Feature/init measures base

[tovogt]

Changes proposed in this PR:

• Refactor the constructor of the Measure class.
• Properly use the refactored init in all tutorials and other parts of the CLIMADA core code.

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• Read the Contribution Guide
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• Documentation updated
• Tests updated
• Tests passing
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• Read the Contribution Guide
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[tovogt]

Thanks for the review! All of your suggestions were good and I just merged them. Good point about the MeasureSet.from_excel part where attributes that are missing in the file are replaced by default values: We should indeed leave the falling back to the __init__ instead of doing it manually. I adapted the code accordingly in c6141ed

[chahank]

Great! Thanks. I think I did not catch all the instance where defaults where not let to the init. Maybe in measures which is intimately related to the measureset. Shall I go through or have you already checked there too?

[tovogt]

I went through everything, it's fine 👍

[chahank]

Then it is good for me!