✨ Added additional distance functions and distance maps

[marcelwa]

Description

This PR adds several features to the distance functions used for path-finding:

• A distance function for the 2DDWave clocking scheme that considers that it is impossible to make moves in northern and western directions. Ideally, this provides better guidance for A* path-finding on 2DDWave-clocked layouts.
• distance_map and sparse_distance_map data types, that can cache distance values for faster access. This is particularly useful for complex distance functions that must be frequently queried.
• distance_map_functor and sparse_distance_map_functor, which are distance_functors that query a distance map object instead of a distance function. These can be used in path-finding algorithms that require distance_functor arguments. Thereby, these algorithms don't need to recompute complex distance functions.
• smart_distance_cache_functor which is a drop-in replacement for other distance_functors and uses a sparse_distance_map internally to cache distance function values.

Furthermore, a convenient playground for Catch2's micro-benchmarking feature is added. Via the CMake flag -DFICTION_BENCHMARK, all .cpp files placed into test/benchmark are linked against libfiction and compiled as stand-alone binaries. Micro-benchmarks are helpful to evaluate the performance of certain code constructs.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[github-actions]

clang-tidy made some suggestions

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #250 (8a20859) into main (4f58425) will decrease coverage by 0.02%.
The diff coverage is 91.30%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #250      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   94.51%   94.49%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files          84       85       +1     
  Lines        7616     7662      +46     
==========================================
+ Hits         7198     7240      +42     
- Misses        418      422       +4     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
...e/fiction/algorithms/path_finding/distance_map.hpp	90.47% <90.47%> (ø)
...clude/fiction/algorithms/path_finding/distance.hpp	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)

[github-actions]

clang-tidy made some suggestions