Homekit transient pairing #336
Conversation
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Seems triggering transient pairing leads to the |
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Okay, pushing through the missing eiv and ekey problem the stream sets up and the sender will send video packets, but the packets fail to decrypt. I think that there is a new key derivation when using Homekit. |
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just saw this: great! This is an important missing item. what is your information source? (pair_ap?) pair_ap implemented both server and client homekit, but only client legacy pairing (which it call "fruit") legacy should also do encryption, but I missed that the last server pair-verify response needs to send some data to start the client using encryption. did you find out what this should be (must be buried in pair_ap, at least in homekit server)? ps should use openSSL v3 for encryption, not libsodium. If needed I can do the conversion. |
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the chachapoly stuff should be in crypto.c not srp.c |
Source is pair_ap + pyatv; A lot of the code I used is often a direct pull from pair_ap.
Pretty sure M5 is where the client sends the server a payload that the server can attempt to decrypt. The payload contains some unique information about the device if I remember correctly. In return (M6) the server should send a similar encrypted payload of information about the device. That's my rough understanding of the pair-verify stage immediately after the pair-setup.
Will eventually move, was just being lazy. |
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Okay from what I can understand the data stream is encrypted using chacha as well. Keys can be derived using |
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what are your sources of information? EDIT: ok I see you are using pair_ap |
It was pair_ap for the HomeKit pairing. Now it's this CarPlay source code that I've found (will link tomorrow as I'm not at my PC). It seems to use AES encryption if it uses the old pairing, or chacha for any HomeKit style-pairing from what I can tell |
That makes a lot of sense. The "legacy" pairing sets up and tests everything for an AES CTR 128 encypted conversation!
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Granted the encryption that I'm referencing here is with regards to the data channel. I'm not sure where you'll have seen it but I have an Apple TV 2 and Apple TV 3 that both use Legacy Pairing and neither of them end up encrypting the control channel, only the data channel. Have you seen an implementation that ends up encrypting the control channel by using a pair-verify like you suggest? |
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Okay will try and have a crack at this later today, but it seems that the nonce used for the data channel is a standard 64-bit integer which is padded with 4 zeroes at the start (to bring the nonce length up to 96-bit) as seen in the control channel. The AAD appears to be the 128-byte header sent for each frame. The actual payload that gets decrypted is (I think) the entire body - 16 (take away the 16 I assume for the auth tag)?? Meaning that the auth tag is the last 16 bytes. |
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in RAOP mirror/ audio mode the RAOP "control channel" is a UDP connection used just for retransmission of (encrypted) audio packets that were lost. (The RAOP "data" channel is a UDP connection for the bulk of the encrypted audio, and The encryption we are trying to implement is of the main TCP RTSP "RAOP" channel which is plain text in legacy mode. This sets up pairing,then handles POST /setup etc etc. (There is also a TCP HTTP Channel for video streaming, which uses a reverse HTTP "event" channel (and more) but this implemented in the experimental branch). Can you share a link to that CarPlay code, If I can inspect I may have a better idea. |
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Later Legacy mode goes to a lot of trouble to set up a shared secret that it tests for AES CTR encrypted communications. I don't know if it ever got used, when encryption started. The CarPlay code may or may not be enlightening. |
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The encryption of video and audio data in "legacy" is described here: I'd be surprised if this got changed, its got nothing to do with pairing. |
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I have an AppleTv 3 (updated to latest firmware) that encrypts when paired with a current iPad. |
That's probably why, I bought this thing for £12 from a local tech resell store, I doubt it's anywhere near latest firwmare. |
https://github.com/45clouds/WirelessCarPlay/tree/master/source It's a very stripped down version of airplay, I expect it should still be useful though. |
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Can't quite seem to wrap my head around the encryption used for the data channel, it's not ChaCha as I've set that all up and it fails to decrypt, not only that but I'd expect the length of the messages to have an extra 16 bytes on them and they don't. I think ChaCha is only used when there's proper HomeKit pairing (involving a pair-verify back-and-forth). Which means that instead it's encrypted using AES but UxPlay doesn't seem too interested as it claims the packets are invalid. Perhaps it's a h265 stream? |
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Okay, it looks like I was right, chacha on the actual mirroring stream is only active when there is a homekit pairing that involved pair-verify. The decryption of the videostream looks fine to me in terms of the data it produces, but for some reason it's not good enough for UxPlay. I don't have any knowledge of how video streams work so I think that might be a job for someone else. Also just for reference, when decrypting data[0] == 1 and as such UxPlay thinks it's been incorrectly decoded so that if statement needs to be removed/refined if you want to have a crack at this yourself. |
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Nevermind. I'm just stupid. Please ignore everything I've said up until this point. I've just been writing the wrong code the whole time. Data is now encrypted over the data channel using chacha encryption. Using the original format that I suggested earlier today. I was using an incorrect pointer to the additonal data. I have tested decrypting a packet in python, I now just need to implement it all into UxPlay. |
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Take a look at my companiongames repo also it has some of the encryption stuff that was extracted from pyatv and other sources. Also I believe I have some debugging of the apple tv3 in the YouTube video issue. I will check. |
Hadn't seen this repo, probably since I was mostly searching for AirPlay/Homekit in GitHub rather than other HK driven protocols. Thank you! |
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I finally have tcpdump intercepting ipad <=> appleTV 3. (next atv 4K) So a lot of questions can be answered. No there is no encryption of the RAOP (RTSP) conversation. @connorh315 once there is a working homekit pairing prototype, I'll see how to best integrate it into uxplay. |
When you say AppleTV 3, do you mean the 3rd Gen Apple TV (from like a decade ago) or the latest gen 4K Apple TV? |
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When you say AppleTV 3, do you mean the 3rd Gen Apple TV (from like a decade ago) or the latest gen 4K Apple TV? ancient third gen, I have two. (plus a 4K first gen, I think) |
Ahh right, I've had a go at building a MITM proxy myself for the Apple TVs. I had success with the 2nd gen and the 3rd gen, they proxied beautifully. The HD 32GB model and the 1st gen 4K apple tv were a pain. When I tried to force legacy pairing by switching the features set in the proxy, the server wouldn't have a problem with it, but the client would refuse to start the video stream. I couldn't leave it on at the time as I didn't know how to decrypt the individual connection streams. Then when I found pyatv had a proxy that supported homekit pairing I used that and this time round the client would happily start the stream and send the video packets but the server would instead refuse to accept them (Now I understand that's likely because it couldn't decrypt the video stream as it would've been using the wrong derived session key). |
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great work!. My MITM is a router/wifi hotspot with dd-wrt that I can run tcpdump on, during the airplay session save out put on a usb stick on the router and analyse with wireshark on a regular desktop. |
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AppleTV 3 has features -x5a7FFFF7, 0x1E compared to current UxPlay this adds:
However, I don't see it doing the HLS when you tube videos run. I see a teardown of the RAOP channel after pair verify and fairplay. but I don't see the AirPlay channel at all. |
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@connorh315 I see it also in the Apple TV gen 3 wireshark data : it must have got added at some point in an update: |
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@fduncanh I added it when I was trying to fix the colour issue on the RPi. My understanding is that the EDID is what gets sent when a display and a device commit an initial handshake over HDMI. The display informs the graphics card of it's "features" (i.e. HDR, I asssume different resolutions it supports, 3D etc. ). It had no impact but I just thought I'd throw it in there anyway and then (I think) I just commented it out as it didn't really seem to do anything. |
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Okay, commit that I've just pushed to github supports video stream decoding now so that's back to normal. Next up is audio stream decoding but that should be same idea of just using chacha rather than AES. |
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It seems that edid is specific to a video monitor, so we should NOT include it in the GET /info response. presumable the edid I saw in wiresharking appleTV gen3 is got from the monitor directly attached to it. but I don't think gstreamer interrogates the monitor. |
No you're right about GStreamer: I think the OS pulls and manages the information automatically, as I know on the Raspberry Pi you can get that information in the boot logs somewhere. I doubt it has any major impact. |
It has been there since mid 2022. There is a database online of EDIDs, I think you can extract it on linux using |
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I think so too, maybe to send HDR range? I'm not too sure what an EDID contains. |
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If there was any use in sending an EDID to the iOS client, there could be an option -edid that reads an edid from a file and adds it to the GET /info plist. It would seem that there are tools that can read an EDID from a monitor and write it to a file. |
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Something I need to look into (probably this weekend) is why the sender takes ~5 seconds to attempt a connection to the receiver. I remember reading in an issue thread about this and a discovery that was made to get around this. Unfortunately I do wonder if transient pairing just suffers from this delay and it has to be a pairing method that leads to a pair-verify (which doesn't happen with transient pairing) |
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The 5sec delay is when pair setup/pair verify is used. If you run current uxplay without the -pin option it switches off the "supports legacy pairing" flag and no pair-setup/pair-verify takes place (so no 5sec delay before connecting) Uxplay moves directly to fpsetup after GET /info. This first appeared in UxPlay-1.65
Maybe Homekit transient pairing will behave like this, if it doesn't do pair setup/pair verify??? |
I think that unfortunately there is a 5 second delay in place for transient pairing. It seems intentional to avoid attempts at overwhelming the device as I noticed there is a lockout in place after 10 pairing attempts in the space of 15 minutes (can't remember the exact figure but it's something like that). I think that a less-transient form of pairing is required to remove this 5 second delay. As such probably HKP type 6? Applying the relevant features bit for that appears to remove this delay and make the connection instant. |
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When non-transient pairing is used, the SRP5 pin protocol is used for the first pairing. From looking at pair_ap it is similar to what is done in non-transient legacy pairing (with pin) , but with a step up from 2048 to SRP5 won't be used in transient pairing, I believe (?). |
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I also think that X-Apple-HKP is not helpful in eliminating the 5-second wait, because during those 5 seconds, the server does not receive any network messages at all. We still don't know what the Apple client is doing during those 5 seconds. Perhaps it’s really just to prevent attacks from excessive or rapid connections. |
It does eliminate the 5 second wait. I do think that the whole 5 seconds is literally there just to mitigate the ability to spam the receiver. |
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It's an absolute mess, but I go back to work on monday and wanted for you all to be aware of this just in case I don't get to finish it.
Key notes:
- Video stream doesn't start, currently an error stopping it from reaching that pointI'll try and fix as much of this up as possible, but that's where it's currently at. Hopefully this will pave for things like H.265 in the future. Regardless though it should make the transport stream more secure since the streamConnectionID can't be sniffed from the plaintext handshake.