feat: add FunctionalTableTransformer

[Tarmandan]

Closes #858

Summary of Changes

This implements a Transformer that wraps a Callable[[Table], Table] so operations on Tables can be inserted into the operation order of a SequentialTableTransformer.
Note that this transformer inherently cannot be invertible.
Since there is no type checking at runtime, callables with wrong argument or return types will only throw an exception upon calling transform but not during init.

[github-actions]

🦙 MegaLinter status: ✅ SUCCESS

Descriptor	Linter	Files	Fixed	Errors	Elapsed time
✅ PYTHON	black	4	0	0	0.98s
✅ PYTHON	mypy	4		0	2.47s
✅ PYTHON	ruff	4	0	0	0.36s
✅ REPOSITORY	git_diff	yes		no	0.44s

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 97.72%. Comparing base (6f63a6c) to head (2e2154b).
Report is 39 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #901      +/-   ##
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+ Coverage   97.67%   97.72%   +0.04%     
==========================================
  Files         120      121       +1     
  Lines        6234     6499     +265     
==========================================
+ Hits         6089     6351     +262     
- Misses        145      148       +3     

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[Tarmandan]

The linter found 2 problems. I fixed the first by adding type hint to the funciton valid_callable in the tests.
However the other problem is that the linter correctly notices that invalid_callable has the wrong types. I am not sure if the test is superfluous. The test for internal error of the callable raises an exception in the same try-except, just later.

[Tarmandan]

The test for invalid callable type has been removed.
The only problem remaining is test coverage. The hash test in test_table_transformer.py should be adjusted, but FunctionalTableTransformer should only give different hash when wrapping different callable, so it will need its own tests. It might be less work to implement it in the test_functional_table_transformer.py, but would break the pattern.

[lars-reimann]

For now, it should suffice to add the transformer to https://github.com/Safe-DS/Stdlib/blob/69a780cab1a5dcab33c8c7a36f03bd2eb3367683/tests/safeds/data/tabular/transformation/test_table_transformer.py#L35. We can adjust the test later so hash is tested more in-depth for all transformers. Maybe add an issue for that.

[lars-reimann]

Thanks, nice work.

[lars-reimann]

🎉 This PR is included in version 0.27.0 🎉

The release is available on:

• v0.27.0
• GitHub release

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