CleanroomLogger

CleanroomLogger provides an extensible Swift-based logging API that is simple, lightweight and performant.

The API provided by CleanroomLogger is designed to be readily understood by anyone familiar with packages such as CocoaLumberjack and log4j.

CleanroomLogger is part of the Cleanroom Project from Gilt Tech.

Why CleanroomLogger?

If you're familiar with NSLog(), then you'll understand the purpose of CleanroomLogger.

As with NSLog(), CleanroomLogger messages are (by default) directed to the Apple System Log and to the stderr output stream of the running process.

However, CleanroomLogger adds a number of important features not provided by NSLog():

1. Each log message is associated with a LogSeverity value indicating the importance of that message. This enables you to very easily do things like squelch out low-priority messages—such as those logged with .Debug and .Verbose severity values—in production binaries, thereby lessening the amount of work your App Store build does at runtime.

2. CleanroomLogger makes it easy to find the where your code is issuing log messages. With NSLog() and println(), it can sometimes be difficult to figure out what code is responsible for generating log messages. When a message is constructed programmatically, for example, it may not be possible to find its source. CleanroomLogger outputs the file and line responsible for each log message, so you can literally go straight to the source.

3. CleanroomLogger provides code execution tracing functionality through the trace() function. A simple no-argument function call is all that's needed to log the source filename, line number and function name of the caller. This makes it easy to understand the path your code is taking as it executes.

4. CleanroomLogger is configurable; its behavior can be modified by through different configuration options specified when logging is activated. You can configure the logging engine through the parameter values specified when constructing a new DefaultLogConfiguration instance, or you can provide your own implementation of the LogConfiguration protocol if that doesn't suit your needs.

5. CleanroomLogger is extensible. Several extension points are available, allowing you to provide custom implementations for specific functionality within the logging process:

• A LogFilter implementation can inspect--and potentially block--any log message before it is recorded.
• A custom LogFormatter implementation can be used to generate string representations in a specific format for each LogEntry that gets recorded
• The LogRecorder protocol makes it possible to create custom log message storage implementations. This is where to start if you want to provide a custom solution to write log messages to a database table, a local file, or a remote HTTP endpoint, for example.

6. CleanroomLogger puts the application developer in control. The behavior of logging is set once, early in the application within the UIApplicationDelegate implementation; after that, the configuration is immutable for the remainder of the application's life. Any code using CleanroomLogger through the Log API, including embedded frameworks, shared libraries, Cocoapods, etc. will automatically adhere to the policy established by the application developer. Embedded code that uses CleanroomLogger is inherently well behaved, whereas code using plain old NSLog() is not; third-party code using NSLog() give no control to the application developer.

7. CleanroomLogger is respectful of the calling thread. NSLog() does a lot of work on the calling thread, and when used from the main thread, it can lead to lower display frame rates. When CleanroomLogger accepts a log request, it is immediately handed off to an asynchronous background queue for further dispatching, letting the calling thread get back to work as quickly as possible. Each LogRecorder also maintains its own asynchronous background queue, which is used to format log messages and write them to the underlying storage facility. This design ensures that if one recorder gets bogged down, it won't prevent the processing of log messages by other recorders.

8. CleanroomLogger uses Swift short-circuiting to avoid needless code execution. For example, in production code with .Info as the minimum LogSeverity, messages with a severity of .Verbose or .Debug will always be ignored. To avoid unneeded code execution, Log.debug and Log.verbose in this case would be nil, allowing efficient short-circuiting of any code attempting to use these inactive log channels.

Swift 2.0 compatibility

The master branch of this project is Swift 2.0 compliant and therefore requires Xcode 7.0 or higher to compile.

License

CleanroomLogger is distributed under the MIT license.

CleanroomLogger is provided for your use—free-of-charge—on an as-is basis. We make no guarantees, promises or apologies. Caveat developer.

Adding CleanroomLogger to your project

You’ll need to integrate CleanroomLogger into your project in order to use the API it provides. You can choose:

• Manual integration, wherein you embed CleanroomLogger’s Xcode project within your own, or
• Using the Carthage dependency manager to build a framework that you then embed in your application.

Once integrated, just add the following import statement to any Swift file where you want to use CleanroomLogger:

import CleanroomLogger

The main public API for CleanroomLogger is provided by Log.

Log maintains five static read-only LogChannel properties that correspond to one of five severity levels indicating the importance of messages sent through that channel. When sending a message, you would select a severity appropriate for that message, and use the corresponding channel:

• Log.error — The highest severity; something has gone wrong and a fatal error may be imminent
• Log.warning — Something appears amiss and might bear looking into before a larger problem arises
• Log.info — Something notable happened, but it isn't anything to worry about
• Log.debug — Used for debugging and diagnostic information (not intended for use in production code)
• Log.verbose - The lowest severity; used for detailed or frequently occurring debugging and diagnostic information (not intended for use in production code)

Each of these LogChannels provide three functions to record log messages:

• trace() — This function records a log message with program executing trace information including the filename, line number and name of the calling function.
• message(String) — This function records the log message passed to it.
• value(Any?) — This function attempts to record a log message containing a string representation of the optional Any value passed to it.

Enabling logging

By default, logging is disabled, meaning that none of the Log's channels have been populated. As a result, they have nil values and any attempts to perform logging will silently fail.

It is the responsibility of the application developer to enable logging, which is done by calling the appropriate Log.enable() function.

The reason we specifically say that the application developer is responsible for enabling logging is to give the developer the power to control the use of logging process-wide. As with any code that executes, there's an expense to logging, and the application developer should get to decide how to handle the tradeoff between the utility of collecting logs and the expense of collecting them at a given level of detail.

CleanroomLogger is built to be used from within frameworks, shared libraries, Cocoapods, etc., as well as at the application level. However, any code designed to be embedded in other applications must interact with CleanroomLogger via the Log API only. Also, embedded code must never call Log.enable(), because by doing so, control is taken away from the application developer.

The general rule is, if you didn't write the UIApplicationDelegate for the app in which the code will execute, don't ever call Log.enable().

Ideally, logging is enabled at the first possible point in the application's launch cycle. Otherwise, critical log messages may be missed during launch because the logger wasn't yet initialized.

The best place to put the call to Log.enable() is at the first line of your app delegate's init().

If you'd rather not do that for some reason, the next best place to put it is in the application(_:willFinishLaunchingWithOptions:) function of your app delegate. You'll notice that we're specifically recommending the will function, not the typical did, because the former is called earlier in the application's launch cycle.

Note: During the running lifetime of an application process, only the first call to Log.enable() function will have any effect. All subsequent calls are ignored silently.

Logging examples

To send record items in the log, simply select the appropriate channel and call the appropriate function.

Here are a few examples:

Logging an arbitrary text message

Let's say your application just finished launching. This is a significant event, but it isn't an error. You also might want to see this information in production app logs. Therefore, you decide the appropriate LogSeverity is .Info and you select the corresponding LogChannel, which is Log.info:

Log.info?.message("The application has finished launching.")

Logging a trace message

If you're working on some code and you're curious about the order of execution, you can sprinkle some trace() calls around.

This function outputs the filename, line number and name of the calling function.

For example, if you put the following code on line 364 of a file called ModularTable.swift in a function with the signature tableView(_:cellForRowAtIndexPath:):

Log.debug?.trace()

The following message would be logged when that line gets executed:

ModularTable.swift:364 — tableView(_:cellForRowAtIndexPath:)

Note: Because trace information is typically not desired in production code, you would generally only perform tracing at the .Debug or .Verbose severity levels.

Logging an arbitrary value

The value() function can be used for outputting information about a specific value. The function takes an argument of type Any? and is intended to accept any valid runtime value.

For example, you might want to output the NSIndexPath value passed to your UITableViewDataSource's tableView(_: cellForRowAtIndexPath:) function:

Log.verbose?.value(indexPath)

This would result in output looking like:

<NSIndexPath: 0xc0000000000180d6> {length = 2, path = 3 - 3}

Note: Although every attempt is made to create a string representation of the value passed to the function, there is no guarantee that a given log implementation will support values of a given type.

API documentation

For detailed information on using CleanroomLogger, API documentation is available.

Architectural Overview

CleanroomLogger is designed to do avoid doing formatting or logging work on the calling thread, making use of Grand Central Dispatch (GCD) queues for efficient processing.

In terms of threads of execution, each request to log anything can go through three main phases of processing:

1. On the calling thread:

2. Caller attempts to issue a log request by calling a logging function (eg., message(), trace() or value()) of the appropriate LogChannel maintained by Log. - If there is no LogChannel for the given severity of the log message (because CleanroomLogger hasn't yet been enabled() or it is not configured to log at that severity), Swift short-circuiting prevents further execution. This makes it possible to leave debug logging calls in place when shipping production code without affecting performance.

3. If a LogChannel does exist, it creates an immutable LogEntry struct to represent the thing being logged.

4. The LogEntry is then passed to the LogReceptacle associated with the LogChannel.

5. Based on the severity of the LogEntry, the LogReceptacle determines the appropriate LogConfiguration to use for recording the message. Among other things, this configuration determines whether further processing proceeds synchronously or asynchronously when passed to the LogReceptacle's GCD queue. (Synchronous processing is useful during debugging, but is not recommended for general production code.)

6. On the LogReceptacle queue:

7. The LogEntry is passed through zero or more LogFilters that are given a chance to prevent further processing of the LogEntry. If any filter indicates that LogEntry should not be recorded, processing stops.

8. The LogConfiguration is used to determine which LogRecorders (if any) will be used to record the LogEntry.

9. For each LogRecorder instance specified by the configuration, the LogEntry is then dispatched to the GCD queue provided by the LogRecorder.

10. On each LogRecorder queue:

11. The LogEntry is passed sequentially to each LogFormatter provided by the LogRecorder, giving the formatters a chance to create the formatted message for the LogEntry. - If no LogFormatter returns a string representation of LogEntry, further processing stops and nothing is recorded. - If any LogFormatter returns a non-nil value to represent the formatted message of the LogEntry, that string is then passed to the LogRecorder for final logging.

Full Disclosure: A Note about Global State

If you've been reading the op-ed pages lately, you know that Global State is the enemy of civilization. You may also have noticed that Log's static variables constitute global state.

Before you pick up your phone and demand that Thought Control activates its network of Twitter shamebots because a heretic has been detected, consider:

• In most cases, Log is used as an interface to two resources that are effectively singletons: the Apple System Log daemon of the device where the code will be running, and the stderr output stream of the running application. Log maintains global state because it represents global state.

• The state represented by Log is effectively immutable. The public interface is read-only, and the values are guaranteed to only ever be set once: at app launch, when Log.enable() is called from within the app delegate. The design of this gives full control to the application developer over the logging performed within the application; even third-party libraries using CleanroomLogger will use the logging configuration specified by the app developer.

• Log designed to be convenient to encourage the judicious use of logging. During debugging, you might want to quickly add some debug tracing to some already-existing code; you can simply add Log.debug?.trace() to the appropriate places without refactoring your codebase to pass around LogChannels or LogReceptacles everywhere. Given that every single function in your code is a candidate for logging, it's impractical to use logging extensively without the convenience of Log.

• If you have a compelling reason to avoid using Log, but you still wish to use the functionality provided by CleanroomLogger, you can always construct and manage your own LogChannels and LogReceptacles directly. The only global state within the CleanroomLogger project is contained in Log itself. Note, however, that this should only be done by the app developer; vendors of embedded code should only ever interact with CleanroomLogger through the public API provided by Log to ensure that the app developer is always in control of logging.

Although there are many good reasons why global state is to be generally avoided and otherwise looked at skeptically, in this particular case, our use of global state is deliberate, well-isolated and not required to take advantage of the core functionality provided by CleanroomLogger.

About

The Cleanroom Project began as an experiment to re-imagine Gilt’s iOS codebase in a legacy-free incarnation that embraced the latest Apple technology. Since then, Cleanroom Project code has served as the basis of Gilt’s tvOS app, featured by Apple during the keynote introducing the App Store for Apple TV.

We’ll be tracking the latest releases of Swift and Xcode, and we’ll be open-sourcing major portions of our code as we go.

Contributing

CleanroomLogger is in active development, and we welcome your contributions.

If you’d like to contribute to this or any other Cleanroom Project repo, please read the contribution guidelines.

Acknowledgements

API documentation for CleanroomLogger is generated using Realm’s jazzy project, maintained by JP Simard and Samuel E. Giddins.