feat: add a new status code for "external" errors

[MichaelScofield]

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Refer to a related PR or issue link (optional)

What's changed and what's your intention?

This "external" status code can represent errors originated from system that is outside of greptimedb, useful for authentication.

Checklist

• I have written the necessary rustdoc comments.
• I have added the necessary unit tests and integration tests.
• This PR requires documentation updates.

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 76.92308% with 9 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 84.46%. Comparing base (cedbbcf) to head (b0e5ff1).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #4775      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   84.47%   84.46%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files        1118     1118              
  Lines      203093   203127      +34     
==========================================
+ Hits       171571   171572       +1     
- Misses      31522    31555      +33     

[sunng87]

I can understand the rational for this. But from the end user perspective, this type of error is still Internal ones for a database.

Imagine in our cloud service, the authentication backend is built and maintained by ourselves, this is not essential to expose this type of errors to end user.

Of course we need to log this type of errors for database admin to track

[MichaelScofield]

@sunng87 I think the demand for the status code for "external" errors do exist, especially when greptimedb will have connected to external systems. Two other databases both have this kind of error codes, postgresql and clickhouse.

The status codes are involved in errors, not the other way around. When we implementing features, we can freely choose to return what kind of error (and the status code) to the user. If, like in our cloud service, we need to make the external system's error internal to greptimedb, we can simply change the status code of it.

[MichaelScofield]

@shuiyisong PTAL

[sunng87]

@MichaelScofield Makes sense. Thank you for explanation.

[killme2008]

Almost LGTM