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Revert "Update question 5 for universe transition"
The breaking change was reverted in rust-lang/rust#58592. This reverts commit 6fd0e82.
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Original file line number | Diff line number | Diff line change |
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Answer: error | ||
Difficulty: 3 | ||
Answer: 112 | ||
Difficulty: 2 | ||
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# Hint | ||
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The answer is different for Rust versions 1.0 through 1.32 vs 1.33+. The answer | ||
accepted as correct here is the one for compilers 1.33+. | ||
If you are familiar with [higher-rank trait bound][hrtb] syntax, try desugaring | ||
all the types in the impl signatures and types in `main` into their fully | ||
explicit form. | ||
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# Explanation | ||
[hrtb]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/hrtb.html | ||
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This is a rare example of a Rust program that *used to* compile. This code | ||
compiles and runs successfully with every Rust version 1.0 through 1.32, | ||
printing the output `112`. The reasoning on those compilers is as follows. | ||
# Explanation | ||
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The first impl applies to function pointers of type `fn(T)` where `T` is any | ||
single concrete type. The second impl applies to function pointers of | ||
[higher-ranked] type `for<'a> fn(&'a T)` for some concrete type `T` that | ||
outlives `'a`. | ||
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[higher-ranked]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/hrtb.html | ||
higher-ranked type `for<'a> fn(&'a T)` for some concrete type `T` that outlives | ||
`'a`. | ||
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Inside of `main`, the compiler is going to use type inference to substitute all | ||
occurrences of `_` in a type by some concrete type. | ||
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For the function pointer `a` we infer `_ = u8`, yielding the function pointer | ||
type `fn(u8)` taking an argument of type `u8` and returning `()`. | ||
For the closure `a` we infer `_ = u8`, yielding the closure type `fn(u8)` taking | ||
an argument of type `u8` and returning `()`. | ||
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For `b` we infer `_ = &'x u8` for some concrete lifetime `'x` that will | ||
ultimately feed into the borrow checker. The type of `b` is `fn(&'x u8)`. | ||
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And finally for `c` we infer `_ = u8`, yielding the higher-ranked function | ||
pointer type `for<'a> fn(&'a u8)`. | ||
And finally for `c` we infer `_ = u8`, yielding the higher-ranked closure type | ||
`for<'a> fn(&'a u8)`. | ||
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Framed in this way, it follows that the trait method calls at the end of `main` | ||
print `112`. | ||
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The compiler's reasoning changed in Rust version 1.33 as part of the ["universe | ||
transition"] and this program no longer compiles. Under the new model the first | ||
impl applies to all three function pointers. If the second impl didn't exist, | ||
the program would compile and print `111`. But with both impls present these are | ||
considered conflicting impls and the program fails to compile. | ||
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["universe transition"]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/56105 |