relax multiple-import check to only prevent subinterpreters

guide/src/building_and_distribution.md

@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ If you encounter these or other complications when linking the interpreter stati
 
 ### Import your module when embedding the Python interpreter
 
-When you run your Rust binary with an embedded interpreter, any `#[pymodule]` created modules won't be accessible to import unless added to a table called `PyImport_Inittab` before the embedded interpreter is initialized. This will cause Python statements in your embedded interpreter such as `import your_new_module` to fail. You can call the macro [`append_to_inittab`]({{#PYO3_DOCS_URL}}/pyo3/macro.append_to_inittab.html) with your module before initializing the Python interpreter to add the module function into that table. (The Python interpreter will be initialized by calling `prepare_freethreaded_python`, `with_embedded_interpreter`, or `Python::with_gil` with the [`auto-initialize`](features.md#auto-initialize) feature enabled.)
+When you run your Rust binary with an embedded interpreter, any `#[pymodule]` created modules won't be accessible to import unless added to a table called `PyImport_Inittab` before the embedded interpreter is initialized. This will cause Python statements in your embedded interpreter such as `import your_new_module` to fail. You can call the macro [`append_to_inittab`]({{#PYO3_DOCS_URL}}/pyo3/macro.append_to_inittab.html) with your module before initializing the Python interpreter to add the module function into that table. (The Python interpreter will be initialized by calling `prepare_freethreaded_python`, `with_embedded_python_interpreter`, or `Python::with_gil` with the [`auto-initialize`](features.md#auto-initialize) feature enabled.)
 
 ## Cross Compiling
 

newsfragments/3446.changed.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+`#[pymodule]` will now return the same module object on repeated import by the same Python interpreter, on Python 3.9 and up.

pytests/tests/test_misc.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import importlib
 import platform
+import sys
 
 import pyo3_pytests.misc
 import pytest
@@ -10,15 +11,35 @@ def test_issue_219():
     pyo3_pytests.misc.issue_219()
 
 
+@pytest.mark.xfail(
+    platform.python_implementation() == "CPython" and sys.version_info < (3, 9),
+    reason="Cannot identify subinterpreters on Python older than 3.9",
+)
+def test_multiple_imports_same_interpreter_ok():
+    spec = importlib.util.find_spec("pyo3_pytests.pyo3_pytests")
+
+    module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+    assert dir(module) == dir(pyo3_pytests.pyo3_pytests)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.xfail(
+    platform.python_implementation() == "CPython" and sys.version_info < (3, 9),
+    reason="Cannot identify subinterpreters on Python older than 3.9",
+)
 @pytest.mark.skipif(
     platform.python_implementation() == "PyPy",
-    reason="PyPy does not reinitialize the module (appears to be some internal caching)",
+    reason="PyPy does not support subinterpreters",
 )
-def test_second_module_import_fails():
-    spec = importlib.util.find_spec("pyo3_pytests.pyo3_pytests")
+def test_import_in_subinterpreter_forbidden():
+    import _xxsubinterpreters
 
+    sub_interpreter = _xxsubinterpreters.create()
     with pytest.raises(
-        ImportError,
-        match="PyO3 modules may only be initialized once per interpreter process",
+        _xxsubinterpreters.RunFailedError,
+        match="PyO3 modules do not yet support subinterpreters, see https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/issues/576",
     ):
-        importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+        _xxsubinterpreters.run_string(
+            sub_interpreter, "import pyo3_pytests.pyo3_pytests"
+        )
+
+    _xxsubinterpreters.destroy(sub_interpreter)

src/impl_/pymodule.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,24 @@
 //! Implementation details of `#[pymodule]` which need to be accessible from proc-macro generated code.
 
-use std::{
-    cell::UnsafeCell,
-    sync::atomic::{self, AtomicBool},
-};
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
 
-use crate::{exceptions::PyImportError, ffi, types::PyModule, Py, PyResult, Python};
+#[cfg(all(not(PyPy), Py_3_9))]
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicI64, Ordering};
+
+#[cfg(not(PyPy))]
+use crate::exceptions::PyImportError;
+use crate::{ffi, sync::GILOnceCell, types::PyModule, Py, PyResult, Python};
 
 /// `Sync` wrapper of `ffi::PyModuleDef`.
 pub struct ModuleDef {
     // wrapped in UnsafeCell so that Rust compiler treats this as interior mutability
     ffi_def: UnsafeCell<ffi::PyModuleDef>,
     initializer: ModuleInitializer,
-    initialized: AtomicBool,
+    /// Interpreter ID where module was initialized (not applicable on PyPy).
+    #[cfg(all(not(PyPy), Py_3_9))]
+    interpreter: AtomicI64,
+    /// Initialized module object, cached to avoid reinitialization.
+    module: GILOnceCell<Py<PyModule>>,
 }
 
 /// Wrapper to enable initializer to be used in const fns.
@@ -51,7 +57,10 @@ impl ModuleDef {
         ModuleDef {
             ffi_def,
             initializer,
-            initialized: AtomicBool::new(false),
+            // -1 is never expected to be a valid interpreter ID
+            #[cfg(all(not(PyPy), Py_3_9))]
+            interpreter: AtomicI64::new(-1),
+            module: GILOnceCell::new(),
         }
     }
     /// Builds a module using user given initializer. Used for [`#[pymodule]`][crate::pymodule].
@@ -71,16 +80,53 @@ impl ModuleDef {
                 ))?;
             }
         }
-        let module = unsafe {
-            Py::<PyModule>::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, ffi::PyModule_Create(self.ffi_def.get()))?
-        };
-        if self.initialized.swap(true, atomic::Ordering::SeqCst) {
-            return Err(PyImportError::new_err(
-                "PyO3 modules may only be initialized once per interpreter process",
-            ));
+        // Check the interpreter ID has not changed, since we currently have no way to guarantee
+        // that static data is not reused across interpreters.
+        //
+        // PyPy does not have subinterpreters, so no need to check interpreter ID.
+        #[cfg(not(PyPy))]
+        {
+            #[cfg(Py_3_9)]
+            {
+                let current_interpreter =
+                    unsafe { ffi::PyInterpreterState_GetID(ffi::PyInterpreterState_Get()) };
+                crate::err::error_on_minusone(py, current_interpreter)?;
+                if let Err(initialized_interpreter) = self.interpreter.compare_exchange(
+                    -1,
+                    current_interpreter,
+                    Ordering::SeqCst,
+                    Ordering::SeqCst,
+                ) {
+                    if initialized_interpreter != current_interpreter {
+                        return Err(PyImportError::new_err(
+                            "PyO3 modules do not yet support subinterpreters, see https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/issues/576",
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            #[cfg(not(Py_3_9))]
+            {
+                // CPython before 3.9 does not have APIs to check the interpreter ID, so best that can be
+                // done to guard against subinterpreters is fail if the module is initialized twice
+                if self.module.get(py).is_some() {
+                    return Err(PyImportError::new_err(
+                        "PyO3 modules compiled for CPython 3.8 or older may only be initialized once per interpreter process"
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
         }
-        (self.initializer.0)(py, module.as_ref(py))?;
-        Ok(module)
+        self.module
+            .get_or_try_init(py, || {
+                let module = unsafe {
+                    Py::<PyModule>::from_owned_ptr_or_err(
+                        py,
+                        ffi::PyModule_Create(self.ffi_def.get()),
+                    )?
+                };
+                (self.initializer.0)(py, module.as_ref(py))?;
+                Ok(module)
+            })
+            .map(|py_module| py_module.clone_ref(py))
     }
 }