diff --git a/build.sbt b/build.sbt
index f4ede87e..c75f80b3 100644
--- a/build.sbt
+++ b/build.sbt
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ val catsVersion                = "2.6.1"
 val catsEffectVersion          = "3.2.9"
 val catsMtlVersion             = "1.2.1"
 val disciplineScalaTestVersion = "2.1.5"
-val fs2Version                 = "3.0.6"
+val fs2Version                 = "3.1.6"
 val scalaJavaTimeVersion       = "2.3.0"
 
 lazy val zioInteropCats = crossProject(JSPlatform, JVMPlatform)
diff --git a/zio-interop-cats/shared/src/main/scala/zio/stream/interop/FS2StreamSyntax.scala b/zio-interop-cats/shared/src/main/scala/zio/stream/interop/FS2StreamSyntax.scala
index b28d7973..c69e1d48 100644
--- a/zio-interop-cats/shared/src/main/scala/zio/stream/interop/FS2StreamSyntax.scala
+++ b/zio-interop-cats/shared/src/main/scala/zio/stream/interop/FS2StreamSyntax.scala
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package zio
 package stream.interop
 
-import fs2.Stream
-import zio.interop.catz.{ concurrentInstance, zManagedSyntax, zioResourceSyntax }
+import fs2.{ Pull, Stream }
+import zio.interop.catz.{ concurrentInstance, zManagedSyntax }
 import zio.stream.{ Take, ZStream }
 
 import scala.language.implicitConversions
@@ -38,39 +38,41 @@ final class FS2RIOStreamSyntax[R, A](private val stream: Stream[RIO[R, _], A]) {
    * @note when possible use only power of 2 queue sizes; this will provide better performance of the queue.
    */
   def toZStream[R1 <: R](queueSize: Int = 16): ZStream[R1, Throwable, A] =
-    if (queueSize > 1) toZStreamChunk(queueSize) else toZStreamSingle
-
-  private def toZStreamSingle[R1 <: R]: ZStream[R1, Throwable, A] =
-    ZStream.managed {
-      for {
-        queue <- Queue.bounded[Take[Throwable, A]](1).toManaged[R](_.shutdown)
-        _     <-
-          (stream.evalTap(a => queue.offer(Take.single(a))) ++ fs2.Stream
-            .eval(queue.offer(Take.end)))
-            .handleErrorWith(e => fs2.Stream.eval(queue.offer(Take.fail(e))).drain)
-            .compile[RIO[R, _], RIO[R, _], Any]
-            .resource
-            .drain
-            .toManagedZIO
-            .fork
-      } yield ZStream.fromQueue(queue).flattenTake
-    }.flatten
-
-  private def toZStreamChunk[R1 <: R](queueSize: Int): ZStream[R1, Throwable, A] =
-    ZStream.managed {
-      for {
-        queue <- Queue.bounded[Take[Throwable, A]](queueSize).toManaged(_.shutdown)
-        _     <- {
-          stream
-            .chunkLimit(queueSize)
-            .evalTap(a => queue.offer(Take.chunk(zio.Chunk.fromIterable(a.toList))))
-            .unchunk ++ fs2.Stream.eval(queue.offer(Take.end))
-        }.handleErrorWith(e => fs2.Stream.eval(queue.offer(Take.fail(e))).drain)
-          .compile[RIO[R, _], RIO[R, _], Any]
-          .resource
+    if (queueSize > 1) toZStreamChunk(queueSize) else toZStreamChunk(queueSize = 1)
+
+  def toZStreamChunk[R1 <: R](queueSize: Int = 16): ZStream[R1, Throwable, A] = {
+    def integrate(stream: Stream[RIO[R, _], A], zQueue: Queue[Take[Throwable, A]]): Pull[RIO[R, _], A, Unit] =
+      stream.pull.uncons.flatMap {
+        case None =>
+          fs2.Pull.eval(zQueue.offer(Take.end)) >> fs2.Pull.done
+
+        case Some((fs2Chunk: fs2.Chunk[A], stream)) =>
+          val offer = zQueue.offer(Take.chunk(toZioChunk(fs2Chunk)))
+          fs2.Pull.eval(offer) >> integrate(stream, zQueue)
+      }
+
+    ZStream.fromEffect(Queue.bounded[Take[Throwable, A]](queueSize)).flatMap { q =>
+      val toQueue = ZStream.fromEffect {
+        integrate(stream, q).stream
+          .handleErrorWith(e => Stream.eval(q.offer(Take.fail(e))))
+          .compile
           .drain
-          .toManagedZIO
-          .fork
-      } yield ZStream.fromQueue(queue).flattenTake
-    }.flatten
+      }
+
+      val fromQueue = ZStream.fromQueue(q).flattenTake
+      fromQueue.drainFork(toQueue)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private def toZioChunk(in: fs2.Chunk[A]): Chunk[A] =
+    in match {
+      case fs2.Chunk.ArraySlice(values, _, _) =>
+        Chunk.fromArray(values)
+
+      case singleton: fs2.Chunk.Singleton[a] =>
+        Chunk.single(singleton.value)
+
+      case other =>
+        Chunk.fromIterator(other.iterator)
+    }
 }