From 5fd42eed26a8988a65eb77fc7912bc9235bc06f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Actions <actions@github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jul 2024 00:33:33 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] site deploy

Auto-generated via {sandpaper}
Source  : 98bef65593bc54f7623f3f0cba3a432c4a8a633a
Branch  : md-outputs
Author  : GitHub Actions <actions@github.com>
Time    : 2024-07-02 00:33:04 +0000
Message : markdown source builds

Auto-generated via {sandpaper}
Source  : f0bb72725b7edee7bed635ad705e468b5ea17a81
Branch  : main
Author  : Drake Asberry <47766074+drakeasberry@users.noreply.github.com>
Time    : 2024-06-15 21:22:01 +0000
Message : Merge pull request #444 from qualiaMachine/patch-1

fixed missing forward slash in file path
---
 01-raster-structure.html                      |  16 +-
 02-raster-plot.html                           |   8 +-
 03-raster-reproject-in-r.html                 |  62 +-
 04-raster-calculations-in-r.html              |  74 +-
 05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html                |  16 +-
 06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html            |  52 +-
 07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html      |  94 ++-
 08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html  |  46 +-
 09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html     |  46 +-
 10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html          |  62 +-
 11-vector-raster-integration.html             |  66 +-
 12-time-series-raster.html                    |  68 +-
 13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html         |  52 +-
 14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html        |  86 +--
 404.html                                      |   6 +-
 CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html                          |   8 +-
 LICENSE.html                                  |   8 +-
 about.html                                    |   8 +-
 aio.html                                      | 670 +++++++-----------
 discuss.html                                  |   8 +-
 ...ration-rendered-compare-data-extents-1.png | Bin 35174 -> 35472 bytes
 ...rendered-repeat-compare-data-extents-1.png | Bin 35174 -> 35472 bytes
 images.html                                   |   6 +-
 index.html                                    |   6 +-
 instructor-notes.html                         |   6 +-
 instructor/01-raster-structure.html           |  16 +-
 instructor/02-raster-plot.html                |   8 +-
 instructor/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html      |  62 +-
 instructor/04-raster-calculations-in-r.html   |  74 +-
 instructor/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html     |  16 +-
 instructor/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html |  52 +-
 .../07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html  |  94 ++-
 ...-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html |  46 +-
 .../09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html |  46 +-
 .../10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html      |  62 +-
 instructor/11-vector-raster-integration.html  |  66 +-
 instructor/12-time-series-raster.html         |  68 +-
 .../13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html     |  52 +-
 .../14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html    |  86 +--
 instructor/404.html                           |   6 +-
 instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html               |   8 +-
 instructor/LICENSE.html                       |   8 +-
 instructor/about.html                         |   8 +-
 instructor/aio.html                           | 670 +++++++-----------
 instructor/discuss.html                       |   8 +-
 instructor/images.html                        |   6 +-
 instructor/index.html                         |   6 +-
 instructor/instructor-notes.html              |   6 +-
 instructor/key-points.html                    |   6 +-
 instructor/profiles.html                      |   6 +-
 instructor/reference.html                     |   8 +-
 key-points.html                               |   6 +-
 md5sum.txt                                    |  50 +-
 pkgdown.yml                                   |   2 +-
 profiles.html                                 |   6 +-
 reference.html                                |   8 +-
 sitemap.xml                                   |  24 +
 57 files changed, 1236 insertions(+), 1828 deletions(-)

diff --git a/01-raster-structure.html b/01-raster-structure.html
index 6b9aebedd..845c6f920 100644
--- a/01-raster-structure.html
+++ b/01-raster-structure.html
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Intro to Raster Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-15 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/01-raster-structure.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Show plot
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>See <code>?plot</code> for more arguments to customize the plot</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><code>+units=m</code> tells us that our data is in meters.</p>
 </div>
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1341,7 +1341,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1363,8 +1363,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/01-raster-structure.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/01-raster-structure.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/02-raster-plot.html b/02-raster-plot.html
index abee65cc4..56a4e6981 100644
--- a/02-raster-plot.html
+++ b/02-raster-plot.html
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Plot Raster Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-15 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/02-raster-plot.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -949,7 +949,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -971,8 +971,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/02-raster-plot.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/02-raster-plot.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html b/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html
index 7558acbf9..4d607c3b3 100644
--- a/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html
+++ b/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Reproject Raster Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/03-raster-reproject-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -402,20 +402,6 @@ <h1>Reproject Raster Data</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -477,7 +463,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 3D-looking image, based on a hypothetical illumination of the ground
 level.</p>
 <figure><img src="fig/dc-spatial-raster/lidarTree-height.png" alt="Source: National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)." class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>First, we need to import the DTM and DTM hillshade data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -489,7 +475,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Next, we will convert each of these datasets to a dataframe for
 plotting with <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -498,7 +484,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span><span class="va">DTM_hill_HARV_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">DTM_hill_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create a map of the DTM layered over the hillshade.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -516,7 +502,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 (<code>DTM_HARV_df</code>) nor the DTM Hillshade
 (<code>DTM_hill_HARV_df</code>) plotted. Let’s try to plot the DTM on
 its own to make sure there are data there.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -530,7 +516,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="fig/03-raster-reproject-in-r-rendered-plot-DTM-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Our DTM seems to contain data and plots just fine.</p>
 <p>Next we plot the DTM Hillshade on its own to see whether everything
 is OK.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -565,7 +551,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -614,7 +600,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [37] "        BBOX[0,-78,84,-72]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
 [38] "    ID[\"EPSG\",32618]]"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -685,7 +671,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
 <p>First we will reproject our <code>DTM_hill_HARV</code> raster data to
 match the <code>DTM_HARV</code> raster CRS:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -694,7 +680,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Now we can compare the CRS of our original DTM hillshade and our new
 DTM hillshade, to see how they are different.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -742,7 +728,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [37] "        BBOX[0,-78,84,-72]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
 [38] "    ID[\"EPSG\",32618]]"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -767,7 +753,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [14] "    ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]"                                </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can also compare the extent of the two objects.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -778,7 +764,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>SpatExtent : 731402.31567604, 733200.22199435, 4712407.19751409, 4713901.78222079 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -823,7 +809,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Answers </h4>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Let’s next have a look at the resolution of our reprojected hillshade
 versus our original data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -834,7 +820,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 1.001061 1.001061</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -850,7 +836,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 x 1m resolution by adding a line of code <code>res=1</code> within the
 <code>project()</code> function. In the example below, we ensure a
 resolution match by using <code>res(DTM_HARV)</code> as a variable.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -860,7 +846,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Now both our resolutions and our CRSs match, so we can plot these two
 data sets together. Let’s double-check our resolution to be sure:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -871,7 +857,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 1 1</code></pre>
 </div>
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 </div>
 <p>For plotting with <code>ggplot()</code>, we will need to create a
 dataframe from our newly reprojected raster.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">DTM_hill_HARV_2_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">DTM_hill_UTMZ18N_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can now create a plot of this data.</p>
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         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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@@ -1069,8 +1055,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/04-raster-calculations-in-r.html b/04-raster-calculations-in-r.html
index a2748cae0..2fae1e7d4 100644
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@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Raster Calculations</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/04-raster-calculations-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -404,20 +404,6 @@ <h1>Raster Calculations</h1>
 
         
 
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-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
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 [64] "    STATISTICS_MINIMUM=304.55999755859"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
 [65] "    STATISTICS_STDDEV=15.861471000978"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         </code></pre>
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 <p>We’ve already loaded and worked with these two data files in earlier
 episodes. Let’s plot them each once more to remind ourselves what this
 data looks like. First we’ll plot the DTM elevation data:</p>
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 <span>     <span class="fu">coord_quickmap</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-harv-dtm-plot-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>And then the DSM elevation data:</p>
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 <p>Let’s subtract the DTM from the DSM to create a Canopy Height Model.
 After subtracting, let’s create a dataframe so we can plot with
 <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
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 <span><span class="va">CHM_HARV_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">CHM_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can now plot the output CHM.</p>
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 <figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-harv-chm-plot-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Let’s have a look at the distribution of values in our newly created
 Canopy Height Model (CHM).</p>
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@@ -773,11 +759,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: Explore CHM Raster Values<a class="anchor"
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>There are missing values in our data, so we need to specify
 <code>na.rm = TRUE</code>.</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
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 <code>range()</code> functions.</li>
 <li>Print the object and look at the <code>values</code> attribute.</li>
 </ul><ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.</code></pre>
 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-chm-harv-hist-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="4" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>
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 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-chm-harv-hist-green-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="5" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>
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 <p>Next we need to convert our new object to a data frame for plotting
 with <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">CHM_ov_HARV_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">CHM_ov_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot the CHM:</p>
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 <p>We will specify the output format (“GTiff”), the no data value
 <code>NAflag = -9999</code>. We will also tell R to overwrite any data
 that is already in a file of the same name.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -991,11 +977,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: Explore the NEON San Joaquin Experimental R
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Use the <code>lapp()</code> function to subtract the two rasters
 &amp; create the CHM.</li>
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 <span>                       fun <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">function</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">r1</span>, <span class="va">r2</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">{</span> <span class="kw">return</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">r1</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="va">r2</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">}</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Convert the output to a dataframe:</p>
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 <p>Create a histogram to check that the data distribution makes
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.</code></pre>
 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-sjer-chm-overlay-hist-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Create a plot of the CHM:</li>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1038,7 +1024,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>     <span class="fu">coord_quickmap</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-sjer-chm-overlay-raster-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Export the CHM object to a file:</li>
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 <ol start="4" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Compare the SJER and HARV CHMs. Tree heights are much shorter in
 SJER. You can confirm this by looking at the histograms of the two
 CHMs.</li>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.</code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-compare-chm-harv-sjer-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
+<figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-compare-chm-harv-sjer-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
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@@ -1131,7 +1117,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1153,8 +1139,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/04-raster-calculations-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/04-raster-calculations-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html b/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html
index 0ff2f2962..ddfe23ccb 100644
--- a/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html
+++ b/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Work with Multi-Band Rasters</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-15 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: Making Sense of Single Band Images<a class=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We’d expect a <em>brighter</em> value for the forest in band 2
 (green) than in band 1 (red) because the leaves on trees of most often
@@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge - NoData Values<a class="anchor" aria-label=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>First we use the <code>describe()</code> function to view the data
 attributes.</li>
@@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: What Functions Can Be Used on an R Object o
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>We can see a list of all of the methods available for our
 RasterStack object:</li>
@@ -1433,7 +1433,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1455,8 +1455,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html b/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html
index f076e4da5..9a08abdb0 100644
--- a/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html
+++ b/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Open and Plot Vector Layers</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -404,20 +404,6 @@ <h1>Open and Plot Vector Layers</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -471,7 +457,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 loaded in previous episodes, so we can explore raster and vector spatial
 metadata using similar commands. Make sure you have the <code>sf</code>
 library loaded.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -491,7 +477,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code>st_read()</code>. <code>st_read()</code> requires the file path to
 the ESRI <code>shapefile</code>.</p>
 <p>Let’s import our AOI:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -552,7 +538,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <code>st_geometry_type()</code>, <code>st_crs()</code> and
 <code>st_bbox()</code> functions. First, let’s view the geometry type
 for our AOI vector layer:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -567,7 +553,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Our <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> is a polygon spatial object. The
 18 levels shown below our output list the possible categories of the
 geometry type. Now let’s check what CRS this file data is in:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -618,7 +604,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 critical to interpreting the spatial object’s extent values as it
 specifies units. To find the extent of our AOI, we can use the
 <code>st_bbox()</code> function:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -637,7 +623,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 (NEON).</p>
 <figure><img src="fig/dc-spatial-vector/spatial_extent.png" alt="Extent image" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Lastly, we can view all of the metadata and attributes for this R
 spatial object by printing it to the screen:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -669,7 +655,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 color, and fill for our plot. When plotting <code>sf</code> objects with
 <code>ggplot2</code>, you need to use the <code>coord_sf()</code>
 coordinate system.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -708,7 +694,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we import the data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -726,7 +712,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Bounding box:  xmin: 730741.2 ymin: 4711942 xmax: 733295.5 ymax: 4714260
 Projected CRS: WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -745,7 +731,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Projected CRS: WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Then we check its class:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -756,7 +742,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "sf"         "data.frame"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -768,7 +754,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "sf"         "data.frame"</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We also check the CRS and extent of each object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -815,7 +801,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
     ID["EPSG",32618]]</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -827,7 +813,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>     xmin      ymin      xmax      ymax 
  730741.2 4711942.0  733295.5 4714260.0 </code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb27">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -874,7 +860,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
     ID["EPSG",32618]]</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb27">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -948,7 +934,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -970,8 +956,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html b/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html
index b76320ff9..b573cbacf 100644
--- a/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html
+++ b/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Explore and Plot by Vector Layer Attributes</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -403,20 +403,6 @@ <h1>Explore and Plot by Vector Layer Attributes</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -487,7 +473,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 with our <code>point_HARV</code> object, we can view the object with
 <code>View(point_HARV)</code> or print a summary of the object itself to
 the console.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -511,7 +497,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>We can use the <code>ncol</code> function to count the number of
 attributes associated with a spatial object too. Note that the geometry
 is just another column and counts towards the total.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -524,7 +510,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>We can view the individual name of each attribute using the
 <code>names()</code> function in R:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -540,7 +526,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>We could also view just the first 6 rows of attribute values using
 the <code>head()</code> function to get a preview of the data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -613,7 +599,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>To find the number of attributes, we use the <code>ncol()</code>
 function:</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
+</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -624,7 +610,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 15</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -637,7 +623,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Ownership information is in a column named
 <code>Ownership</code>:</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
+</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -650,7 +636,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>To see a list of all of the attributes, we can use the
 <code>names()</code> function:</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
+</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -678,7 +664,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>objectName$attributeName</code>.</p>
 <p>We can see the contents of the <code>TYPE</code> field of our lines
 feature:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -696,7 +682,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 values of a character variable (R also is able to handle categorical
 variables called factors; we worked with factors a little bit in <a href="https://datacarpentry.org/r-intro-geospatial/03-data-structures-part1/index.html" class="external-link">an
 earlier lesson</a>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -717,7 +703,7 @@ <h3 id="subset-features">Subset Features<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 <code>TYPE</code> “footpath”. Once we subset out this data, we can use
 it as input to other code so that code only operates on the footpath
 lines.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -734,7 +720,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 2. This means that only two feature lines in our spatial object have the
 attribute <code>TYPE == footpath</code>. We can plot only the footpath
 lines:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -755,7 +741,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 to see. Note that size is placed outside of the <code>aes()</code>
 function, as we are not connecting line thickness to a data
 variable.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -792,7 +778,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
 <div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we will save an object with only the boardwalk lines:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb27">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -800,7 +786,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>  <span class="fu">filter</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">TYPE</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="st">"boardwalk"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Let’s check how many features there are in this subset:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -812,7 +798,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 1</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now let’s plot that data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -851,7 +837,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we will save an object with only the stone wall lines and check
 the number of features:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -865,7 +851,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 6</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot the data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -890,7 +876,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 those default colors, we can create a vector of colors - one for each
 feature.</p>
 <p>First we will check how many unique levels our factor has:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -903,7 +889,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Then we can create a palette of four colors, one for each feature in
 our vector object.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -911,7 +897,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>We can tell <code>ggplot</code> to use these colors when we plot the
 data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb37">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb35">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -931,14 +917,14 @@ <h3 id="adjust-line-width">Adjust Line Width<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor
 use the same syntax that we used for colors, above.</p>
 <p>We already know that we have four different <code>TYPE</code>s in the
 lines_HARV object, so we will set four different line widths.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">line_widths</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fl">1</span>, <span class="fl">2</span>, <span class="fl">3</span>, <span class="fl">4</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can use those line widths when we plot the data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb39">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb37">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -986,7 +972,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we need to look at the levels of our factor to see what order
 the road types are in:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb40">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -999,14 +985,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>We then can create our <code>line_width</code> vector setting each of
 the levels to the desired thickness.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb42">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb40">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">line_width</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fl">1</span>, <span class="fl">3</span>, <span class="fl">2</span>, <span class="fl">6</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create our plot.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb41">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1046,7 +1032,7 @@ <h3 id="add-plot-legend">Add Plot Legend<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 <code>road_colors</code> object that we created above to color the
 legend. We can customize the appearance of our legend by manually
 setting different parameters.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb44">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1067,7 +1053,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code>legend.text</code>: change the font size</li>
 <li>
 <code>legend.box.background</code>: add an outline box</li>
-</ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb45">
+</ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1093,7 +1079,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left">
 <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="fig/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r-rendered-modify-legend-plot-1.png" alt="Map of the paths in the study area with large-font and border around the legend." class="figure mx-auto d-block"><figcaption>
 Map of the paths in the study area with large-font and border around the
 legend.
-</figcaption></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb47">
+</figcaption></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb45">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1158,7 +1144,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we explore the <code>BicyclesHo</code> attribute to learn the
 values that correspond to the roads we need.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb48">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb46">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1174,7 +1160,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Now, we can create a data frame with only those roads where bicycles
 and horses are allowed.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb48">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1184,7 +1170,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we plot the needed roads after setting them to magenta and a
 thicker line width.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb51">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb49">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1230,7 +1216,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we read in the data and check how many levels there are in the
 <code>region</code> column:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb52">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1252,7 +1238,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 z_range:       zmin: 0 zmax: 0
 Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb54">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb52">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1265,14 +1251,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "Midwest"   "Northeast" "Southeast" "Southwest" "West"     </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next we set a color vector with that many items:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb56">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb54">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">colors</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"purple"</span>, <span class="st">"springgreen"</span>, <span class="st">"yellow"</span>, <span class="st">"brown"</span>, <span class="st">"navy"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create our plot:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb57">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb55">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1341,7 +1327,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1363,8 +1349,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html b/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html
index 9fc4c4086..efd088491 100644
--- a/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html
+++ b/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Plot Multiple Vector Layers</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -401,20 +401,6 @@ <h1>Plot Multiple Vector Layers</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -482,7 +468,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 <p>To begin, we will create a plot with the site boundary as the first
 layer. Then layer the tower location and road data on top using
 <code>+</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -501,7 +487,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 want the legend to draw lines or points, you need to add an instruction
 to the <code>geom_sf</code> call - in this case,
 <code>show.legend = 'line'</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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@@ -517,7 +503,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend-rendered-plot-custom-shape-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Now lets adjust the legend titles by passing a <code>name</code> to
 the respective <code>color</code> and <code>fill</code> palettes.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -547,7 +533,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -589,11 +575,11 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we need to read in the data and see how many unique soils are
 represented in the <code>soilTypeOr</code> attribute.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -612,7 +598,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Bounding box:  xmin: 731405.3 ymin: 4712845 xmax: 732275.3 ymax: 4713846
 Projected CRS: WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -626,14 +612,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Next we can create a new color palette with one color for each soil
 type.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">blue_orange</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"cornflowerblue"</span>, <span class="st">"darkorange"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we will create our plot.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -652,7 +638,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend-rendered-harv-plot-locations-bg-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>If we want each soil to be shown with a different symbol, we can give
 multiple values to the <code>scale_shape_manual()</code> argument.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
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@@ -700,9 +686,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -772,7 +758,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -794,8 +780,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html b/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html
index 88bc712fd..df0783b3b 100644
--- a/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html
+++ b/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Handling Spatial Projection &amp; CRS</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -405,20 +405,6 @@ <h1>Handling Spatial Projection &amp; CRS</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -509,7 +495,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 the U.S. Please note that these data have been modified and reprojected
 from the original data downloaded from the Census website to support the
 learning goals of this episode.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -530,7 +516,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next, let’s plot the U.S. states data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -544,7 +530,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We can add a boundary layer of the United States to our map - to make
 it look nicer. We will import
 <code>NEON-DS-Site-Layout-Files/US-Boundary-Layers/US-Boundary-Dissolved-States</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -567,7 +553,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>If we specify a thicker line width using <code>size = 2</code> for
 the border layer, it will make our map pop! We will also manually set
 the colors of the state boundaries and country boundaries.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -580,7 +566,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="fig/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs-rendered-us-boundaries-thickness-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Next, let’s add the location of a flux tower where our study area is.
 As we are adding these layers, take note of the CRS of each object.
 First let’s look at the CRS of our tower location object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -608,7 +594,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </ul><p>Note that the <code>zone</code> is unique to the UTM projection. Not
 all CRSs will have a zone.</p>
 <p>Let’s check the CRS of our state and country boundary objects:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -619,7 +605,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs"</code></pre>
 </div>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -667,7 +653,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <code>point_HARV</code> spatial object compared to the
 <code>state_boundary_US</code> object.</p>
 <p>First we’ll look at the extent for our study site:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -680,7 +666,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
  732183.2 4713265.0  732183.2 4713265.0 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>And then the extent for the state boundary data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -726,7 +712,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Proj4 &amp; CRS Resources<a class="anchor" aria-label=
 <code>ggplot2</code> package, <code>ggplot</code> automatically converts
 all objects to the same CRS before plotting. This means we can plot our
 three data sets together without doing any conversion:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -765,7 +751,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -785,7 +771,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 z_range:       zmin: 0 zmax: 0
 Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -856,7 +842,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -878,8 +864,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html b/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html
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@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Convert from .csv to a Vector Layer</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -406,20 +406,6 @@ <h1>Convert from .csv to a Vector Layer</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -492,7 +478,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 coordinate <code>x, y</code> locations at the NEON Harvard Forest Field
 Site (<code>HARV_PlotLocations.csv</code>) and look at the structure of
 that new object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -531,7 +517,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>Latitude and Longitude OR</li>
 <li>easting and northing (UTM coordinates)</li>
 </ul><p>Let’s check out the column names of our dataframe.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -552,7 +538,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>plot_locations_HARV$northing</code> columns contain coordinate
 values. We can confirm this by looking at the first six rows of our
 data.</p>
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+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -563,7 +549,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 731405.3 731934.3 731754.3 731724.3 732125.3 731634.3</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -587,7 +573,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 there is a <code>geodeticDa</code> and a <code>utmZone</code> column.
 These appear to contain CRS information (<code>datum</code> and
 <code>projection</code>). Let’s view those next.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84"</code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -631,7 +617,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 in <code>proj4</code> format from that object and assign it to our new
 spatial object. We’ve seen this CRS before with our Harvard Forest study
 site (<code>point_HARV</code>).</p>
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@@ -683,7 +669,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 non-spatial dataframe into an <code>sf</code> object.</p>
 <p>Next, let’s create a <code>crs</code> object that we can use to
 define the CRS of our <code>sf</code> object when we create it.</p>
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@@ -731,7 +717,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
     ID["EPSG",32618]]</code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -752,7 +738,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 the CRS) - stored in our <code>utmCRS</code> object.</li>
 </ol><p>We will use the <code>st_as_sf()</code> function to perform the
 conversion.</p>
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@@ -761,7 +747,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>                                   crs <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">utm18nCRS</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We should double check the CRS to make sure it is correct.</p>
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@@ -812,7 +798,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We now have a spatial R object, we can plot our newly created spatial
 object.</p>
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@@ -828,7 +814,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 of the plot are considered in setting the boundaries of the plot. To
 show this, let’s plot our <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> object with our
 vegetation plots.</p>
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@@ -870,11 +856,11 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>First we will read in the new csv file and look at the data
 structure.</li>
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@@ -904,7 +890,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 WGS84 CRS. We can use that data to establish a CRS for this data. First
 we will extract the CRS from the <code>country_boundary_US</code> object
 and confirm that it is WGS84.</li>
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@@ -934,7 +920,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Then we will convert our new data to a spatial dataframe, using the
 <code>geogCRS</code> object as our CRS.</p>
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 <span>                            crs <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">geogCRS</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next we’ll confirm that the CRS for our new object is correct.</p>
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 before. The data for the earlier plot was in UTM. Since we’re using
 <code>ggplot</code>, it will reproject the data for us.</p>
 <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Now we can create our plot.</li>
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 <li>the driver which specifies the file format (ESRI Shapefile)</li>
 </ul><p>We can now export the spatial object as an ESRI
 <code>shapefile</code>.</p>
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@@ -1062,7 +1048,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
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@@ -1084,8 +1070,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/11-vector-raster-integration.html b/11-vector-raster-integration.html
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--- a/11-vector-raster-integration.html
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@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Manipulate Raster Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/11-vector-raster-integration.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -405,20 +405,6 @@ <h1>Manipulate Raster Data</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
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 <div class="overview card">
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@@ -495,7 +481,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 full extent of the CHM data and overlay where the AOI falls within it.
 The boundaries of the AOI will be colored blue, and we use
 <code>fill = NA</code> to make the area transparent.</p>
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 can perform the cropping operation. We are going to <code>crop()</code>
 function from the raster package to create a new object with only the
 portion of the CHM data that falls within the boundaries of the AOI.</p>
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 encompass all the features contained in this object. The
 <code>st_as_sfc()</code> converts these 4 coordinates into a polygon
 that we can plot:</p>
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 much larger than the resulting cropped raster. Our new cropped CHM now
 has the same extent as the <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> object that
 was used as a crop extent (blue border below).</p>
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 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/11-vector-raster-integration-rendered-view-crop-extent-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>We can look at the extent of all of our other objects for this field
 site.</p>
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@@ -566,7 +552,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   xmin    ymin    xmax    ymax 
  731453 4712471  733150 4713838 </code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -578,7 +564,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   xmin    ymin    xmax    ymax 
  732128 4713209  732251 4713359 </code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -590,7 +576,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>     xmin      ymin      xmax      ymax 
  732128.0 4713208.7  732251.1 4713359.2 </code></pre>
 </div>
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   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
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@@ -667,7 +653,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 define an extent to be used as a cropping boundary. This creates a new
 object of class extent. Here we will provide the <code>ext()</code>
 function our xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax (in that order).</p>
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@@ -698,7 +684,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <p>Once we have defined our new extent, we can use the
 <code>crop()</code> function to crop our raster to this extent
 object.</p>
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@@ -706,7 +692,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>To plot this data using <code>ggplot()</code> we need to convert it
 to a dataframe.</p>
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@@ -714,7 +700,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot this cropped data. We will show the AOI boundary on
 the same plot for scale.</p>
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@@ -744,7 +730,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </ul><p>We will begin by extracting all canopy height pixel values located
 within our <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> polygon which surrounds the
 tower located at the NEON Harvard Forest field site.</p>
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@@ -769,7 +755,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 our site. We will use the column <code>HARV_chmCrop</code> from our data
 frame as our x values, as this column represents the tree heights for
 each pixel.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -787,7 +773,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <figure><img src="fig/11-vector-raster-integration-rendered-view-extract-histogram-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>We can also use the <code>summary()</code> function to view
 descriptive statistics including min, max, and mean height values. These
 values help us better understand vegetation at our field site.</p>
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@@ -805,7 +791,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 the type of summary statistic we are interested in using the
 <code>fun =</code> argument. Let’s extract a mean height value for our
 AOI.</p>
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@@ -836,7 +822,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Image Source: National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)</p>
 <p>Let’s put this into practice by figuring out the mean tree height in
 the 20m around the tower location (<code>point_HARV</code>).</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
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   Answers
   </h4>
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-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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@@ -917,7 +903,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 20 20     20.23245
 21 21     20.44984</code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -989,7 +975,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1011,8 +997,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/11-vector-raster-integration.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/11-vector-raster-integration.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/12-time-series-raster.html b/12-time-series-raster.html
index 8502cc185..2f50a37da 100644
--- a/12-time-series-raster.html
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@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Raster Time Series Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/12-time-series-raster.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -405,20 +405,6 @@ <h1>Raster Time Series Data</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -492,7 +478,7 @@ <h3 id="getting-started">Getting Started<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 <p>In this episode, we will use the <code>terra</code>,
 <code>scales</code>, <code>tidyr</code>, and <code>ggplot2</code>
 packages. Make sure you have them loaded.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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 <p>It’s a good idea to look at the file names that matched our search to
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@@ -568,7 +554,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 using the <code>rast()</code> function. We worked with the
 <code>rast()</code> function in <a href="05-raster-multi-band-in-r/">an
 earlier episode</a>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -579,7 +565,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 including: <code>crs()</code> (coordinate reference system),
 <code>ext()</code> and <code>res()</code> (resolution; specifically
 <code>yres()</code> and <code>xres()</code>).</p>
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@@ -626,7 +612,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>SpatExtent : 239415, 239535, 4714215, 4714365 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)</code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -674,7 +660,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 single column with the NDVI observations. We will use the function
 <code>pivot_longer()</code> from the <code>tidyr</code> package to do
 this:</p>
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@@ -685,7 +671,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 create a separate panel for each time point in our time series, so we
 will use the <code>facet_wrap()</code> function to create a
 multi-paneled plot:</p>
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 <p>Let’s apply the scale factor before we go any further. Conveniently,
 we can quickly apply this factor using raster math on the entire stack
 as follows:</p>
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 </div>
 <p>After applying our scale factor, we can recreate our plot using the
 same code we used above.</p>
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 way we can look at these data that is quantitative?</p>
 <p>Next we will use histograms to explore the distribution of NDVI
 values stored in each raster.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -773,7 +759,7 @@ <h3 id="explore-unusual-data-patterns">Explore Unusual Data Patterns<a class="an
 pattern of greening and browning seen in the NDVI data. First we will
 read in the temperature data and preview the structure of that
 dataframe:</p>
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 <code>as.Date()</code> function to convert it. We need to tell R what
 format the data is in. Our dates are YYY-MM-DD, which is represented by
 R as <code>%Y-%m-%d</code>.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">har_met_daily</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">date</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.Date</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">har_met_daily</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">date</span>, format <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"%Y-%m-%d"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We only want to look at the data from 2011:</p>
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@@ -854,7 +840,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot the air temperature (the <code>airt</code> column) by
 Julian day (the <code>jd</code> column):</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -897,7 +883,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we need to load in the RGB data for Julian day 277 and look at
 its metadata.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb27">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -924,21 +910,21 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>The RGB data has a max value of 255, but we need our color intensity
 to be between 0 and 1, so we will divide our RasterStack object by
 255.</p>
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+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb27">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">RGB_277</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">RGB_277</span><span class="op">/</span><span class="fl">255</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next we convert it to a dataframe.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">RGB_277_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">RGB_277</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We create RGB colors from the three channels:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -947,7 +933,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>                       <span class="va">X277_HARV_landRGB_3</span>, <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we can plot the RGB data for Julian day 277.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -956,7 +942,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>  <span class="fu">ggtitle</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Julian day 277"</span><span class="op">)</span> </span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/12-time-series-raster-rendered-rgb-277-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>We then do the same steps for Julian day 293</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1037,7 +1023,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1059,8 +1045,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/12-time-series-raster.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/12-time-series-raster.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html b/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html
index 67e78e763..3ce0a2e9d 100644
--- a/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html
+++ b/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Create Publication-quality Graphics</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -404,20 +404,6 @@ <h1>Create Publication-quality Graphics</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -478,7 +464,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 <hr class="half-width"><p>The first thing we will do to our plot remove the x and y-axis labels
 and axis ticks, as these are unnecessary and make our plot look messy.
 We can do this by setting the plot theme to <code>void</code>.</p>
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@@ -500,7 +486,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 stands for “horizontal justification” and takes any value between 0 and
 1. A setting of 0 indicates left justification and a setting of 1
 indicates right justification.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -533,12 +519,12 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Learners can find this information in the help files for the
 <code>theme()</code> function. The parameter to set is called
 <code>face</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -568,7 +554,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>First we need to create a set of colors to use. We will select a set
 of nine colors from the “YlGn” (yellow-green) color palette. This
 returns a set of hex color codes:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -584,7 +570,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Then we will pass those color codes to the
 <code>colorRampPalette</code> function, which will interpolate from
 those colors a more nuanced color range.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -594,7 +580,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>We can tell the <code>colorRampPalette()</code> function how many
 discrete colors within this color range to create. In our case, we will
 use 20 colors when we plot our graphic.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -651,7 +637,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 labels shorter and remove repetition. To illustrate how this works, we
 will first look at the names for our <code>NDVI_HARV_stack</code>
 object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -671,7 +657,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 (““). We will assign this output to a new object
 (<code>raster_names</code>) and look at that object to make sure our
 code is doing what we want it to.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -688,7 +674,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>So far so good. Now we will use <code>gsub()</code> again to replace
 the “X” with the word “Day” followed by a space.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -703,7 +689,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Our labels look good now. Let’s reassign them to our
 <code>all_NDVI_HARV</code> object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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@@ -711,7 +697,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Once the names for each band have been reassigned, we can render our
 plot with the new labels using a<code>labeller</code>.</p>
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@@ -730,7 +716,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 columns <code>ncol</code> and the number of rows <code>nrow</code> in
 <code>facet_wrap</code>. Let’s make our plot so that it has a width of
 five panels.</p>
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@@ -774,9 +760,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -856,7 +842,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -878,8 +864,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html b/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html
index 5611243b1..53c3194e5 100644
--- a/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html
+++ b/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Derive Values from Raster Time Series</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -407,20 +407,6 @@ <h1>Derive Values from Raster Time Series</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -478,7 +464,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 <code>global()</code> function. The <code>global()</code> function
 produces a named numeric vector, where each value is associated with the
 name of raster stack it was derived from.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -507,7 +493,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>as.data.frame()</code>). It’s a good idea to view the first few
 rows of our data frame with <code>head()</code> to make sure the
 structure is what we expect.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -529,7 +515,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 clean up the column names in our data frame to make it easier for
 colleagues to work with our code.</p>
 <p>Let’s change the NDVI column name to <code>meanNDVI</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -551,7 +537,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 While we are only working with one site now, we might want to compare
 several sites worth of data in the future. Let’s add a column to our
 dataframe called “site”.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -560,7 +546,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>We can populate this column with the site name - HARV. Let’s also
 create a year column and populate it with 2011 - the year our data were
 collected.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -596,7 +582,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 at the same time. The vertical bar character ( <code>|</code> ) is
 equivalent to the word “or”. Using this character in our search pattern
 allows us to search for more than one pattern in our text strings.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -611,14 +597,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Now that we’ve extracted the Julian days from our row names, we can
 add that data to the data frame as a column called “julianDay”.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">avg_NDVI_HARV</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">julianDay</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">julianDays</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Let’s check the class of this new column:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -644,7 +630,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 data is from 2011 and we know that the USGS Landsat Team created Julian
 day values for this year. Therefore, the first day or “origin” for our
 Julian day count is 01 January 2011.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -652,7 +638,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Next we convert the <code>julianDay</code> column from character to
 integer.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -668,7 +654,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 simply add <code>origin + julianDay</code> because
 <code>01 + 05 = 06</code> or 06 January 2011. To correct, this error we
 then subtract 1 to get the correct day, January 05 2011.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -684,7 +670,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Since the origin date was originally set as a Date class object, the
 new <code>Date</code> column is also stored as class
 <code>Date</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -722,10 +708,10 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we will read in the NDVI data for the SJER field site.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -742,7 +728,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Then we can calculate the mean values for each day and put that in a
 dataframe.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -750,7 +736,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Next we rename the NDVI column, and add site and year columns to our
 data.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -759,7 +745,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span><span class="va">avg_NDVI_SJER</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">year</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="st">"2011"</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we will create our Julian day column</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -790,7 +776,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We now have a clean dataframe with properly scaled NDVI and Julian
 days. Let’s plot our data.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -820,9 +806,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -842,14 +828,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 plot. We can do this by merging the two data sets together. The date
 frames must have the same number of columns and exact same column names
 to be merged.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">NDVI_HARV_SJER</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">rbind</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">avg_NDVI_HARV</span>, <span class="va">avg_NDVI_SJER</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot both datasets on the same plot.</p>
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@@ -880,9 +866,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
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 <div class="accordion-body">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -935,7 +921,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 </div>
 </div>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -948,7 +934,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code> [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create another plot without the suspect data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb35">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -972,7 +958,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 the output file will be saved in your working directory.</p>
 <p>Before saving our file, let’s view the format to make sure it is what
 we want as an output format.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -992,7 +978,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>It looks like we have a series of <code>row.names</code> that we do
 not need because we have this information stored in individual columns
 in our data frame. Let’s remove the row names.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1010,7 +996,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 5 0.878725 HARV 2011       181 2011-06-30
 6 0.893250 HARV 2011       197 2011-07-16</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb40">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1040,9 +1026,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb41">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb39">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1061,7 +1047,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 5 0.538336 SJER 2011       126 2011-05-06
 6 0.400868 SJER 2011       142 2011-05-22</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb41">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1123,7 +1109,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1145,8 +1131,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/404.html b/404.html
index d5f8e5095..ca00e2d8c 100644
--- a/404.html
+++ b/404.html
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
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@@ -453,8 +453,8 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/404.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/404.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-25",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index e1ae292c5..27a6cdaba 100644
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -456,8 +456,8 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/LICENSE.html b/LICENSE.html
index 6f9eda5f6..f20ecf844 100644
--- a/LICENSE.html
+++ b/LICENSE.html
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Licenses</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/LICENSE.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -508,8 +508,8 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/LICENSE.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/about.html b/about.html
index 73cada3b2..da3a462a4 100644
--- a/about.html
+++ b/about.html
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1></h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/about.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ <h1></h1>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -459,8 +459,8 @@ <h1></h1>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/about.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/about.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
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diff --git a/aio.html b/aio.html
index 140b95f59..9e2bd7a52 100644
--- a/aio.html
+++ b/aio.html
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
         
 <section id="aio-01-raster-structure"><p>Content from <a href="01-raster-structure.html">Intro to Raster Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-15 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/01-raster-structure.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Show plot
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>See <code>?plot</code> for more arguments to customize the plot</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><code>+units=m</code> tells us that our data is in meters.</p>
 </div>
@@ -1083,7 +1083,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
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@@ -1266,7 +1266,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
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@@ -1393,7 +1393,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-02-raster-plot"><p>Content from <a href="02-raster-plot.html">Plot Raster Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-15 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/02-raster-plot.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -1928,26 +1928,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-03-raster-reproject-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="03-raster-reproject-in-r.html">Reproject Raster Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/03-raster-reproject-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -2014,7 +2000,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 3D-looking image, based on a hypothetical illumination of the ground
 level.</p>
 <figure><img src="fig/dc-spatial-raster/lidarTree-height.png" alt="Source: National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)." class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>First, we need to import the DTM and DTM hillshade data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -2026,7 +2012,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Next, we will convert each of these datasets to a dataframe for
 plotting with <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -2035,7 +2021,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span><span class="va">DTM_hill_HARV_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">DTM_hill_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create a map of the DTM layered over the hillshade.</p>
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@@ -2053,7 +2039,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 (<code>DTM_HARV_df</code>) nor the DTM Hillshade
 (<code>DTM_hill_HARV_df</code>) plotted. Let’s try to plot the DTM on
 its own to make sure there are data there.</p>
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 <figure><img src="fig/03-raster-reproject-in-r-rendered-plot-DTM-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Our DTM seems to contain data and plots just fine.</p>
 <p>Next we plot the DTM Hillshade on its own to see whether everything
 is OK.</p>
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 [37] "        BBOX[0,-78,84,-72]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
 [38] "    ID[\"EPSG\",32618]]"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </code></pre>
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 <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
 <p>First we will reproject our <code>DTM_hill_HARV</code> raster data to
 match the <code>DTM_HARV</code> raster CRS:</p>
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 <p>Now we can compare the CRS of our original DTM hillshade and our new
 DTM hillshade, to see how they are different.</p>
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 [37] "        BBOX[0,-78,84,-72]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
 [38] "    ID[\"EPSG\",32618]]"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </code></pre>
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 [14] "    ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]"                                </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can also compare the extent of the two objects.</p>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>SpatExtent : 731402.31567604, 733200.22199435, 4712407.19751409, 4713901.78222079 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)</code></pre>
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 <p>Let’s next have a look at the resolution of our reprojected hillshade
 versus our original data.</p>
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 x 1m resolution by adding a line of code <code>res=1</code> within the
 <code>project()</code> function. In the example below, we ensure a
 resolution match by using <code>res(DTM_HARV)</code> as a variable.</p>
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 <p>Now both our resolutions and our CRSs match, so we can plot these two
 data sets together. Let’s double-check our resolution to be sure:</p>
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 <p>For plotting with <code>ggplot()</code>, we will need to create a
 dataframe from our newly reprojected raster.</p>
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 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">DTM_hill_HARV_2_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">DTM_hill_UTMZ18N_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can now create a plot of this data.</p>
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 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/04-raster-calculations-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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 [64] "    STATISTICS_MINIMUM=304.55999755859"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
 [65] "    STATISTICS_STDDEV=15.861471000978"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         </code></pre>
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 <p>We’ve already loaded and worked with these two data files in earlier
 episodes. Let’s plot them each once more to remind ourselves what this
 data looks like. First we’ll plot the DTM elevation data:</p>
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 <figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-harv-dtm-plot-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>And then the DSM elevation data:</p>
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 <p>Let’s subtract the DTM from the DSM to create a Canopy Height Model.
 After subtracting, let’s create a dataframe so we can plot with
 <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
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 <span><span class="va">CHM_HARV_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">CHM_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
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 <p>We can now plot the output CHM.</p>
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 <figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-harv-chm-plot-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Let’s have a look at the distribution of values in our newly created
 Canopy Height Model (CHM).</p>
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>There are missing values in our data, so we need to specify
 <code>na.rm = TRUE</code>.</li>
 </ol>
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 <p>Next we need to convert our new object to a data frame for plotting
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 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">CHM_ov_HARV_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">CHM_ov_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot the CHM:</p>
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 that is already in a file of the same name.</p>
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 </button>
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>Use the <code>lapp()</code> function to subtract the two rasters
 &amp; create the CHM.</li>
 </ol>
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 <span>                       fun <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">function</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">r1</span>, <span class="va">r2</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">{</span> <span class="kw">return</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">r1</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="va">r2</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">}</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Convert the output to a dataframe:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -3207,7 +3179,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Create a histogram to check that the data distribution makes
 sense:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb27">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -3222,7 +3194,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-sjer-chm-overlay-hist-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>Create a plot of the CHM:</li>
 </ol>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -3238,7 +3210,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-sjer-chm-overlay-raster-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>Export the CHM object to a file:</li>
 </ol>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -3252,7 +3224,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 SJER. You can confirm this by looking at the histograms of the two
 CHMs.</li>
 </ol>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -3264,7 +3236,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.</code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-compare-chm-harv-sjer-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
+<figure><img src="fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-compare-chm-harv-sjer-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -3302,7 +3274,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-05-raster-multi-band-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html">Work with Multi-Band Rasters</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-15 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -3410,7 +3382,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
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@@ -3516,7 +3488,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: Making Sense of Single Band Images<a class=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We’d expect a <em>brighter</em> value for the forest in band 2
 (green) than in band 1 (red) because the leaves on trees of most often
@@ -3728,7 +3700,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge - NoData Values<a class="anchor" aria-label=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>First we use the <code>describe()</code> function to view the data
@@ -4068,7 +4040,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: What Functions Can Be Used on an R Object o
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>We can see a list of all of the methods available for our
@@ -4337,26 +4309,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html">Open and Plot Vector Layers</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
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-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -4415,7 +4373,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 loaded in previous episodes, so we can explore raster and vector spatial
 metadata using similar commands. Make sure you have the <code>sf</code>
 library loaded.</p>
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 <code>st_read()</code>. <code>st_read()</code> requires the file path to
 the ESRI <code>shapefile</code>.</p>
 <p>Let’s import our AOI:</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4502,7 +4460,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <code>st_geometry_type()</code>, <code>st_crs()</code> and
 <code>st_bbox()</code> functions. First, let’s view the geometry type
 for our AOI vector layer:</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4517,7 +4475,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Our <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> is a polygon spatial object. The
 18 levels shown below our output list the possible categories of the
 geometry type. Now let’s check what CRS this file data is in:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4568,7 +4526,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 critical to interpreting the spatial object’s extent values as it
 specifies units. To find the extent of our AOI, we can use the
 <code>st_bbox()</code> function:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4587,7 +4545,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 (NEON).</p>
 <figure><img src="fig/dc-spatial-vector/spatial_extent.png" alt="Extent image" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Lastly, we can view all of the metadata and attributes for this R
 spatial object by printing it to the screen:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4621,7 +4579,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 color, and fill for our plot. When plotting <code>sf</code> objects with
 <code>ggplot2</code>, you need to use the <code>coord_sf()</code>
 coordinate system.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4662,7 +4620,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we import the data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4680,7 +4638,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Bounding box:  xmin: 730741.2 ymin: 4711942 xmax: 733295.5 ymax: 4714260
 Projected CRS: WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
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 Projected CRS: WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Then we check its class:</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "sf"         "data.frame"</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4722,7 +4680,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "sf"         "data.frame"</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We also check the CRS and extent of each object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4769,7 +4727,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
     ID["EPSG",32618]]</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4781,7 +4739,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>     xmin      ymin      xmax      ymax 
  730741.2 4711942.0  733295.5 4714260.0 </code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4828,7 +4786,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
     ID["EPSG",32618]]</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4870,26 +4828,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html">Explore and Plot by Vector Layer Attributes</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
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-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -4968,7 +4912,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 with our <code>point_HARV</code> object, we can view the object with
 <code>View(point_HARV)</code> or print a summary of the object itself to
 the console.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4992,7 +4936,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>We can use the <code>ncol</code> function to count the number of
 attributes associated with a spatial object too. Note that the geometry
 is just another column and counts towards the total.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
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 </div>
 <p>We can view the individual name of each attribute using the
 <code>names()</code> function in R:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5021,7 +4965,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>We could also view just the first 6 rows of attribute values using
 the <code>head()</code> function to get a preview of the data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5100,7 +5044,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 <li>To find the number of attributes, we use the <code>ncol()</code>
 function:</li>
 </ol>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 15</code></pre>
 </div>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5126,7 +5070,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>Ownership information is in a column named
 <code>Ownership</code>:</li>
 </ol>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5141,7 +5085,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>To see a list of all of the attributes, we can use the
 <code>names()</code> function:</li>
 </ol>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5170,7 +5114,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>objectName$attributeName</code>.</p>
 <p>We can see the contents of the <code>TYPE</code> field of our lines
 feature:</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5188,7 +5132,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 values of a character variable (R also is able to handle categorical
 variables called factors; we worked with factors a little bit in <a href="https://datacarpentry.org/r-intro-geospatial/03-data-structures-part1/index.html" class="external-link">an
 earlier lesson</a>.</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5210,7 +5154,7 @@ <h3 id="subset-features">Subset Features<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 <code>TYPE</code> “footpath”. Once we subset out this data, we can use
 it as input to other code so that code only operates on the footpath
 lines.</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5227,7 +5171,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 2. This means that only two feature lines in our spatial object have the
 attribute <code>TYPE == footpath</code>. We can plot only the footpath
 lines:</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5248,7 +5192,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 to see. Note that size is placed outside of the <code>aes()</code>
 function, as we are not connecting line thickness to a data
 variable.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5285,7 +5229,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
 <div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we will save an object with only the boardwalk lines:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb27">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5293,7 +5237,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>  <span class="fu">filter</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">TYPE</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="st">"boardwalk"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Let’s check how many features there are in this subset:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5305,7 +5249,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 1</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now let’s plot that data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5345,7 +5289,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we will save an object with only the stone wall lines and check
 the number of features:</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5359,7 +5303,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 6</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot the data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5386,7 +5330,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 those default colors, we can create a vector of colors - one for each
 feature.</p>
 <p>First we will check how many unique levels our factor has:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5399,7 +5343,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Then we can create a palette of four colors, one for each feature in
 our vector object.</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5407,7 +5351,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>We can tell <code>ggplot</code> to use these colors when we plot the
 data.</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5428,14 +5372,14 @@ <h3 id="adjust-line-width">Adjust Line Width<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor
 use the same syntax that we used for colors, above.</p>
 <p>We already know that we have four different <code>TYPE</code>s in the
 lines_HARV object, so we will set four different line widths.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">line_widths</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fl">1</span>, <span class="fl">2</span>, <span class="fl">3</span>, <span class="fl">4</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can use those line widths when we plot the data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb39">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5485,7 +5429,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we need to look at the levels of our factor to see what order
 the road types are in:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5498,14 +5442,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>We then can create our <code>line_width</code> vector setting each of
 the levels to the desired thickness.</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">line_width</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fl">1</span>, <span class="fl">3</span>, <span class="fl">2</span>, <span class="fl">6</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create our plot.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5549,7 +5493,7 @@ <h3 id="add-plot-legend">Add Plot Legend<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 <code>road_colors</code> object that we created above to color the
 legend. We can customize the appearance of our legend by manually
 setting different parameters.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5572,7 +5516,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <li>
 <code>legend.box.background</code>: add an outline box</li>
 </ul>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5598,7 +5542,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left">
 <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="fig/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r-rendered-modify-legend-plot-1.png" alt="Map of the paths in the study area with large-font and border around the legend." class="figure mx-auto d-block"><figcaption>
 Map of the paths in the study area with large-font and border around the
 legend.
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+</figcaption></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb45">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5663,7 +5607,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we explore the <code>BicyclesHo</code> attribute to learn the
 values that correspond to the roads we need.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5679,7 +5623,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Now, we can create a data frame with only those roads where bicycles
 and horses are allowed.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5689,7 +5633,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we plot the needed roads after setting them to magenta and a
 thicker line width.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5738,7 +5682,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we read in the data and check how many levels there are in the
 <code>region</code> column:</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5760,7 +5704,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 z_range:       zmin: 0 zmax: 0
 Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5773,14 +5717,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "Midwest"   "Northeast" "Southeast" "Southwest" "West"     </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next we set a color vector with that many items:</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">colors</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"purple"</span>, <span class="st">"springgreen"</span>, <span class="st">"yellow"</span>, <span class="st">"brown"</span>, <span class="st">"navy"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create our plot:</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5818,26 +5762,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend"><p>Content from <a href="08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html">Plot Multiple Vector Layers</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
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-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -5911,7 +5841,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 <p>To begin, we will create a plot with the site boundary as the first
 layer. Then layer the tower location and road data on top using
 <code>+</code>.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5930,7 +5860,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 want the legend to draw lines or points, you need to add an instruction
 to the <code>geom_sf</code> call - in this case,
 <code>show.legend = 'line'</code>.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5946,7 +5876,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend-rendered-plot-custom-shape-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Now lets adjust the legend titles by passing a <code>name</code> to
 the respective <code>color</code> and <code>fill</code> palettes.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5976,7 +5906,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6020,11 +5950,11 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we need to read in the data and see how many unique soils are
 represented in the <code>soilTypeOr</code> attribute.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6043,7 +5973,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Bounding box:  xmin: 731405.3 ymin: 4712845 xmax: 732275.3 ymax: 4713846
 Projected CRS: WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6057,14 +5987,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Next we can create a new color palette with one color for each soil
 type.</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">blue_orange</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"cornflowerblue"</span>, <span class="st">"darkorange"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we will create our plot.</p>
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@@ -6083,7 +6013,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend-rendered-harv-plot-locations-bg-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>If we want each soil to be shown with a different symbol, we can give
 multiple values to the <code>scale_shape_manual()</code> argument.</p>
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@@ -6134,9 +6064,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6175,26 +6105,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs"><p>Content from <a href="09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html">Handling Spatial Projection &amp; CRS</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
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-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -6294,7 +6210,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 the U.S. Please note that these data have been modified and reprojected
 from the original data downloaded from the Census website to support the
 learning goals of this episode.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6315,7 +6231,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next, let’s plot the U.S. states data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6330,7 +6246,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>We can add a boundary layer of the United States to our map - to make
 it look nicer. We will import
 <code>NEON-DS-Site-Layout-Files/US-Boundary-Layers/US-Boundary-Dissolved-States</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6353,7 +6269,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>If we specify a thicker line width using <code>size = 2</code> for
 the border layer, it will make our map pop! We will also manually set
 the colors of the state boundaries and country boundaries.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6366,7 +6282,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="fig/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs-rendered-us-boundaries-thickness-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Next, let’s add the location of a flux tower where our study area is.
 As we are adding these layers, take note of the CRS of each object.
 First let’s look at the CRS of our tower location object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6396,7 +6312,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Note that the <code>zone</code> is unique to the UTM projection. Not
 all CRSs will have a zone.</p>
 <p>Let’s check the CRS of our state and country boundary objects:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
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@@ -6407,7 +6323,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs"</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6458,7 +6374,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <code>point_HARV</code> spatial object compared to the
 <code>state_boundary_US</code> object.</p>
 <p>First we’ll look at the extent for our study site:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6471,7 +6387,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
  732183.2 4713265.0  732183.2 4713265.0 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>And then the extent for the state boundary data.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6520,7 +6436,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Proj4 &amp; CRS Resources<a class="anchor" aria-label=
 <code>ggplot2</code> package, <code>ggplot</code> automatically converts
 all objects to the same CRS before plotting. This means we can plot our
 three data sets together without doing any conversion:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6561,7 +6477,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6581,7 +6497,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 z_range:       zmin: 0 zmax: 0
 Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84</code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -6621,26 +6537,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html">Convert from .csv to a Vector Layer</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
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-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -6721,7 +6623,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 coordinate <code>x, y</code> locations at the NEON Harvard Forest Field
 Site (<code>HARV_PlotLocations.csv</code>) and look at the structure of
 that new object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6762,7 +6664,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>easting and northing (UTM coordinates)</li>
 </ul>
 <p>Let’s check out the column names of our dataframe.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6784,7 +6686,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>plot_locations_HARV$northing</code> columns contain coordinate
 values. We can confirm this by looking at the first six rows of our
 data.</p>
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@@ -6795,7 +6697,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 731405.3 731934.3 731754.3 731724.3 732125.3 731634.3</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6821,7 +6723,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 there is a <code>geodeticDa</code> and a <code>utmZone</code> column.
 These appear to contain CRS information (<code>datum</code> and
 <code>projection</code>). Let’s view those next.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
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@@ -6832,7 +6734,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6867,7 +6769,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 in <code>proj4</code> format from that object and assign it to our new
 spatial object. We’ve seen this CRS before with our Harvard Forest study
 site (<code>point_HARV</code>).</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6919,7 +6821,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 non-spatial dataframe into an <code>sf</code> object.</p>
 <p>Next, let’s create a <code>crs</code> object that we can use to
 define the CRS of our <code>sf</code> object when we create it.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6967,7 +6869,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
     ID["EPSG",32618]]</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6991,7 +6893,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </ol>
 <p>We will use the <code>st_as_sf()</code> function to perform the
 conversion.</p>
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@@ -7000,7 +6902,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>                                   crs <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">utm18nCRS</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We should double check the CRS to make sure it is correct.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7052,7 +6954,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We now have a spatial R object, we can plot our newly created spatial
 object.</p>
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 of the plot are considered in setting the boundaries of the plot. To
 show this, let’s plot our <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> object with our
 vegetation plots.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7113,13 +7015,13 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>First we will read in the new csv file and look at the data
 structure.</li>
 </ol>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7151,7 +7053,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 we will extract the CRS from the <code>country_boundary_US</code> object
 and confirm that it is WGS84.</li>
 </ol>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7181,7 +7083,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Then we will convert our new data to a spatial dataframe, using the
 <code>geogCRS</code> object as our CRS.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7190,7 +7092,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>                            crs <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">geogCRS</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next we’ll confirm that the CRS for our new object is correct.</p>
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 <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>Now we can create our plot.</li>
 </ol>
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@@ -7255,7 +7157,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </ul>
 <p>We can now export the spatial object as an ESRI
 <code>shapefile</code>.</p>
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@@ -7283,26 +7185,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-11-vector-raster-integration"><p>Content from <a href="11-vector-raster-integration.html">Manipulate Raster Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/11-vector-raster-integration.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
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-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
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-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -7387,7 +7275,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 full extent of the CHM data and overlay where the AOI falls within it.
 The boundaries of the AOI will be colored blue, and we use
 <code>fill = NA</code> to make the area transparent.</p>
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@@ -7401,7 +7289,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 can perform the cropping operation. We are going to <code>crop()</code>
 function from the raster package to create a new object with only the
 portion of the CHM data that falls within the boundaries of the AOI.</p>
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 encompass all the features contained in this object. The
 <code>st_as_sfc()</code> converts these 4 coordinates into a polygon
 that we can plot:</p>
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 much larger than the resulting cropped raster. Our new cropped CHM now
 has the same extent as the <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> object that
 was used as a crop extent (blue border below).</p>
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 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/11-vector-raster-integration-rendered-view-crop-extent-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>We can look at the extent of all of our other objects for this field
 site.</p>
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@@ -7458,7 +7346,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   xmin    ymin    xmax    ymax 
  731453 4712471  733150 4713838 </code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   xmin    ymin    xmax    ymax 
  732128 4713209  732251 4713359 </code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>     xmin      ymin      xmax      ymax 
  732128.0 4713208.7  732251.1 4713359.2 </code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -7521,9 +7409,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
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@@ -7563,7 +7451,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 define an extent to be used as a cropping boundary. This creates a new
 object of class extent. Here we will provide the <code>ext()</code>
 function our xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax (in that order).</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7594,7 +7482,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <p>Once we have defined our new extent, we can use the
 <code>crop()</code> function to crop our raster to this extent
 object.</p>
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 </div>
 <p>To plot this data using <code>ggplot()</code> we need to convert it
 to a dataframe.</p>
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@@ -7610,7 +7498,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot this cropped data. We will show the AOI boundary on
 the same plot for scale.</p>
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 <p>We will begin by extracting all canopy height pixel values located
 within our <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> polygon which surrounds the
 tower located at the NEON Harvard Forest field site.</p>
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@@ -7668,7 +7556,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 our site. We will use the column <code>HARV_chmCrop</code> from our data
 frame as our x values, as this column represents the tree heights for
 each pixel.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7686,7 +7574,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <figure><img src="fig/11-vector-raster-integration-rendered-view-extract-histogram-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>We can also use the <code>summary()</code> function to view
 descriptive statistics including min, max, and mean height values. These
 values help us better understand vegetation at our field site.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7705,7 +7593,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 the type of summary statistic we are interested in using the
 <code>fun =</code> argument. Let’s extract a mean height value for our
 AOI.</p>
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@@ -7737,7 +7625,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Image Source: National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)</p>
 <p>Let’s put this into practice by figuring out the mean tree height in
 the 20m around the tower location (<code>point_HARV</code>).</p>
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@@ -7779,9 +7667,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7820,7 +7708,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 20 20     20.23245
 21 21     20.44984</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7861,26 +7749,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-12-time-series-raster"><p>Content from <a href="12-time-series-raster.html">Raster Time Series Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/12-time-series-raster.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
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-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
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-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -7962,7 +7836,7 @@ <h3 id="getting-started">Getting Started<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 <p>In this episode, we will use the <code>terra</code>,
 <code>scales</code>, <code>tidyr</code>, and <code>ggplot2</code>
 packages. Make sure you have them loaded.</p>
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 <p>It’s a good idea to look at the file names that matched our search to
 make sure they meet our expectations.</p>
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@@ -8040,7 +7914,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 using the <code>rast()</code> function. We worked with the
 <code>rast()</code> function in <a href="05-raster-multi-band-in-r/">an
 earlier episode</a>.</p>
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 including: <code>crs()</code> (coordinate reference system),
 <code>ext()</code> and <code>res()</code> (resolution; specifically
 <code>yres()</code> and <code>xres()</code>).</p>
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 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>SpatExtent : 239415, 239535, 4714215, 4714365 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 30</code></pre>
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 single column with the NDVI observations. We will use the function
 <code>pivot_longer()</code> from the <code>tidyr</code> package to do
 this:</p>
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 create a separate panel for each time point in our time series, so we
 will use the <code>facet_wrap()</code> function to create a
 multi-paneled plot:</p>
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 <p>Let’s apply the scale factor before we go any further. Conveniently,
 we can quickly apply this factor using raster math on the entire stack
 as follows:</p>
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 <p>After applying our scale factor, we can recreate our plot using the
 same code we used above.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8223,7 +8097,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 way we can look at these data that is quantitative?</p>
 <p>Next we will use histograms to explore the distribution of NDVI
 values stored in each raster.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8252,7 +8126,7 @@ <h3 id="explore-unusual-data-patterns">Explore Unusual Data Patterns<a class="an
 pattern of greening and browning seen in the NDVI data. First we will
 read in the temperature data and preview the structure of that
 dataframe:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8317,14 +8191,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>as.Date()</code> function to convert it. We need to tell R what
 format the data is in. Our dates are YYY-MM-DD, which is represented by
 R as <code>%Y-%m-%d</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">har_met_daily</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">date</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.Date</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">har_met_daily</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">date</span>, format <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"%Y-%m-%d"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We only want to look at the data from 2011:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8333,7 +8207,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot the air temperature (the <code>airt</code> column) by
 Julian day (the <code>jd</code> column):</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8376,7 +8250,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we need to load in the RGB data for Julian day 277 and look at
 its metadata.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb27">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8403,21 +8277,21 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>The RGB data has a max value of 255, but we need our color intensity
 to be between 0 and 1, so we will divide our RasterStack object by
 255.</p>
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+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb27">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">RGB_277</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">RGB_277</span><span class="op">/</span><span class="fl">255</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next we convert it to a dataframe.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">RGB_277_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">RGB_277</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We create RGB colors from the three channels:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8426,7 +8300,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>                       <span class="va">X277_HARV_landRGB_3</span>, <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we can plot the RGB data for Julian day 277.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8435,7 +8309,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>  <span class="fu">ggtitle</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Julian day 277"</span><span class="op">)</span> </span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <figure><img src="fig/12-time-series-raster-rendered-rgb-277-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>We then do the same steps for Julian day 293</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8484,26 +8358,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html">Create Publication-quality Graphics</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
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-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -8570,7 +8430,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 <p>The first thing we will do to our plot remove the x and y-axis labels
 and axis ticks, as these are unnecessary and make our plot look messy.
 We can do this by setting the plot theme to <code>void</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8592,7 +8452,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 stands for “horizontal justification” and takes any value between 0 and
 1. A setting of 0 indicates left justification and a setting of 1
 indicates right justification.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8625,12 +8485,12 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Learners can find this information in the help files for the
 <code>theme()</code> function. The parameter to set is called
 <code>face</code>.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8662,7 +8522,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>First we need to create a set of colors to use. We will select a set
 of nine colors from the “YlGn” (yellow-green) color palette. This
 returns a set of hex color codes:</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8678,7 +8538,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Then we will pass those color codes to the
 <code>colorRampPalette</code> function, which will interpolate from
 those colors a more nuanced color range.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8688,7 +8548,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>We can tell the <code>colorRampPalette()</code> function how many
 discrete colors within this color range to create. In our case, we will
 use 20 colors when we plot our graphic.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8746,7 +8606,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 labels shorter and remove repetition. To illustrate how this works, we
 will first look at the names for our <code>NDVI_HARV_stack</code>
 object:</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8766,7 +8626,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 (““). We will assign this output to a new object
 (<code>raster_names</code>) and look at that object to make sure our
 code is doing what we want it to.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8783,7 +8643,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>So far so good. Now we will use <code>gsub()</code> again to replace
 the “X” with the word “Day” followed by a space.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8798,7 +8658,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Our labels look good now. Let’s reassign them to our
 <code>all_NDVI_HARV</code> object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8806,7 +8666,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Once the names for each band have been reassigned, we can render our
 plot with the new labels using a<code>labeller</code>.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8826,7 +8686,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 columns <code>ncol</code> and the number of rows <code>nrow</code> in
 <code>facet_wrap</code>. Let’s make our plot so that it has a width of
 five panels.</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8872,9 +8732,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8922,26 +8782,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html">Derive Values from Raster Time Series</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -9005,7 +8851,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 <code>global()</code> function. The <code>global()</code> function
 produces a named numeric vector, where each value is associated with the
 name of raster stack it was derived from.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9034,7 +8880,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>as.data.frame()</code>). It’s a good idea to view the first few
 rows of our data frame with <code>head()</code> to make sure the
 structure is what we expect.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9056,7 +8902,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 clean up the column names in our data frame to make it easier for
 colleagues to work with our code.</p>
 <p>Let’s change the NDVI column name to <code>meanNDVI</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9078,7 +8924,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 While we are only working with one site now, we might want to compare
 several sites worth of data in the future. Let’s add a column to our
 dataframe called “site”.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9087,7 +8933,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>We can populate this column with the site name - HARV. Let’s also
 create a year column and populate it with 2011 - the year our data were
 collected.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9124,7 +8970,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 at the same time. The vertical bar character ( <code>|</code> ) is
 equivalent to the word “or”. Using this character in our search pattern
 allows us to search for more than one pattern in our text strings.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9139,14 +8985,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Now that we’ve extracted the Julian days from our row names, we can
 add that data to the data frame as a column called “julianDay”.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">avg_NDVI_HARV</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">julianDay</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">julianDays</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Let’s check the class of this new column:</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9173,7 +9019,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 data is from 2011 and we know that the USGS Landsat Team created Julian
 day values for this year. Therefore, the first day or “origin” for our
 Julian day count is 01 January 2011.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9181,7 +9027,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Next we convert the <code>julianDay</code> column from character to
 integer.</p>
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+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9197,7 +9043,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 simply add <code>origin + julianDay</code> because
 <code>01 + 05 = 06</code> or 06 January 2011. To correct, this error we
 then subtract 1 to get the correct day, January 05 2011.</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9213,7 +9059,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Since the origin date was originally set as a Date class object, the
 new <code>Date</code> column is also stored as class
 <code>Date</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9251,10 +9097,10 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we will read in the NDVI data for the SJER field site.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9271,7 +9117,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Then we can calculate the mean values for each day and put that in a
 dataframe.</p>
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+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9279,7 +9125,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Next we rename the NDVI column, and add site and year columns to our
 data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9288,7 +9134,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span><span class="va">avg_NDVI_SJER</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">year</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="st">"2011"</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we will create our Julian day column</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9320,7 +9166,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We now have a clean dataframe with properly scaled NDVI and Julian
 days. Let’s plot our data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9350,9 +9196,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9374,14 +9220,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 plot. We can do this by merging the two data sets together. The date
 frames must have the same number of columns and exact same column names
 to be merged.</p>
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+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">NDVI_HARV_SJER</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">rbind</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">avg_NDVI_HARV</span>, <span class="va">avg_NDVI_SJER</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot both datasets on the same plot.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9412,9 +9258,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9469,7 +9315,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9482,7 +9328,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code> [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create another plot without the suspect data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb35">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9507,7 +9353,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 the output file will be saved in your working directory.</p>
 <p>Before saving our file, let’s view the format to make sure it is what
 we want as an output format.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9527,7 +9373,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>It looks like we have a series of <code>row.names</code> that we do
 not need because we have this information stored in individual columns
 in our data frame. Let’s remove the row names.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9545,7 +9391,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 5 0.878725 HARV 2011       181 2011-06-30
 6 0.893250 HARV 2011       197 2011-07-16</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb40">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9577,9 +9423,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb41">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9598,7 +9444,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 5 0.538336 SJER 2011       126 2011-05-06
 6 0.400868 SJER 2011       142 2011-05-22</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb41">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9651,7 +9497,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer>
 </div> <!-- / div.container -->
@@ -9674,8 +9520,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/aio.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/aio.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-25",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/discuss.html b/discuss.html
index b0dc99949..d9741de77 100644
--- a/discuss.html
+++ b/discuss.html
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Discussion</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/learners/discuss.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ <h1>Discussion</h1>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -449,8 +449,8 @@ <h1>Discussion</h1>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/discuss.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/discuss.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/fig/11-vector-raster-integration-rendered-compare-data-extents-1.png b/fig/11-vector-raster-integration-rendered-compare-data-extents-1.png
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diff --git a/images.html b/images.html
index 00b4a56b7..d3f5c9948 100644
--- a/images.html
+++ b/images.html
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ <h3 id="14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r-figure-6">Figure 6</h3>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
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-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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 </div> <!-- / div.container -->
@@ -816,8 +816,8 @@ <h3 id="14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r-figure-6">Figure 6</h3>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/images.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/images.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-25",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 358256055..be88289c3 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ <h3 id="setup-rstudio-project">Setup RStudio Project<a class="anchor" aria-label
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -482,8 +482,8 @@ <h3 id="setup-rstudio-project">Setup RStudio Project<a class="anchor" aria-label
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/index.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/index.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-25",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor-notes.html b/instructor-notes.html
index 30d9baedd..9f4c5d380 100644
--- a/instructor-notes.html
+++ b/instructor-notes.html
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ <h4 id="concluding-remarks">Concluding remarks<a class="anchor" aria-label="anch
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
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-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer>
 </div> <!-- / div.container -->
@@ -789,8 +789,8 @@ <h4 id="concluding-remarks">Concluding remarks<a class="anchor" aria-label="anch
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor-notes.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor-notes.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-25",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/01-raster-structure.html b/instructor/01-raster-structure.html
index 43db424af..48692a213 100644
--- a/instructor/01-raster-structure.html
+++ b/instructor/01-raster-structure.html
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Intro to Raster Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-15 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/01-raster-structure.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Show plot
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>See <code>?plot</code> for more arguments to customize the plot</p>
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@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><code>+units=m</code> tells us that our data is in meters.</p>
 </div>
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
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   Answers
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
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@@ -1343,7 +1343,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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@@ -1365,8 +1365,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/01-raster-structure.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/01-raster-structure.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/02-raster-plot.html b/instructor/02-raster-plot.html
index 7aa39954b..2ca21c078 100644
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+++ b/instructor/02-raster-plot.html
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Plot Raster Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-15 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/02-raster-plot.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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@@ -973,8 +973,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/02-raster-plot.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/02-raster-plot.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
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diff --git a/instructor/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html b/instructor/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html
index 47a76bfc5..d0aa0bfc6 100644
--- a/instructor/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html
+++ b/instructor/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Reproject Raster Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/03-raster-reproject-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -404,20 +404,6 @@ <h1>Reproject Raster Data</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -479,7 +465,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 3D-looking image, based on a hypothetical illumination of the ground
 level.</p>
 <figure><img src="../fig/dc-spatial-raster/lidarTree-height.png" alt="Source: National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)." class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>First, we need to import the DTM and DTM hillshade data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -491,7 +477,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Next, we will convert each of these datasets to a dataframe for
 plotting with <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -500,7 +486,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span><span class="va">DTM_hill_HARV_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">DTM_hill_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create a map of the DTM layered over the hillshade.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -518,7 +504,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 (<code>DTM_HARV_df</code>) nor the DTM Hillshade
 (<code>DTM_hill_HARV_df</code>) plotted. Let’s try to plot the DTM on
 its own to make sure there are data there.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -532,7 +518,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="../fig/03-raster-reproject-in-r-rendered-plot-DTM-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Our DTM seems to contain data and plots just fine.</p>
 <p>Next we plot the DTM Hillshade on its own to see whether everything
 is OK.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -567,7 +553,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -616,7 +602,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [37] "        BBOX[0,-78,84,-72]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
 [38] "    ID[\"EPSG\",32618]]"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -687,7 +673,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
 <p>First we will reproject our <code>DTM_hill_HARV</code> raster data to
 match the <code>DTM_HARV</code> raster CRS:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
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@@ -696,7 +682,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Now we can compare the CRS of our original DTM hillshade and our new
 DTM hillshade, to see how they are different.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -744,7 +730,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [37] "        BBOX[0,-78,84,-72]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
 [38] "    ID[\"EPSG\",32618]]"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </code></pre>
 </div>
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 [14] "    ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]"                                </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can also compare the extent of the two objects.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>SpatExtent : 731402.31567604, 733200.22199435, 4712407.19751409, 4713901.78222079 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)</code></pre>
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@@ -825,7 +811,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Answers </h4>
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 <hr class="half-width"><p>Let’s next have a look at the resolution of our reprojected hillshade
 versus our original data.</p>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 1.001061 1.001061</code></pre>
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 x 1m resolution by adding a line of code <code>res=1</code> within the
 <code>project()</code> function. In the example below, we ensure a
 resolution match by using <code>res(DTM_HARV)</code> as a variable.</p>
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 <p>Now both our resolutions and our CRSs match, so we can plot these two
 data sets together. Let’s double-check our resolution to be sure:</p>
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 </div>
 <p>For plotting with <code>ggplot()</code>, we will need to create a
 dataframe from our newly reprojected raster.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">DTM_hill_HARV_2_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">DTM_hill_UTMZ18N_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can now create a plot of this data.</p>
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         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/03-raster-reproject-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Raster Calculations</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/04-raster-calculations-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
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-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
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-</div>
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 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
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 </button>
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 [64] "    STATISTICS_MINIMUM=304.55999755859"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
 [65] "    STATISTICS_STDDEV=15.861471000978"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         </code></pre>
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 <p>We’ve already loaded and worked with these two data files in earlier
 episodes. Let’s plot them each once more to remind ourselves what this
 data looks like. First we’ll plot the DTM elevation data:</p>
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 <span>     <span class="fu">coord_quickmap</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-harv-dtm-plot-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>And then the DSM elevation data:</p>
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 <p>Let’s subtract the DTM from the DSM to create a Canopy Height Model.
 After subtracting, let’s create a dataframe so we can plot with
 <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
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 <span><span class="va">CHM_HARV_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">CHM_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can now plot the output CHM.</p>
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 <figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-harv-chm-plot-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Let’s have a look at the distribution of values in our newly created
 Canopy Height Model (CHM).</p>
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 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>There are missing values in our data, so we need to specify
 <code>na.rm = TRUE</code>.</li>
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 <code>range()</code> functions.</li>
 <li>Print the object and look at the <code>values</code> attribute.</li>
 </ul><ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.</code></pre>
 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-chm-harv-hist-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="4" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>
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 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-chm-harv-hist-green-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="5" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>
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 <p>Next we need to convert our new object to a data frame for plotting
 with <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">CHM_ov_HARV_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">CHM_ov_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot the CHM:</p>
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 <p>We will specify the output format (“GTiff”), the no data value
 <code>NAflag = -9999</code>. We will also tell R to overwrite any data
 that is already in a file of the same name.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -993,11 +979,11 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: Explore the NEON San Joaquin Experimental R
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Use the <code>lapp()</code> function to subtract the two rasters
 &amp; create the CHM.</li>
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 <span>                       fun <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">function</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">r1</span>, <span class="va">r2</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">{</span> <span class="kw">return</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">r1</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="va">r2</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">}</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Convert the output to a dataframe:</p>
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 <p>Create a histogram to check that the data distribution makes
 sense:</p>
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+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1026,7 +1012,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.</code></pre>
 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-sjer-chm-overlay-hist-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Create a plot of the CHM:</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
+</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb27">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1040,7 +1026,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>     <span class="fu">coord_quickmap</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-sjer-chm-overlay-raster-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Export the CHM object to a file:</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
+</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1052,7 +1038,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <ol start="4" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Compare the SJER and HARV CHMs. Tree heights are much shorter in
 SJER. You can confirm this by looking at the histograms of the two
 CHMs.</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
+</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1064,7 +1050,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.</code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-compare-chm-harv-sjer-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
+<figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-compare-chm-harv-sjer-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1133,7 +1119,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1155,8 +1141,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/04-raster-calculations-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/04-raster-calculations-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html b/instructor/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html
index 531ee8ecb..4066d3dbe 100644
--- a/instructor/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html
+++ b/instructor/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Work with Multi-Band Rasters</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-15 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: Making Sense of Single Band Images<a class=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We’d expect a <em>brighter</em> value for the forest in band 2
 (green) than in band 1 (red) because the leaves on trees of most often
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge - NoData Values<a class="anchor" aria-label=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>First we use the <code>describe()</code> function to view the data
 attributes.</li>
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: What Functions Can Be Used on an R Object o
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>We can see a list of all of the methods available for our
 RasterStack object:</li>
@@ -1435,7 +1435,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1457,8 +1457,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html b/instructor/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html
index c7ee8dc24..3c4784264 100644
--- a/instructor/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html
+++ b/instructor/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Open and Plot Vector Layers</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -406,20 +406,6 @@ <h1>Open and Plot Vector Layers</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -473,7 +459,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 loaded in previous episodes, so we can explore raster and vector spatial
 metadata using similar commands. Make sure you have the <code>sf</code>
 library loaded.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -493,7 +479,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code>st_read()</code>. <code>st_read()</code> requires the file path to
 the ESRI <code>shapefile</code>.</p>
 <p>Let’s import our AOI:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -554,7 +540,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <code>st_geometry_type()</code>, <code>st_crs()</code> and
 <code>st_bbox()</code> functions. First, let’s view the geometry type
 for our AOI vector layer:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -569,7 +555,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Our <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> is a polygon spatial object. The
 18 levels shown below our output list the possible categories of the
 geometry type. Now let’s check what CRS this file data is in:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -620,7 +606,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 critical to interpreting the spatial object’s extent values as it
 specifies units. To find the extent of our AOI, we can use the
 <code>st_bbox()</code> function:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -639,7 +625,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 (NEON).</p>
 <figure><img src="../fig/dc-spatial-vector/spatial_extent.png" alt="Extent image" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Lastly, we can view all of the metadata and attributes for this R
 spatial object by printing it to the screen:</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -671,7 +657,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 color, and fill for our plot. When plotting <code>sf</code> objects with
 <code>ggplot2</code>, you need to use the <code>coord_sf()</code>
 coordinate system.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -710,7 +696,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we import the data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -728,7 +714,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Bounding box:  xmin: 730741.2 ymin: 4711942 xmax: 733295.5 ymax: 4714260
 Projected CRS: WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -747,7 +733,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Projected CRS: WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Then we check its class:</p>
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@@ -758,7 +744,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "sf"         "data.frame"</code></pre>
 </div>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -770,7 +756,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "sf"         "data.frame"</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We also check the CRS and extent of each object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -817,7 +803,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
     ID["EPSG",32618]]</code></pre>
 </div>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -829,7 +815,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>     xmin      ymin      xmax      ymax 
  730741.2 4711942.0  733295.5 4714260.0 </code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -876,7 +862,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
     ID["EPSG",32618]]</code></pre>
 </div>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -950,7 +936,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -972,8 +958,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html b/instructor/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html
index 8475e2fcf..850189b5f 100644
--- a/instructor/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html
+++ b/instructor/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Explore and Plot by Vector Layer Attributes</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -405,20 +405,6 @@ <h1>Explore and Plot by Vector Layer Attributes</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -489,7 +475,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 with our <code>point_HARV</code> object, we can view the object with
 <code>View(point_HARV)</code> or print a summary of the object itself to
 the console.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -513,7 +499,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>We can use the <code>ncol</code> function to count the number of
 attributes associated with a spatial object too. Note that the geometry
 is just another column and counts towards the total.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -526,7 +512,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>We can view the individual name of each attribute using the
 <code>names()</code> function in R:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -542,7 +528,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>We could also view just the first 6 rows of attribute values using
 the <code>head()</code> function to get a preview of the data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -615,7 +601,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>To find the number of attributes, we use the <code>ncol()</code>
 function:</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
+</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -626,7 +612,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 15</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -639,7 +625,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Ownership information is in a column named
 <code>Ownership</code>:</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
+</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -652,7 +638,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>To see a list of all of the attributes, we can use the
 <code>names()</code> function:</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
+</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -680,7 +666,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>objectName$attributeName</code>.</p>
 <p>We can see the contents of the <code>TYPE</code> field of our lines
 feature:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -698,7 +684,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 values of a character variable (R also is able to handle categorical
 variables called factors; we worked with factors a little bit in <a href="https://datacarpentry.org/r-intro-geospatial/03-data-structures-part1/index.html" class="external-link">an
 earlier lesson</a>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -719,7 +705,7 @@ <h3 id="subset-features">Subset Features<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 <code>TYPE</code> “footpath”. Once we subset out this data, we can use
 it as input to other code so that code only operates on the footpath
 lines.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -736,7 +722,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 2. This means that only two feature lines in our spatial object have the
 attribute <code>TYPE == footpath</code>. We can plot only the footpath
 lines:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -757,7 +743,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 to see. Note that size is placed outside of the <code>aes()</code>
 function, as we are not connecting line thickness to a data
 variable.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -794,7 +780,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
 <div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we will save an object with only the boardwalk lines:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb27">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -802,7 +788,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>  <span class="fu">filter</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">TYPE</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="st">"boardwalk"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Let’s check how many features there are in this subset:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -814,7 +800,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 1</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now let’s plot that data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -853,7 +839,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we will save an object with only the stone wall lines and check
 the number of features:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -867,7 +853,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 6</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot the data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -892,7 +878,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 those default colors, we can create a vector of colors - one for each
 feature.</p>
 <p>First we will check how many unique levels our factor has:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -905,7 +891,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Then we can create a palette of four colors, one for each feature in
 our vector object.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -913,7 +899,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>We can tell <code>ggplot</code> to use these colors when we plot the
 data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb37">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb35">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -933,14 +919,14 @@ <h3 id="adjust-line-width">Adjust Line Width<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor
 use the same syntax that we used for colors, above.</p>
 <p>We already know that we have four different <code>TYPE</code>s in the
 lines_HARV object, so we will set four different line widths.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">line_widths</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fl">1</span>, <span class="fl">2</span>, <span class="fl">3</span>, <span class="fl">4</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can use those line widths when we plot the data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb39">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb37">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -988,7 +974,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we need to look at the levels of our factor to see what order
 the road types are in:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb40">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1001,14 +987,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>We then can create our <code>line_width</code> vector setting each of
 the levels to the desired thickness.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb42">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb40">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">line_width</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fl">1</span>, <span class="fl">3</span>, <span class="fl">2</span>, <span class="fl">6</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create our plot.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb41">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1048,7 +1034,7 @@ <h3 id="add-plot-legend">Add Plot Legend<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 <code>road_colors</code> object that we created above to color the
 legend. We can customize the appearance of our legend by manually
 setting different parameters.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb44">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb42">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1069,7 +1055,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code>legend.text</code>: change the font size</li>
 <li>
 <code>legend.box.background</code>: add an outline box</li>
-</ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb45">
+</ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1095,7 +1081,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left">
 <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="../fig/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r-rendered-modify-legend-plot-1.png" alt="Map of the paths in the study area with large-font and border around the legend." class="figure mx-auto d-block"><figcaption>
 Map of the paths in the study area with large-font and border around the
 legend.
-</figcaption></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb47">
+</figcaption></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb45">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1160,7 +1146,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we explore the <code>BicyclesHo</code> attribute to learn the
 values that correspond to the roads we need.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb48">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb46">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1176,7 +1162,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Now, we can create a data frame with only those roads where bicycles
 and horses are allowed.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb48">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1186,7 +1172,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we plot the needed roads after setting them to magenta and a
 thicker line width.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb51">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb49">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1232,7 +1218,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we read in the data and check how many levels there are in the
 <code>region</code> column:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb52">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1254,7 +1240,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 z_range:       zmin: 0 zmax: 0
 Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb54">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb52">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1267,14 +1253,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "Midwest"   "Northeast" "Southeast" "Southwest" "West"     </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next we set a color vector with that many items:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb56">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb54">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">colors</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"purple"</span>, <span class="st">"springgreen"</span>, <span class="st">"yellow"</span>, <span class="st">"brown"</span>, <span class="st">"navy"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create our plot:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb57">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb55">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1343,7 +1329,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1365,8 +1351,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html b/instructor/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html
index 06eabd186..93e27844e 100644
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+++ b/instructor/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Plot Multiple Vector Layers</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -403,20 +403,6 @@ <h1>Plot Multiple Vector Layers</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
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-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
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 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -484,7 +470,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 <p>To begin, we will create a plot with the site boundary as the first
 layer. Then layer the tower location and road data on top using
 <code>+</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -503,7 +489,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 want the legend to draw lines or points, you need to add an instruction
 to the <code>geom_sf</code> call - in this case,
 <code>show.legend = 'line'</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <figure><img src="../fig/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend-rendered-plot-custom-shape-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Now lets adjust the legend titles by passing a <code>name</code> to
 the respective <code>color</code> and <code>fill</code> palettes.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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@@ -549,7 +535,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -591,11 +577,11 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we need to read in the data and see how many unique soils are
 represented in the <code>soilTypeOr</code> attribute.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
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 Bounding box:  xmin: 731405.3 ymin: 4712845 xmax: 732275.3 ymax: 4713846
 Projected CRS: WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -628,14 +614,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Next we can create a new color palette with one color for each soil
 type.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">blue_orange</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"cornflowerblue"</span>, <span class="st">"darkorange"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we will create our plot.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
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 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend-rendered-harv-plot-locations-bg-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>If we want each soil to be shown with a different symbol, we can give
 multiple values to the <code>scale_shape_manual()</code> argument.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
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   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -774,7 +760,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -796,8 +782,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html b/instructor/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html
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--- a/instructor/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html
+++ b/instructor/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Handling Spatial Projection &amp; CRS</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -407,20 +407,6 @@ <h1>Handling Spatial Projection &amp; CRS</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -511,7 +497,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 the U.S. Please note that these data have been modified and reprojected
 from the original data downloaded from the Census website to support the
 learning goals of this episode.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -532,7 +518,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next, let’s plot the U.S. states data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <hr class="half-width"><p>We can add a boundary layer of the United States to our map - to make
 it look nicer. We will import
 <code>NEON-DS-Site-Layout-Files/US-Boundary-Layers/US-Boundary-Dissolved-States</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -569,7 +555,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>If we specify a thicker line width using <code>size = 2</code> for
 the border layer, it will make our map pop! We will also manually set
 the colors of the state boundaries and country boundaries.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -582,7 +568,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="../fig/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs-rendered-us-boundaries-thickness-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Next, let’s add the location of a flux tower where our study area is.
 As we are adding these layers, take note of the CRS of each object.
 First let’s look at the CRS of our tower location object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -610,7 +596,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </ul><p>Note that the <code>zone</code> is unique to the UTM projection. Not
 all CRSs will have a zone.</p>
 <p>Let’s check the CRS of our state and country boundary objects:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -621,7 +607,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs"</code></pre>
 </div>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -669,7 +655,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <code>point_HARV</code> spatial object compared to the
 <code>state_boundary_US</code> object.</p>
 <p>First we’ll look at the extent for our study site:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -682,7 +668,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
  732183.2 4713265.0  732183.2 4713265.0 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>And then the extent for the state boundary data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -728,7 +714,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Proj4 &amp; CRS Resources<a class="anchor" aria-label=
 <code>ggplot2</code> package, <code>ggplot</code> automatically converts
 all objects to the same CRS before plotting. This means we can plot our
 three data sets together without doing any conversion:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -767,7 +753,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -787,7 +773,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 z_range:       zmin: 0 zmax: 0
 Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84</code></pre>
 </div>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -858,7 +844,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -880,8 +866,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html b/instructor/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html
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--- a/instructor/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html
+++ b/instructor/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Convert from .csv to a Vector Layer</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -408,20 +408,6 @@ <h1>Convert from .csv to a Vector Layer</h1>
 
         
 
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-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
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-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -494,7 +480,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 coordinate <code>x, y</code> locations at the NEON Harvard Forest Field
 Site (<code>HARV_PlotLocations.csv</code>) and look at the structure of
 that new object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -533,7 +519,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>Latitude and Longitude OR</li>
 <li>easting and northing (UTM coordinates)</li>
 </ul><p>Let’s check out the column names of our dataframe.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
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@@ -554,7 +540,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>plot_locations_HARV$northing</code> columns contain coordinate
 values. We can confirm this by looking at the first six rows of our
 data.</p>
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+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
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 </h3>
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@@ -565,7 +551,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 731405.3 731934.3 731754.3 731724.3 732125.3 731634.3</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
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@@ -589,7 +575,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 there is a <code>geodeticDa</code> and a <code>utmZone</code> column.
 These appear to contain CRS information (<code>datum</code> and
 <code>projection</code>). Let’s view those next.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
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@@ -600,7 +586,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84"</code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -633,7 +619,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 in <code>proj4</code> format from that object and assign it to our new
 spatial object. We’ve seen this CRS before with our Harvard Forest study
 site (<code>point_HARV</code>).</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -685,7 +671,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 non-spatial dataframe into an <code>sf</code> object.</p>
 <p>Next, let’s create a <code>crs</code> object that we can use to
 define the CRS of our <code>sf</code> object when we create it.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -733,7 +719,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
     ID["EPSG",32618]]</code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -754,7 +740,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 the CRS) - stored in our <code>utmCRS</code> object.</li>
 </ol><p>We will use the <code>st_as_sf()</code> function to perform the
 conversion.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -763,7 +749,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>                                   crs <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">utm18nCRS</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We should double check the CRS to make sure it is correct.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -814,7 +800,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We now have a spatial R object, we can plot our newly created spatial
 object.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -830,7 +816,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 of the plot are considered in setting the boundaries of the plot. To
 show this, let’s plot our <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> object with our
 vegetation plots.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -872,11 +858,11 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>First we will read in the new csv file and look at the data
 structure.</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
+</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -906,7 +892,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 WGS84 CRS. We can use that data to establish a CRS for this data. First
 we will extract the CRS from the <code>country_boundary_US</code> object
 and confirm that it is WGS84.</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
+</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -936,7 +922,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Then we will convert our new data to a spatial dataframe, using the
 <code>geogCRS</code> object as our CRS.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -945,7 +931,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>                            crs <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">geogCRS</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next we’ll confirm that the CRS for our new object is correct.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -976,7 +962,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 before. The data for the earlier plot was in UTM. Since we’re using
 <code>ggplot</code>, it will reproject the data for us.</p>
 <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Now we can create our plot.</li>
-</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
+</ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1004,7 +990,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <li>the driver which specifies the file format (ESRI Shapefile)</li>
 </ul><p>We can now export the spatial object as an ESRI
 <code>shapefile</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1064,7 +1050,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1086,8 +1072,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/11-vector-raster-integration.html b/instructor/11-vector-raster-integration.html
index d2553060a..4a05553f6 100644
--- a/instructor/11-vector-raster-integration.html
+++ b/instructor/11-vector-raster-integration.html
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Manipulate Raster Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/11-vector-raster-integration.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -407,20 +407,6 @@ <h1>Manipulate Raster Data</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
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-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -497,7 +483,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 full extent of the CHM data and overlay where the AOI falls within it.
 The boundaries of the AOI will be colored blue, and we use
 <code>fill = NA</code> to make the area transparent.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -511,7 +497,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 can perform the cropping operation. We are going to <code>crop()</code>
 function from the raster package to create a new object with only the
 portion of the CHM data that falls within the boundaries of the AOI.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
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@@ -525,7 +511,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 encompass all the features contained in this object. The
 <code>st_as_sfc()</code> converts these 4 coordinates into a polygon
 that we can plot:</p>
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@@ -543,7 +529,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 much larger than the resulting cropped raster. Our new cropped CHM now
 has the same extent as the <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> object that
 was used as a crop extent (blue border below).</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
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 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/11-vector-raster-integration-rendered-view-crop-extent-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>We can look at the extent of all of our other objects for this field
 site.</p>
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@@ -568,7 +554,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   xmin    ymin    xmax    ymax 
  731453 4712471  733150 4713838 </code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -580,7 +566,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   xmin    ymin    xmax    ymax 
  732128 4713209  732251 4713359 </code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -592,7 +578,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>     xmin      ymin      xmax      ymax 
  732128.0 4713208.7  732251.1 4713359.2 </code></pre>
 </div>
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   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
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@@ -669,7 +655,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 define an extent to be used as a cropping boundary. This creates a new
 object of class extent. Here we will provide the <code>ext()</code>
 function our xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax (in that order).</p>
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@@ -700,7 +686,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <p>Once we have defined our new extent, we can use the
 <code>crop()</code> function to crop our raster to this extent
 object.</p>
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@@ -708,7 +694,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>To plot this data using <code>ggplot()</code> we need to convert it
 to a dataframe.</p>
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 <p>Now we can plot this cropped data. We will show the AOI boundary on
 the same plot for scale.</p>
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@@ -746,7 +732,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </ul><p>We will begin by extracting all canopy height pixel values located
 within our <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> polygon which surrounds the
 tower located at the NEON Harvard Forest field site.</p>
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@@ -771,7 +757,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 our site. We will use the column <code>HARV_chmCrop</code> from our data
 frame as our x values, as this column represents the tree heights for
 each pixel.</p>
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@@ -789,7 +775,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <figure><img src="../fig/11-vector-raster-integration-rendered-view-extract-histogram-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>We can also use the <code>summary()</code> function to view
 descriptive statistics including min, max, and mean height values. These
 values help us better understand vegetation at our field site.</p>
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@@ -807,7 +793,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 the type of summary statistic we are interested in using the
 <code>fun =</code> argument. Let’s extract a mean height value for our
 AOI.</p>
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@@ -838,7 +824,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Image Source: National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)</p>
 <p>Let’s put this into practice by figuring out the mean tree height in
 the 20m around the tower location (<code>point_HARV</code>).</p>
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@@ -878,9 +864,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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@@ -919,7 +905,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 20 20     20.23245
 21 21     20.44984</code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -991,7 +977,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1013,8 +999,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/11-vector-raster-integration.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/11-vector-raster-integration.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/12-time-series-raster.html b/instructor/12-time-series-raster.html
index b4115250b..64dfd3494 100644
--- a/instructor/12-time-series-raster.html
+++ b/instructor/12-time-series-raster.html
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Raster Time Series Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/12-time-series-raster.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -407,20 +407,6 @@ <h1>Raster Time Series Data</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
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-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -494,7 +480,7 @@ <h3 id="getting-started">Getting Started<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 <p>In this episode, we will use the <code>terra</code>,
 <code>scales</code>, <code>tidyr</code>, and <code>ggplot2</code>
 packages. Make sure you have them loaded.</p>
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 </ul></div>
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 </div>
 <p>It’s a good idea to look at the file names that matched our search to
 make sure they meet our expectations.</p>
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 using the <code>rast()</code> function. We worked with the
 <code>rast()</code> function in <a href="05-raster-multi-band-in-r/">an
 earlier episode</a>.</p>
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@@ -581,7 +567,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 including: <code>crs()</code> (coordinate reference system),
 <code>ext()</code> and <code>res()</code> (resolution; specifically
 <code>yres()</code> and <code>xres()</code>).</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>SpatExtent : 239415, 239535, 4714215, 4714365 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)</code></pre>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 30</code></pre>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -676,7 +662,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 single column with the NDVI observations. We will use the function
 <code>pivot_longer()</code> from the <code>tidyr</code> package to do
 this:</p>
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@@ -687,7 +673,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 create a separate panel for each time point in our time series, so we
 will use the <code>facet_wrap()</code> function to create a
 multi-paneled plot:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -707,7 +693,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>Let’s apply the scale factor before we go any further. Conveniently,
 we can quickly apply this factor using raster math on the entire stack
 as follows:</p>
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 </div>
 <p>After applying our scale factor, we can recreate our plot using the
 same code we used above.</p>
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 way we can look at these data that is quantitative?</p>
 <p>Next we will use histograms to explore the distribution of NDVI
 values stored in each raster.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -775,7 +761,7 @@ <h3 id="explore-unusual-data-patterns">Explore Unusual Data Patterns<a class="an
 pattern of greening and browning seen in the NDVI data. First we will
 read in the temperature data and preview the structure of that
 dataframe:</p>
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@@ -840,14 +826,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>as.Date()</code> function to convert it. We need to tell R what
 format the data is in. Our dates are YYY-MM-DD, which is represented by
 R as <code>%Y-%m-%d</code>.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">har_met_daily</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">date</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.Date</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">har_met_daily</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">date</span>, format <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"%Y-%m-%d"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We only want to look at the data from 2011:</p>
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 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot the air temperature (the <code>airt</code> column) by
 Julian day (the <code>jd</code> column):</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -899,7 +885,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we need to load in the RGB data for Julian day 277 and look at
 its metadata.</p>
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@@ -926,21 +912,21 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>The RGB data has a max value of 255, but we need our color intensity
 to be between 0 and 1, so we will divide our RasterStack object by
 255.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">RGB_277</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">RGB_277</span><span class="op">/</span><span class="fl">255</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next we convert it to a dataframe.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">RGB_277_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">RGB_277</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We create RGB colors from the three channels:</p>
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 <span>                       <span class="va">X277_HARV_landRGB_3</span>, <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we can plot the RGB data for Julian day 277.</p>
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 <span>  <span class="fu">ggtitle</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Julian day 277"</span><span class="op">)</span> </span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/12-time-series-raster-rendered-rgb-277-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>We then do the same steps for Julian day 293</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1039,7 +1025,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1061,8 +1047,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/12-time-series-raster.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/12-time-series-raster.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html b/instructor/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html
index f06e314a8..ee51a62af 100644
--- a/instructor/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html
+++ b/instructor/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Create Publication-quality Graphics</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -406,20 +406,6 @@ <h1>Create Publication-quality Graphics</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -480,7 +466,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 <hr class="half-width"><p>The first thing we will do to our plot remove the x and y-axis labels
 and axis ticks, as these are unnecessary and make our plot look messy.
 We can do this by setting the plot theme to <code>void</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -502,7 +488,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 stands for “horizontal justification” and takes any value between 0 and
 1. A setting of 0 indicates left justification and a setting of 1
 indicates right justification.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -535,12 +521,12 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Learners can find this information in the help files for the
 <code>theme()</code> function. The parameter to set is called
 <code>face</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -570,7 +556,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>First we need to create a set of colors to use. We will select a set
 of nine colors from the “YlGn” (yellow-green) color palette. This
 returns a set of hex color codes:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -586,7 +572,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Then we will pass those color codes to the
 <code>colorRampPalette</code> function, which will interpolate from
 those colors a more nuanced color range.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -596,7 +582,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>We can tell the <code>colorRampPalette()</code> function how many
 discrete colors within this color range to create. In our case, we will
 use 20 colors when we plot our graphic.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -653,7 +639,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 labels shorter and remove repetition. To illustrate how this works, we
 will first look at the names for our <code>NDVI_HARV_stack</code>
 object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -673,7 +659,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 (““). We will assign this output to a new object
 (<code>raster_names</code>) and look at that object to make sure our
 code is doing what we want it to.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -690,7 +676,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>So far so good. Now we will use <code>gsub()</code> again to replace
 the “X” with the word “Day” followed by a space.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -705,7 +691,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Our labels look good now. Let’s reassign them to our
 <code>all_NDVI_HARV</code> object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -713,7 +699,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Once the names for each band have been reassigned, we can render our
 plot with the new labels using a<code>labeller</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -732,7 +718,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 columns <code>ncol</code> and the number of rows <code>nrow</code> in
 <code>facet_wrap</code>. Let’s make our plot so that it has a width of
 five panels.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -776,9 +762,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -858,7 +844,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -880,8 +866,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html b/instructor/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html
index 16b1e6447..46aef0d43 100644
--- a/instructor/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html
+++ b/instructor/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Derive Values from Raster Time Series</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -409,20 +409,6 @@ <h1>Derive Values from Raster Time Series</h1>
 
         
 
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -480,7 +466,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 <code>global()</code> function. The <code>global()</code> function
 produces a named numeric vector, where each value is associated with the
 name of raster stack it was derived from.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -509,7 +495,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>as.data.frame()</code>). It’s a good idea to view the first few
 rows of our data frame with <code>head()</code> to make sure the
 structure is what we expect.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -531,7 +517,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 clean up the column names in our data frame to make it easier for
 colleagues to work with our code.</p>
 <p>Let’s change the NDVI column name to <code>meanNDVI</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -553,7 +539,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 While we are only working with one site now, we might want to compare
 several sites worth of data in the future. Let’s add a column to our
 dataframe called “site”.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -562,7 +548,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>We can populate this column with the site name - HARV. Let’s also
 create a year column and populate it with 2011 - the year our data were
 collected.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -598,7 +584,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 at the same time. The vertical bar character ( <code>|</code> ) is
 equivalent to the word “or”. Using this character in our search pattern
 allows us to search for more than one pattern in our text strings.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -613,14 +599,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Now that we’ve extracted the Julian days from our row names, we can
 add that data to the data frame as a column called “julianDay”.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">avg_NDVI_HARV</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">julianDay</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">julianDays</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Let’s check the class of this new column:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -646,7 +632,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 data is from 2011 and we know that the USGS Landsat Team created Julian
 day values for this year. Therefore, the first day or “origin” for our
 Julian day count is 01 January 2011.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -654,7 +640,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Next we convert the <code>julianDay</code> column from character to
 integer.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -670,7 +656,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 simply add <code>origin + julianDay</code> because
 <code>01 + 05 = 06</code> or 06 January 2011. To correct, this error we
 then subtract 1 to get the correct day, January 05 2011.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -686,7 +672,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Since the origin date was originally set as a Date class object, the
 new <code>Date</code> column is also stored as class
 <code>Date</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -724,10 +710,10 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we will read in the NDVI data for the SJER field site.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -744,7 +730,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Then we can calculate the mean values for each day and put that in a
 dataframe.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -752,7 +738,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Next we rename the NDVI column, and add site and year columns to our
 data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -761,7 +747,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span><span class="va">avg_NDVI_SJER</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">year</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="st">"2011"</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we will create our Julian day column</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -792,7 +778,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>We now have a clean dataframe with properly scaled NDVI and Julian
 days. Let’s plot our data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -822,9 +808,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -844,14 +830,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 plot. We can do this by merging the two data sets together. The date
 frames must have the same number of columns and exact same column names
 to be merged.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">NDVI_HARV_SJER</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">rbind</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">avg_NDVI_HARV</span>, <span class="va">avg_NDVI_SJER</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot both datasets on the same plot.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -882,9 +868,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -937,7 +923,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -950,7 +936,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code> [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create another plot without the suspect data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb35">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -974,7 +960,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 the output file will be saved in your working directory.</p>
 <p>Before saving our file, let’s view the format to make sure it is what
 we want as an output format.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -994,7 +980,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>It looks like we have a series of <code>row.names</code> that we do
 not need because we have this information stored in individual columns
 in our data frame. Let’s remove the row names.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1012,7 +998,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 5 0.878725 HARV 2011       181 2011-06-30
 6 0.893250 HARV 2011       197 2011-07-16</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb40">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1042,9 +1028,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb41">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1063,7 +1049,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 5 0.538336 SJER 2011       126 2011-05-06
 6 0.400868 SJER 2011       142 2011-05-22</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb41">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -1125,7 +1111,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -1147,8 +1133,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
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+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
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diff --git a/instructor/404.html b/instructor/404.html
index 870d191b2..ac7494ac3 100644
--- a/instructor/404.html
+++ b/instructor/404.html
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
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@@ -453,8 +453,8 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/404.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/404.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-25",
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 }
 
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diff --git a/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index 76e114c0e..eb85d00b4 100644
--- a/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -458,8 +458,8 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
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diff --git a/instructor/LICENSE.html b/instructor/LICENSE.html
index 19c9e26d4..ae765e6d5 100644
--- a/instructor/LICENSE.html
+++ b/instructor/LICENSE.html
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Licenses</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/LICENSE.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -510,8 +510,8 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/LICENSE.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
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diff --git a/instructor/about.html b/instructor/about.html
index b9f928aff..80c4088d8 100644
--- a/instructor/about.html
+++ b/instructor/about.html
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1></h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/about.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ <h1></h1>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -461,8 +461,8 @@ <h1></h1>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/about.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/about.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/aio.html b/instructor/aio.html
index 8aa428385..f96e79503 100644
--- a/instructor/aio.html
+++ b/instructor/aio.html
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
         
 <section id="aio-01-raster-structure"><p>Content from <a href="01-raster-structure.html">Intro to Raster Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-15 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/01-raster-structure.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 50 minutes</p>
@@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Show plot
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>See <code>?plot</code> for more arguments to customize the plot</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
@@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><code>+units=m</code> tells us that our data is in meters.</p>
 </div>
@@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
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@@ -1269,7 +1269,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
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 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
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@@ -1396,7 +1396,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-02-raster-plot"><p>Content from <a href="02-raster-plot.html">Plot Raster Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-15 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/02-raster-plot.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 70 minutes</p>
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 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-03-raster-reproject-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="03-raster-reproject-in-r.html">Reproject Raster Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/03-raster-reproject-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
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-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
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@@ -2019,7 +2005,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 3D-looking image, based on a hypothetical illumination of the ground
 level.</p>
 <figure><img src="../fig/dc-spatial-raster/lidarTree-height.png" alt="Source: National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)." class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>First, we need to import the DTM and DTM hillshade data.</p>
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 <p>Next, we will convert each of these datasets to a dataframe for
 plotting with <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
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 <span><span class="va">DTM_hill_HARV_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">DTM_hill_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create a map of the DTM layered over the hillshade.</p>
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 (<code>DTM_HARV_df</code>) nor the DTM Hillshade
 (<code>DTM_hill_HARV_df</code>) plotted. Let’s try to plot the DTM on
 its own to make sure there are data there.</p>
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 <figure><img src="../fig/03-raster-reproject-in-r-rendered-plot-DTM-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Our DTM seems to contain data and plots just fine.</p>
 <p>Next we plot the DTM Hillshade on its own to see whether everything
 is OK.</p>
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 [37] "        BBOX[0,-78,84,-72]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
 [38] "    ID[\"EPSG\",32618]]"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </code></pre>
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 <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
 <p>First we will reproject our <code>DTM_hill_HARV</code> raster data to
 match the <code>DTM_HARV</code> raster CRS:</p>
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 <p>Now we can compare the CRS of our original DTM hillshade and our new
 DTM hillshade, to see how they are different.</p>
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 [37] "        BBOX[0,-78,84,-72]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
 [38] "    ID[\"EPSG\",32618]]"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </code></pre>
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 [14] "    ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]"                                </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can also compare the extent of the two objects.</p>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>SpatExtent : 731402.31567604, 733200.22199435, 4712407.19751409, 4713901.78222079 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)</code></pre>
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 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Let’s next have a look at the resolution of our reprojected hillshade
 versus our original data.</p>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 1.001061 1.001061</code></pre>
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 x 1m resolution by adding a line of code <code>res=1</code> within the
 <code>project()</code> function. In the example below, we ensure a
 resolution match by using <code>res(DTM_HARV)</code> as a variable.</p>
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 <p>Now both our resolutions and our CRSs match, so we can plot these two
 data sets together. Let’s double-check our resolution to be sure:</p>
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 </div>
 <p>For plotting with <code>ggplot()</code>, we will need to create a
 dataframe from our newly reprojected raster.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">DTM_hill_HARV_2_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">DTM_hill_UTMZ18N_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can now create a plot of this data.</p>
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 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-04-raster-calculations-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="04-raster-calculations-in-r.html">Raster Calculations</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/04-raster-calculations-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
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-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
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 [64] "    STATISTICS_MINIMUM=304.55999755859"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
 [65] "    STATISTICS_STDDEV=15.861471000978"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         </code></pre>
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 <p>We’ve already loaded and worked with these two data files in earlier
 episodes. Let’s plot them each once more to remind ourselves what this
 data looks like. First we’ll plot the DTM elevation data:</p>
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 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-harv-dtm-plot-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>And then the DSM elevation data:</p>
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 <p>Let’s subtract the DTM from the DSM to create a Canopy Height Model.
 After subtracting, let’s create a dataframe so we can plot with
 <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
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 <span><span class="va">CHM_HARV_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">CHM_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can now plot the output CHM.</p>
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 <figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-harv-chm-plot-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Let’s have a look at the distribution of values in our newly created
 Canopy Height Model (CHM).</p>
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 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>There are missing values in our data, so we need to specify
 <code>na.rm = TRUE</code>.</li>
 </ol>
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 </ul>
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 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-chm-harv-hist-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="4" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>
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 <figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-chm-harv-hist-green-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="5" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>
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 </div>
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 </div>
 <p>Next we need to convert our new object to a data frame for plotting
 with <code>ggplot</code>.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">CHM_ov_HARV_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">CHM_ov_HARV</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot the CHM:</p>
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@@ -3127,7 +3099,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>We will specify the output format (“GTiff”), the no data value
 <code>NAflag = -9999</code>. We will also tell R to overwrite any data
 that is already in a file of the same name.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -3191,13 +3163,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: Explore the NEON San Joaquin Experimental R
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>Use the <code>lapp()</code> function to subtract the two rasters
 &amp; create the CHM.</li>
 </ol>
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 <span>                       fun <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">function</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">r1</span>, <span class="va">r2</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">{</span> <span class="kw">return</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">r1</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="va">r2</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">}</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Convert the output to a dataframe:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
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 <p>Create a histogram to check that the data distribution makes
 sense:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -3228,7 +3200,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-sjer-chm-overlay-hist-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>Create a plot of the CHM:</li>
 </ol>
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 <figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-sjer-chm-overlay-raster-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>Export the CHM object to a file:</li>
 </ol>
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@@ -3258,7 +3230,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 SJER. You can confirm this by looking at the histograms of the two
 CHMs.</li>
 </ol>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.</code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-compare-chm-harv-sjer-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
+<figure><img src="../fig/04-raster-calculations-in-r-rendered-compare-chm-harv-sjer-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -3308,7 +3280,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-05-raster-multi-band-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="05-raster-multi-band-in-r.html">Work with Multi-Band Rasters</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-15 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/05-raster-multi-band-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
@@ -3417,7 +3389,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
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 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
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 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We’d expect a <em>brighter</em> value for the forest in band 2
 (green) than in band 1 (red) because the leaves on trees of most often
@@ -3735,7 +3707,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge - NoData Values<a class="anchor" aria-label=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>First we use the <code>describe()</code> function to view the data
@@ -4075,7 +4047,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge: What Functions Can Be Used on an R Object o
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Answers </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>We can see a list of all of the methods available for our
@@ -4344,27 +4316,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.html">Open and Plot Vector Layers</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/06-vector-open-shapefile-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 30 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
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-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -4423,7 +4381,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 loaded in previous episodes, so we can explore raster and vector spatial
 metadata using similar commands. Make sure you have the <code>sf</code>
 library loaded.</p>
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@@ -4445,7 +4403,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code>st_read()</code>. <code>st_read()</code> requires the file path to
 the ESRI <code>shapefile</code>.</p>
 <p>Let’s import our AOI:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4510,7 +4468,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <code>st_geometry_type()</code>, <code>st_crs()</code> and
 <code>st_bbox()</code> functions. First, let’s view the geometry type
 for our AOI vector layer:</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4525,7 +4483,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Our <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> is a polygon spatial object. The
 18 levels shown below our output list the possible categories of the
 geometry type. Now let’s check what CRS this file data is in:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
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 critical to interpreting the spatial object’s extent values as it
 specifies units. To find the extent of our AOI, we can use the
 <code>st_bbox()</code> function:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4595,7 +4553,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 (NEON).</p>
 <figure><img src="../fig/dc-spatial-vector/spatial_extent.png" alt="Extent image" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Lastly, we can view all of the metadata and attributes for this R
 spatial object by printing it to the screen:</p>
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@@ -4629,7 +4587,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 color, and fill for our plot. When plotting <code>sf</code> objects with
 <code>ggplot2</code>, you need to use the <code>coord_sf()</code>
 coordinate system.</p>
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@@ -4670,7 +4628,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we import the data:</p>
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@@ -4688,7 +4646,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Bounding box:  xmin: 730741.2 ymin: 4711942 xmax: 733295.5 ymax: 4714260
 Projected CRS: WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N</code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -4707,7 +4665,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Projected CRS: WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Then we check its class:</p>
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@@ -4718,7 +4676,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "sf"         "data.frame"</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4730,7 +4688,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "sf"         "data.frame"</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We also check the CRS and extent of each object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4777,7 +4735,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
     ID["EPSG",32618]]</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4789,7 +4747,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>     xmin      ymin      xmax      ymax 
  730741.2 4711942.0  733295.5 4714260.0 </code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -4836,7 +4794,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
     ID["EPSG",32618]]</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -4878,27 +4836,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.html">Explore and Plot by Vector Layer Attributes</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
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-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -4977,7 +4921,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 with our <code>point_HARV</code> object, we can view the object with
 <code>View(point_HARV)</code> or print a summary of the object itself to
 the console.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5001,7 +4945,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>We can use the <code>ncol</code> function to count the number of
 attributes associated with a spatial object too. Note that the geometry
 is just another column and counts towards the total.</p>
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@@ -5014,7 +4958,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>We can view the individual name of each attribute using the
 <code>names()</code> function in R:</p>
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@@ -5030,7 +4974,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>We could also view just the first 6 rows of attribute values using
 the <code>head()</code> function to get a preview of the data:</p>
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@@ -5109,7 +5053,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 <li>To find the number of attributes, we use the <code>ncol()</code>
 function:</li>
 </ol>
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@@ -5120,7 +5064,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 15</code></pre>
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@@ -5135,7 +5079,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>Ownership information is in a column named
 <code>Ownership</code>:</li>
 </ol>
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@@ -5150,7 +5094,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>To see a list of all of the attributes, we can use the
 <code>names()</code> function:</li>
 </ol>
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@@ -5179,7 +5123,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>objectName$attributeName</code>.</p>
 <p>We can see the contents of the <code>TYPE</code> field of our lines
 feature:</p>
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@@ -5197,7 +5141,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 values of a character variable (R also is able to handle categorical
 variables called factors; we worked with factors a little bit in <a href="https://datacarpentry.org/r-intro-geospatial/03-data-structures-part1/index.html" class="external-link">an
 earlier lesson</a>.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5219,7 +5163,7 @@ <h3 id="subset-features">Subset Features<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 <code>TYPE</code> “footpath”. Once we subset out this data, we can use
 it as input to other code so that code only operates on the footpath
 lines.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5236,7 +5180,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 2. This means that only two feature lines in our spatial object have the
 attribute <code>TYPE == footpath</code>. We can plot only the footpath
 lines:</p>
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@@ -5257,7 +5201,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 to see. Note that size is placed outside of the <code>aes()</code>
 function, as we are not connecting line thickness to a data
 variable.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5294,7 +5238,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
 <div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we will save an object with only the boardwalk lines:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5302,7 +5246,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>  <span class="fu">filter</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">TYPE</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="st">"boardwalk"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Let’s check how many features there are in this subset:</p>
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@@ -5314,7 +5258,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 1</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now let’s plot that data:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5354,7 +5298,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we will save an object with only the stone wall lines and check
 the number of features:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5368,7 +5312,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 6</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot the data:</p>
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@@ -5395,7 +5339,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 those default colors, we can create a vector of colors - one for each
 feature.</p>
 <p>First we will check how many unique levels our factor has:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5408,7 +5352,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Then we can create a palette of four colors, one for each feature in
 our vector object.</p>
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@@ -5416,7 +5360,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>We can tell <code>ggplot</code> to use these colors when we plot the
 data.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5437,14 +5381,14 @@ <h3 id="adjust-line-width">Adjust Line Width<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor
 use the same syntax that we used for colors, above.</p>
 <p>We already know that we have four different <code>TYPE</code>s in the
 lines_HARV object, so we will set four different line widths.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">line_widths</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fl">1</span>, <span class="fl">2</span>, <span class="fl">3</span>, <span class="fl">4</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We can use those line widths when we plot the data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb39">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5494,7 +5438,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we need to look at the levels of our factor to see what order
 the road types are in:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
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 </div>
 <p>We then can create our <code>line_width</code> vector setting each of
 the levels to the desired thickness.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">line_width</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fl">1</span>, <span class="fl">3</span>, <span class="fl">2</span>, <span class="fl">6</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create our plot.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5558,7 +5502,7 @@ <h3 id="add-plot-legend">Add Plot Legend<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 <code>road_colors</code> object that we created above to color the
 legend. We can customize the appearance of our legend by manually
 setting different parameters.</p>
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@@ -5581,7 +5525,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <li>
 <code>legend.box.background</code>: add an outline box</li>
 </ul>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5607,7 +5551,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left">
 <figure style="text-align: center"><img src="../fig/07-vector-shapefile-attributes-in-r-rendered-modify-legend-plot-1.png" alt="Map of the paths in the study area with large-font and border around the legend." class="figure mx-auto d-block"><figcaption>
 Map of the paths in the study area with large-font and border around the
 legend.
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+</figcaption></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb45">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5672,7 +5616,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we explore the <code>BicyclesHo</code> attribute to learn the
 values that correspond to the roads we need.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5688,7 +5632,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Now, we can create a data frame with only those roads where bicycles
 and horses are allowed.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5698,7 +5642,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we plot the needed roads after setting them to magenta and a
 thicker line width.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5747,7 +5691,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we read in the data and check how many levels there are in the
 <code>region</code> column:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5769,7 +5713,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 z_range:       zmin: 0 zmax: 0
 Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5782,14 +5726,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "Midwest"   "Northeast" "Southeast" "Southwest" "West"     </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next we set a color vector with that many items:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">colors</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"purple"</span>, <span class="st">"springgreen"</span>, <span class="st">"yellow"</span>, <span class="st">"brown"</span>, <span class="st">"navy"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create our plot:</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5827,27 +5771,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend"><p>Content from <a href="08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.html">Plot Multiple Vector Layers</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -5921,7 +5851,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 <p>To begin, we will create a plot with the site boundary as the first
 layer. Then layer the tower location and road data on top using
 <code>+</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5940,7 +5870,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 want the legend to draw lines or points, you need to add an instruction
 to the <code>geom_sf</code> call - in this case,
 <code>show.legend = 'line'</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5956,7 +5886,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend-rendered-plot-custom-shape-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Now lets adjust the legend titles by passing a <code>name</code> to
 the respective <code>color</code> and <code>fill</code> palettes.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -5986,7 +5916,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6030,11 +5960,11 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we need to read in the data and see how many unique soils are
 represented in the <code>soilTypeOr</code> attribute.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6053,7 +5983,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Bounding box:  xmin: 731405.3 ymin: 4712845 xmax: 732275.3 ymax: 4713846
 Projected CRS: WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6067,14 +5997,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Next we can create a new color palette with one color for each soil
 type.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">blue_orange</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">c</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"cornflowerblue"</span>, <span class="st">"darkorange"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we will create our plot.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
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 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/08-vector-plot-shapefiles-custom-legend-rendered-harv-plot-locations-bg-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>If we want each soil to be shown with a different symbol, we can give
 multiple values to the <code>scale_shape_manual()</code> argument.</p>
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+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6144,9 +6074,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6185,27 +6115,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs"><p>Content from <a href="09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.html">Handling Spatial Projection &amp; CRS</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -6305,7 +6221,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 the U.S. Please note that these data have been modified and reprojected
 from the original data downloaded from the Census website to support the
 learning goals of this episode.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6326,7 +6242,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next, let’s plot the U.S. states data:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6341,7 +6257,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>We can add a boundary layer of the United States to our map - to make
 it look nicer. We will import
 <code>NEON-DS-Site-Layout-Files/US-Boundary-Layers/US-Boundary-Dissolved-States</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6364,7 +6280,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>If we specify a thicker line width using <code>size = 2</code> for
 the border layer, it will make our map pop! We will also manually set
 the colors of the state boundaries and country boundaries.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6377,7 +6293,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="../fig/09-vector-when-data-dont-line-up-crs-rendered-us-boundaries-thickness-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Next, let’s add the location of a flux tower where our study area is.
 As we are adding these layers, take note of the CRS of each object.
 First let’s look at the CRS of our tower location object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6407,7 +6323,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Note that the <code>zone</code> is unique to the UTM projection. Not
 all CRSs will have a zone.</p>
 <p>Let’s check the CRS of our state and country boundary objects:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6418,7 +6334,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs"</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6469,7 +6385,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <code>point_HARV</code> spatial object compared to the
 <code>state_boundary_US</code> object.</p>
 <p>First we’ll look at the extent for our study site:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6482,7 +6398,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
  732183.2 4713265.0  732183.2 4713265.0 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>And then the extent for the state boundary data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6531,7 +6447,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Proj4 &amp; CRS Resources<a class="anchor" aria-label=
 <code>ggplot2</code> package, <code>ggplot</code> automatically converts
 all objects to the same CRS before plotting. This means we can plot our
 three data sets together without doing any conversion:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6572,7 +6488,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6592,7 +6508,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 z_range:       zmin: 0 zmax: 0
 Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6632,27 +6548,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.html">Convert from .csv to a Vector Layer</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/10-vector-csv-to-shapefile-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -6733,7 +6635,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 coordinate <code>x, y</code> locations at the NEON Harvard Forest Field
 Site (<code>HARV_PlotLocations.csv</code>) and look at the structure of
 that new object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6774,7 +6676,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>easting and northing (UTM coordinates)</li>
 </ul>
 <p>Let’s check out the column names of our dataframe.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6796,7 +6698,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>plot_locations_HARV$northing</code> columns contain coordinate
 values. We can confirm this by looking at the first six rows of our
 data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6807,7 +6709,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 731405.3 731934.3 731754.3 731724.3 732125.3 731634.3</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6833,7 +6735,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 there is a <code>geodeticDa</code> and a <code>utmZone</code> column.
 These appear to contain CRS information (<code>datum</code> and
 <code>projection</code>). Let’s view those next.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6844,7 +6746,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84" "WGS84"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6879,7 +6781,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 in <code>proj4</code> format from that object and assign it to our new
 spatial object. We’ve seen this CRS before with our Harvard Forest study
 site (<code>point_HARV</code>).</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6931,7 +6833,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 non-spatial dataframe into an <code>sf</code> object.</p>
 <p>Next, let’s create a <code>crs</code> object that we can use to
 define the CRS of our <code>sf</code> object when we create it.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -6979,7 +6881,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
             LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
     ID["EPSG",32618]]</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb19">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7003,7 +6905,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </ol>
 <p>We will use the <code>st_as_sf()</code> function to perform the
 conversion.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7012,7 +6914,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>                                   crs <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">utm18nCRS</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We should double check the CRS to make sure it is correct.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7064,7 +6966,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We now have a spatial R object, we can plot our newly created spatial
 object.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
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@@ -7081,7 +6983,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 of the plot are considered in setting the boundaries of the plot. To
 show this, let’s plot our <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> object with our
 vegetation plots.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7125,13 +7027,13 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>First we will read in the new csv file and look at the data
 structure.</li>
 </ol>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7163,7 +7065,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 we will extract the CRS from the <code>country_boundary_US</code> object
 and confirm that it is WGS84.</li>
 </ol>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7193,7 +7095,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Then we will convert our new data to a spatial dataframe, using the
 <code>geogCRS</code> object as our CRS.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7202,7 +7104,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>                            crs <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">geogCRS</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next we’ll confirm that the CRS for our new object is correct.</p>
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@@ -7235,7 +7137,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>Now we can create our plot.</li>
 </ol>
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 </ul>
 <p>We can now export the spatial object as an ESRI
 <code>shapefile</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7295,27 +7197,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-11-vector-raster-integration"><p>Content from <a href="11-vector-raster-integration.html">Manipulate Raster Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/11-vector-raster-integration.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
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-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -7400,7 +7288,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 full extent of the CHM data and overlay where the AOI falls within it.
 The boundaries of the AOI will be colored blue, and we use
 <code>fill = NA</code> to make the area transparent.</p>
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@@ -7414,7 +7302,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 can perform the cropping operation. We are going to <code>crop()</code>
 function from the raster package to create a new object with only the
 portion of the CHM data that falls within the boundaries of the AOI.</p>
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@@ -7428,7 +7316,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 encompass all the features contained in this object. The
 <code>st_as_sfc()</code> converts these 4 coordinates into a polygon
 that we can plot:</p>
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@@ -7446,7 +7334,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 much larger than the resulting cropped raster. Our new cropped CHM now
 has the same extent as the <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> object that
 was used as a crop extent (blue border below).</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
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@@ -7459,7 +7347,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/11-vector-raster-integration-rendered-view-crop-extent-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>We can look at the extent of all of our other objects for this field
 site.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7471,7 +7359,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   xmin    ymin    xmax    ymax 
  731453 4712471  733150 4713838 </code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -7483,7 +7371,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>   xmin    ymin    xmax    ymax 
  732128 4713209  732251 4713359 </code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>     xmin      ymin      xmax      ymax 
  732128.0 4713208.7  732251.1 4713359.2 </code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7534,9 +7422,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
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@@ -7576,7 +7464,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 define an extent to be used as a cropping boundary. This creates a new
 object of class extent. Here we will provide the <code>ext()</code>
 function our xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax (in that order).</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7607,7 +7495,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 <p>Once we have defined our new extent, we can use the
 <code>crop()</code> function to crop our raster to this extent
 object.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7615,7 +7503,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>To plot this data using <code>ggplot()</code> we need to convert it
 to a dataframe.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7623,7 +7511,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot this cropped data. We will show the AOI boundary on
 the same plot for scale.</p>
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@@ -7656,7 +7544,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>We will begin by extracting all canopy height pixel values located
 within our <code>aoi_boundary_HARV</code> polygon which surrounds the
 tower located at the NEON Harvard Forest field site.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7681,7 +7569,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 our site. We will use the column <code>HARV_chmCrop</code> from our data
 frame as our x values, as this column represents the tree heights for
 each pixel.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7699,7 +7587,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <figure><img src="../fig/11-vector-raster-integration-rendered-view-extract-histogram-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>We can also use the <code>summary()</code> function to view
 descriptive statistics including min, max, and mean height values. These
 values help us better understand vegetation at our field site.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7718,7 +7606,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 the type of summary statistic we are interested in using the
 <code>fun =</code> argument. Let’s extract a mean height value for our
 AOI.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7750,7 +7638,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Image Source: National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)</p>
 <p>Let’s put this into practice by figuring out the mean tree height in
 the 20m around the tower location (<code>point_HARV</code>).</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7792,9 +7680,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7833,7 +7721,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 20 20     20.23245
 21 21     20.44984</code></pre>
 </div>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -7874,27 +7762,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-12-time-series-raster"><p>Content from <a href="12-time-series-raster.html">Raster Time Series Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/12-time-series-raster.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -7976,7 +7850,7 @@ <h3 id="getting-started">Getting Started<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 <p>In this episode, we will use the <code>terra</code>,
 <code>scales</code>, <code>tidyr</code>, and <code>ggplot2</code>
 packages. Make sure you have them loaded.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8013,7 +7887,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8025,7 +7899,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>It’s a good idea to look at the file names that matched our search to
 make sure they meet our expectations.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8054,7 +7928,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 using the <code>rast()</code> function. We worked with the
 <code>rast()</code> function in <a href="05-raster-multi-band-in-r/">an
 earlier episode</a>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8065,7 +7939,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 including: <code>crs()</code> (coordinate reference system),
 <code>ext()</code> and <code>res()</code> (resolution; specifically
 <code>yres()</code> and <code>xres()</code>).</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8114,7 +7988,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
 </button>
 <div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
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@@ -8125,7 +7999,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>SpatExtent : 239415, 239535, 4714215, 4714365 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)</code></pre>
 </div>
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@@ -8136,7 +8010,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] 30</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8163,7 +8037,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 single column with the NDVI observations. We will use the function
 <code>pivot_longer()</code> from the <code>tidyr</code> package to do
 this:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8174,7 +8048,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 create a separate panel for each time point in our time series, so we
 will use the <code>facet_wrap()</code> function to create a
 multi-paneled plot:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8195,7 +8069,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>Let’s apply the scale factor before we go any further. Conveniently,
 we can quickly apply this factor using raster math on the entire stack
 as follows:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8203,7 +8077,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>After applying our scale factor, we can recreate our plot using the
 same code we used above.</p>
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+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8237,7 +8111,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 way we can look at these data that is quantitative?</p>
 <p>Next we will use histograms to explore the distribution of NDVI
 values stored in each raster.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8266,7 +8140,7 @@ <h3 id="explore-unusual-data-patterns">Explore Unusual Data Patterns<a class="an
 pattern of greening and browning seen in the NDVI data. First we will
 read in the temperature data and preview the structure of that
 dataframe:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8331,14 +8205,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>as.Date()</code> function to convert it. We need to tell R what
 format the data is in. Our dates are YYY-MM-DD, which is represented by
 R as <code>%Y-%m-%d</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">har_met_daily</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">date</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.Date</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">har_met_daily</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">date</span>, format <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"%Y-%m-%d"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We only want to look at the data from 2011:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8347,7 +8221,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot the air temperature (the <code>airt</code> column) by
 Julian day (the <code>jd</code> column):</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8390,7 +8264,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we need to load in the RGB data for Julian day 277 and look at
 its metadata.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb27">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8417,21 +8291,21 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>The RGB data has a max value of 255, but we need our color intensity
 to be between 0 and 1, so we will divide our RasterStack object by
 255.</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">RGB_277</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">RGB_277</span><span class="op">/</span><span class="fl">255</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Next we convert it to a dataframe.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">RGB_277_df</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.data.frame</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">RGB_277</span>, xy <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>We create RGB colors from the three channels:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8440,7 +8314,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>                       <span class="va">X277_HARV_landRGB_3</span>, <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we can plot the RGB data for Julian day 277.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8449,7 +8323,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span>  <span class="fu">ggtitle</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Julian day 277"</span><span class="op">)</span> </span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <figure><img src="../fig/12-time-series-raster-rendered-rgb-277-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>We then do the same steps for Julian day 293</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8498,27 +8372,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.html">Create Publication-quality Graphics</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/13-plot-time-series-rasters-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">WARNING<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
-</div>
-<div class="codewrapper">
-<h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
-</h3>
-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -8585,7 +8445,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 <p>The first thing we will do to our plot remove the x and y-axis labels
 and axis ticks, as these are unnecessary and make our plot look messy.
 We can do this by setting the plot theme to <code>void</code>.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8607,7 +8467,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 stands for “horizontal justification” and takes any value between 0 and
 1. A setting of 0 indicates left justification and a setting of 1
 indicates right justification.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb2">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8640,12 +8500,12 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Learners can find this information in the help files for the
 <code>theme()</code> function. The parameter to set is called
 <code>face</code>.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8677,7 +8537,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>First we need to create a set of colors to use. We will select a set
 of nine colors from the “YlGn” (yellow-green) color palette. This
 returns a set of hex color codes:</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8693,7 +8553,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Then we will pass those color codes to the
 <code>colorRampPalette</code> function, which will interpolate from
 those colors a more nuanced color range.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8703,7 +8563,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>We can tell the <code>colorRampPalette()</code> function how many
 discrete colors within this color range to create. In our case, we will
 use 20 colors when we plot our graphic.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8761,7 +8621,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 labels shorter and remove repetition. To illustrate how this works, we
 will first look at the names for our <code>NDVI_HARV_stack</code>
 object:</p>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8781,7 +8641,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 (““). We will assign this output to a new object
 (<code>raster_names</code>) and look at that object to make sure our
 code is doing what we want it to.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8798,7 +8658,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>So far so good. Now we will use <code>gsub()</code> again to replace
 the “X” with the word “Day” followed by a space.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8813,7 +8673,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Our labels look good now. Let’s reassign them to our
 <code>all_NDVI_HARV</code> object:</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8821,7 +8681,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Once the names for each band have been reassigned, we can render our
 plot with the new labels using a<code>labeller</code>.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8841,7 +8701,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 columns <code>ncol</code> and the number of rows <code>nrow</code> in
 <code>facet_wrap</code>. Let’s make our plot so that it has a width of
 five panels.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8887,9 +8747,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -8937,27 +8797,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r"><p>Content from <a href="14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.html">Derive Values from Raster Time Series</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/episodes/14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
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-<pre class="warning" tabindex="0"><code>Warning in
-download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip",
-: cannot open URL
-'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip':
-HTTP status was '500 Internal Server Error'</code></pre>
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-<pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in download.file("https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip", : cannot open URL 'https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/110m/physical/ne_110m_graticules_all.zip'</code></pre>
-</div>
 <div class="overview card">
 <h2 class="card-header">Overview</h2>
 <div class="row g-0">
@@ -9021,7 +8867,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode<a class=
 <code>global()</code> function. The <code>global()</code> function
 produces a named numeric vector, where each value is associated with the
 name of raster stack it was derived from.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9050,7 +8896,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>as.data.frame()</code>). It’s a good idea to view the first few
 rows of our data frame with <code>head()</code> to make sure the
 structure is what we expect.</p>
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@@ -9072,7 +8918,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 clean up the column names in our data frame to make it easier for
 colleagues to work with our code.</p>
 <p>Let’s change the NDVI column name to <code>meanNDVI</code>.</p>
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@@ -9094,7 +8940,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 While we are only working with one site now, we might want to compare
 several sites worth of data in the future. Let’s add a column to our
 dataframe called “site”.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9103,7 +8949,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <p>We can populate this column with the site name - HARV. Let’s also
 create a year column and populate it with 2011 - the year our data were
 collected.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb10">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9140,7 +8986,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 at the same time. The vertical bar character ( <code>|</code> ) is
 equivalent to the word “or”. Using this character in our search pattern
 allows us to search for more than one pattern in our text strings.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9155,14 +9001,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <p>Now that we’ve extracted the Julian days from our row names, we can
 add that data to the data frame as a column called “julianDay”.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">avg_NDVI_HARV</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">julianDay</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">julianDays</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Let’s check the class of this new column:</p>
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@@ -9189,7 +9035,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 data is from 2011 and we know that the USGS Landsat Team created Julian
 day values for this year. Therefore, the first day or “origin” for our
 Julian day count is 01 January 2011.</p>
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@@ -9197,7 +9043,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Next we convert the <code>julianDay</code> column from character to
 integer.</p>
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@@ -9213,7 +9059,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 simply add <code>origin + julianDay</code> because
 <code>01 + 05 = 06</code> or 06 January 2011. To correct, this error we
 then subtract 1 to get the correct day, January 05 2011.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9229,7 +9075,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Since the origin date was originally set as a Date class object, the
 new <code>Date</code> column is also stored as class
 <code>Date</code>.</p>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9267,10 +9113,10 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First we will read in the NDVI data for the SJER field site.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9287,7 +9133,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Then we can calculate the mean values for each day and put that in a
 dataframe.</p>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9295,7 +9141,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </div>
 <p>Next we rename the NDVI column, and add site and year columns to our
 data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb25">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb23">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9304,7 +9150,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <span><span class="va">avg_NDVI_SJER</span><span class="op">$</span><span class="va">year</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="st">"2011"</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we will create our Julian day column</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9336,7 +9182,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>We now have a clean dataframe with properly scaled NDVI and Julian
 days. Let’s plot our data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9366,9 +9212,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9390,14 +9236,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 plot. We can do this by merging the two data sets together. The date
 frames must have the same number of columns and exact same column names
 to be merged.</p>
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+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">NDVI_HARV_SJER</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">rbind</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">avg_NDVI_HARV</span>, <span class="va">avg_NDVI_SJER</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can plot both datasets on the same plot.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9428,9 +9274,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9485,7 +9331,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Data Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#d
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9498,7 +9344,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code> [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Now we can create another plot without the suspect data.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb35">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb33">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9523,7 +9369,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 the output file will be saved in your working directory.</p>
 <p>Before saving our file, let’s view the format to make sure it is what
 we want as an output format.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9543,7 +9389,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>It looks like we have a series of <code>row.names</code> that we do
 not need because we have this information stored in individual columns
 in our data frame. Let’s remove the row names.</p>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb36">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9561,7 +9407,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 5 0.878725 HARV 2011       181 2011-06-30
 6 0.893250 HARV 2011       197 2011-07-16</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb40">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb38">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9593,9 +9439,9 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Answers
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb39">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9614,7 +9460,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 5 0.538336 SJER 2011       126 2011-05-06
 6 0.400868 SJER 2011       142 2011-05-22</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
+<div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb41">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
@@ -9667,7 +9513,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer>
 </div> <!-- / div.container -->
@@ -9690,8 +9536,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/aio.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/aio.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-25",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/discuss.html b/instructor/discuss.html
index 6747af253..2f3aa6151 100644
--- a/instructor/discuss.html
+++ b/instructor/discuss.html
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Discussion</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/learners/discuss.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ <h1>Discussion</h1>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -451,8 +451,8 @@ <h1>Discussion</h1>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/discuss.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/instructor/discuss.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/images.html b/instructor/images.html
index 51f5f4f04..29fb67fda 100644
--- a/instructor/images.html
+++ b/instructor/images.html
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ <h3 id="14-extract-ndvi-from-rasters-in-r-figure-6">Figure 6</h3>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ pandoc: 3.1.11
 pkgdown: 2.0.9
 pkgdown_sha: ~
 articles: {}
-last_built: 2024-06-25T00:21Z
+last_built: 2024-07-02T00:33Z
 
diff --git a/profiles.html b/profiles.html
index db31b254e..4fa502d53 100644
--- a/profiles.html
+++ b/profiles.html
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -408,8 +408,8 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/profiles.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/profiles.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-25",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
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diff --git a/reference.html b/reference.html
index 57b3b29a1..4f3061866 100644
--- a/reference.html
+++ b/reference.html
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1></h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-06-04 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-07-02 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/datacarpentry/r-raster-vector-geospatial/edit/main/learners/reference.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ <h1></h1>
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
         
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
-        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.5" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.5)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
+        <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
 		</footer></div> <!-- / div.container -->
 	<div id="to-top">
@@ -458,8 +458,8 @@ <h1></h1>
   "url": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/reference.html",
   "identifier": "https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/reference.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-10-22",
-  "dateModified": "2024-06-04",
-  "datePublished": "2024-06-25"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
 }
 
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diff --git a/sitemap.xml b/sitemap.xml
index 14c5428ef..e42c0169f 100644
--- a/sitemap.xml
+++ b/sitemap.xml
@@ -57,6 +57,30 @@
   <url>
     <loc>https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/aio.html</loc>
   </url>
+  <url>
+    <loc>https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/data/Global/Boundaries/ne_110m_graticules_all/ne_110m_graticules_1.README.html</loc>
+  </url>
+  <url>
+    <loc>https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/data/Global/Boundaries/ne_110m_graticules_all/ne_110m_graticules_10.README.html</loc>
+  </url>
+  <url>
+    <loc>https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/data/Global/Boundaries/ne_110m_graticules_all/ne_110m_graticules_15.README.html</loc>
+  </url>
+  <url>
+    <loc>https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/data/Global/Boundaries/ne_110m_graticules_all/ne_110m_graticules_20.README.html</loc>
+  </url>
+  <url>
+    <loc>https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/data/Global/Boundaries/ne_110m_graticules_all/ne_110m_graticules_30.README.html</loc>
+  </url>
+  <url>
+    <loc>https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/data/Global/Boundaries/ne_110m_graticules_all/ne_110m_graticules_5.README.html</loc>
+  </url>
+  <url>
+    <loc>https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/data/Global/Boundaries/ne_110m_graticules_all/ne_110m_wgs84_bounding_box.README.html</loc>
+  </url>
+  <url>
+    <loc>https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/data/Global/Boundaries/ne_110m_land/ne_110m_land.README.html</loc>
+  </url>
   <url>
     <loc>https://datacarpentry.org/r-raster-vector-geospatial/discuss.html</loc>
   </url>