Add ADR explaining why '::' was chosen as nested separator

adr/4_double_colon_as_nested_structure_separator.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Use Double Colon (`::`) as a Separator for Nested Fields Representation in Clickhouse
+
+## Context and Problem Statement
+
+When ingesting JSON documents, representing nested objects in ClickHouse requires special handling - nested objects get flattened into columns. 
+To distinguish between nested fields, a separator is needed. The most natural choice would be a dot (`.`), but ClickHouse treats it as a special character used for dealing with `Nested` columns, which can lead to parsing errors or unexpected behavior even when properly escaped.
+
+For example, consider the following `CREATE TABLE`:
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE test (
+    `event.type` Array(String),
+    `event.name` Array(String),
+)
+```
+
+When ingesting JSON documents with the following structure:
+```json
+{
+    "event": {
+        "type": ["A", "B"],
+        "name": ["X"]
+    }
+}
+```
+
+ClickHouse will assume that `event` is a nested object and expect arrays of the same size to ensure correct representation. As much as this sounds useful, handling empty or optional values becomes cumbersome.
+
+Another example:
+> Dot in column names has a special/reserved meaning. CH expects that columns with dot is Arrays.
+> Do not use dot.
+
+source: [link](https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse/issues/18765#issuecomment-754661913)
+
+
+### Considered Options
+
+1. **Using Dot (`.`) as a Separator**
+    - Pros:
+        - A natural and obvious solution.
+        - Familiar to users.
+    - Cons:
+        - Doesn't work.
+2. **Using Double Colon (`::`) as a Separator**
+    - Pros:
+        - Avoids conflict with ClickHouse's treatment of `.`.
+        - Clear and unambiguous representation of nested fields.
+        - Simplifies query generation and ensures correct parsing by ClickHouse.
+        - Rarely used in field names, reducing the risk of conflicts.
+    - Cons:
+        - Less common and may require initial adaptation by users.
+        - Requires extra effort to expose those to users as dots.
+
+### Decision Outcome and Drivers
+
+**Chosen Option:** Using Double Colon (`::`) as a Separator because:
+- **Avoids conflicts:** By using `::`, we avoid the special treatment of `.` in ClickHouse, ensuring that nested fields are parsed and interpreted correctly without additional processing.
+- **No better alternatives exist:** Every separator that is not `.` will have more/less same cons as `::` and there's nothing we can do about it for now.
+
+We rejected the option of using `.` because it didn't work.
+
+## People
+
+- @pivovarit