14-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">.by =</span> temp_year)</span>
<span id="cb14-8"><a href="#cb14-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-9"><a href="#cb14-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">write_csv</span>(summary_data, <span class="at">file =</span> <span class="st">"output/cleaned_beaches_data_year.csv"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb14-10"><a href="#cb14-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>summary_data <span class="sc">|></span> <span class="fu">kable</span>()</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="caption-top table table-sm table-striped small">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: right;">temp_year</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">number_temp</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2008</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">18.96261</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2009</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">17.02802</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2010</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">18.79092</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2011</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">14.54550</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2012</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">17.05103</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2013</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">14.81171</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2014</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">13.40234</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2015</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">14.35840</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2016</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">15.32493</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2017</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">13.79816</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2018</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">16.15567</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2019</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">13.53229</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2020</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">16.51292</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2021</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">15.98010</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2022</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">15.79472</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: right;">2023</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">17.48933</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: right;">2024</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">17.89932</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="explore" class="level1">
<h1>Explore</h1>
<p>I can now make a graph of how water temperature change over time.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>summary_data <span class="sc">|></span></span>
<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> temp_year, <span class="at">y =</span> number_temp)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb15-4"><a href="#cb15-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="st">"Year"</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="st">"Water Temperature"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb15-5"><a href="#cb15-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_color_brewer</span>(<span class="at">palette =</span> <span class="st">"Set1"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb15-6"><a href="#cb15-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme</span>(<span class="at">legend.position =</span> <span class="st">"bottom"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-11-1.png" class="img-fluid figure-img" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="bibliography" class="level1 unnumbered">
</section>
<div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section class="quarto-appendix-contents" role="doc-bibliography" id="quarto-bibliography"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Bibliography</h2><div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" role="list">
<div id="ref-r" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
R Core Team. 2024. <em>R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing</em>. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. <a href="https://www.R-project.org/">https://www.R-project.org/</a>.
</div>
<div id="ref-ggplot2" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Wickham, Hadley. 2016. <em>Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis</em>. Springer-Verlag New York. <a href="https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org">https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org</a>.
</div>
</div></section></div></main>
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