feat: add rand funcs to math

[tac0turtle]

Description

Ref: #14726

this PR adds a couple rand functions used throughout the repo in order to replace the reliance of comet libs.

Wanted a gut check if people think adding the rand file to math is fine?

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Author Checklist

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• added a changelog entry to CHANGELOG.md
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[julienrbrt]

lgtm!
Maybe we should add a changelog in math.