🏗️ Overhauled and modernized the build system

[marcelwa]

Description

This PR overhauls and modernizes the CMake build system.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[github-actions]

clang-tidy review says "All clean, LGTM! 👍"

[github-actions]

clang-tidy review says "All clean, LGTM! 👍"

[github-actions]

clang-tidy review says "All clean, LGTM! 👍"

[github-actions]

clang-tidy review says "All clean, LGTM! 👍"

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Patch coverage: 100.00% and project coverage change: +0.01% 🎉

Comparison is base (22a6c96) 95.84% compared to head (88a731f) 95.85%.
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #288      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   95.84%   95.85%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files          98       98              
  Lines        9544     9544              
==========================================
+ Hits         9147     9148       +1     
+ Misses        397      396       -1     

Files Changed	Coverage Δ
...tion/algorithms/path_finding/jump_point_search.hpp	99.22% <ø> (ø)
.../algorithms/physical_design/apply_gate_library.hpp	100.00% <ø> (ø)
.../algorithms/physical_design/one_pass_synthesis.hpp	88.54% <ø> (+0.34%)	⬆️
include/fiction/io/read_sidb_surface_defects.hpp	100.00% <ø> (ø)
include/fiction/layouts/cartesian_layout.hpp	98.33% <ø> (ø)
include/fiction/layouts/coordinates.hpp	99.56% <ø> (ø)
include/fiction/layouts/hexagonal_layout.hpp	98.53% <ø> (ø)
...clude/fiction/algorithms/physical_design/exact.hpp	89.37% <100.00%> (ø)

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[github-actions]

clang-tidy review says "All clean, LGTM! 👍"

[github-advanced-security]

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[github-actions]

clang-tidy review says "All clean, LGTM! 👍"

[github-actions]

clang-tidy review says "All clean, LGTM! 👍"

[github-actions]

clang-tidy review says "All clean, LGTM! 👍"