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| Table | Title |
|---|---|
| Table 1 | EMMO Reference Level Modules |
| Table 2 | EMMO Domain Modules |
| Abbreviation | Definition |
|---|---|
| ACS* | Access e. V. |
| ANX* | Aeonx AI |
| BAL* | Balance Technology Consulting GMBH |
| CA* | Consortium Agreement |
| CHADA | Characterisation Data |
| DB* | Database |
| DMP | Data Management Plan |
| EMCC* | The European Materials Characterisation Council |
| EMMC | The European Materials Modelling Council |
| EMMO | Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology |
| EXE* | Exelisis IKE |
| HHM* | High Entropy Hardmetals |
| HVOF | High Velocity Oxygen Fuel |
| ISQ | International System of Quantities ISO 80000 |
| KB*~ | Knowledge Base |
| KME | Knowledge Management Environment |
| MODA | Materials Modelling Data |
| MBN* | MBN NANOMATERIALIA SPA |
| OTE*~ | Open Translation Environment |
| TRL* | Technology Readiness Level |
| UB* | Universitat De Barcelona |
| UMR* | Universita Degli Studi Di Modena E Reggio Emilia |
| UNIBO*~ | Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita Di Bologna |
| UR3*~ | Universita Degli Studi Roma Tre |
There has been considerable improvement in the fields of ontologies, terminology, classification, and data documentation in the last couple of decades.
EMMO is a multidisciplinary effort to develop a standard representational framework (the ontology) for applied sciences. It is based on physics, analytical philosophy and information and communication technologies. It has been instigated by materials science to provide a framework for knowledge capture that is consistent with scientific principles and methodologies. It is released under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license.
The name Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology should be understood as follows:
• Elementary means, amongst others, that EMMO is a discrete ontology assuming the existence of a smallest possible 4D world object in space and time. The term Elementary in EMMO refers to objects that cannot be divided further in space. Elementary also emphasizes EMMO being a fundamental, top-level ontology.
• Multiperspective highlights a very important aspect of EMMO - that it is possible to describe the world from different perspectives. This makes the ontology both flexible and expressive.
• Material (as the opposite of immaterial) emphasises that EMMO is strictly nominalistic, meaning that it assumes that abstracts do not exist. Material also refers to the historical scope of EMMO aiming at the description of materials and thus to cover the needs of physicists and applied scientists.
• Ontology, EMMO is an ontology. It is based on fundamental philosophical concepts like semiosis, mereology, and topology.
The EMMO ontology is structured in shells, expressed by specific ontology fragments, that extends from fundamental concepts to the application domains, following the dependency flow.
The EMMO top level is the group of fundamental axioms that constitute the philosophical foundation of the EMMO. It starts from causality and mereology, from which it derives space and time. Adopting a physicalistic/nominalistic perspective, the EMMO defines real world objects as 4D objects that are always extended in space and time (i.e. real-world objects cannot be spaceless nor timeless). For this reason, abstract objects, i.e. objects that do not extend in space and time, are forbidden in the EMMO.
EMMO is strongly based on the analytical philosophy discipline semiotics. The role of abstract objects is in EMMO fulfilled by semiotic objects, i.e. real-world objects (e.g. symbol or sign) that stand for other real-world objects that are to be interpreted by an agent. These symbols appear in actions (semiotic processes) meant to communicate meaning by establishing relationships between symbols (signs).
Another important building block of from analytical philosophy is atomistic mereology applied to 4D objects. The EMMO calls it 'quantum mereology', since there is an epistemological limit to how fine we can resolve space and time due to the uncertainty principles.
The mereocausality module introduces the fundamental mereocausality concepts and their relations with the real-world objects that they represent. The EMMO uses mereocausality as the ground for all the subsequent ontology modules. The concept of causal connection is used to define the first distinction between ontology entities namely the Item and Collection classes. Items are causally self-connected objects, while collections are causally disconnected. Quantum mereology is represented by the Quantum class. This module introduces also the fundamental mereocausality relations used to distinguish between space and time dimensions.
The CausalObject is the class of all the individuals that stand for world objects that are a self-connected composition of more than one quantum object and whose temporal parts are always self-connected. It also defines the Elementary class, that restricts mereological atomism in space as causal chains of quantum objects and CausalSystem, that are non-elementary causal objects.
In EMMO, the only univocally defined real world object is the CausalSystem individual called Universe that stands for the universe. Every other real-world object is a composition of elementaries up to the most comprehensive object, the Universe. Intermediate objects are not univocally defined, but their definition is provided according to some specific philosophical perspectives. This is an expression of reductionism (i.e. objects are made of sub-objects) and epistemological pluralism (i.e. objects are always defined according to the perspective of an interpreter, or a class of interpreters).
The middle level of EMMO embraces pluralism by providing different ways to describe the world according to different perspectives. EMMO also allows to combine different perspectives to gain additional expressivity.
The Perspective class collects the different ways to represent the objects that populate the conceptual region between the elementary and universe levels.
The Reductionistic perspective class uses the fundamental non-transitive parthood relation, called direct parthood, to provide a powerful granularity description of multiscale real-world objects. The EMMO can in principle represents the Universe with direct parthood relations as a direct rooted tree up to its elementary constituents.
The Holistic perspective class considers the importance and role of the whole and introduces the concept of real-world objects that unfold in time in a way that has a meaning for the EMMO user, through the definition of the classes Process and Participant.
The Perceptual perspective class introduces the concept of real-world objects that can be perceived by the user as a recognisable pattern in space or time. Under this class the EMMO categorises e.g. formal languages, pictures, geometry, mathematics, and sounds. Phenomenic objects can be used in a semiotic process as signs.
The Physicalistic perspective class introduces the concept of real-world objects that have a meaning for the ontologist under an applied physics perspective.
The Semiotics perspective introduces the concepts of the semiosis process that have the semiotic entities (Sign, Object, Interpretant and Interpreter) as spatial parts. It is inspired by Pierce semiotics and forms the basis in EMMO to represent e.g. models, formal languages, theories, information, and properties.
The Persistence perspective consider 4D objects as they extend in time (process) or as they persist in time (object). It introduces a sometime useful categorization that characterizes persistency through continuant and occurrent concepts, even though this distinction is only cognitively defined.
EMMO comes with a set of generic reference ontologies that combine perspectives with ontologisation of common concepts like materials, math, units, etc. intended to be shared by domain ontologies. The reference ontologies are intended to be used by domain ontologies and imported separately using the IRIs listed in the table below with the current set of reference ontologies.
| Reference Domain | IRI |
|---|---|
| Materials | http://emmo.info/emmo/multiperspective/materials |
| Math | http://emmo.info/emmo/multiperspective/math |
| Models | http://emmo.info/emmo/multiperspective/models |
| Properties | http://emmo.info/emmo/multiperspective/properties |
| Metrology | http://emmo.info/emmo/multiperspective/metrology |
| Isq | http://emmo.info/emmo/multiperspective/isq |
| Siunits | http://emmo.info/emmo/domain/siunits |
| Chemistry | http://emmo.info/emmo/multiperspective/chemistry |
Currently there are several domain ontologies in development that use EMMO as the top and middle level ontology. Typically, they import one of the versions of EMMO listed on https://emmo-repo.github.io/. The following table lists the public EMMO-based domain ontologies that we are aware of. Please create an issue if you have a public domain ontology that you think should be listed here.
The complexity of the EMMO ontology is something that cannot be easily handled by a non-expert in formal ontologies, which is the case among the almost entirety of experts in scientific and technical domains. For this reason, the conceptual framework available to the application domain experts has been reduced to the minimal number of concepts required to express the user cases but still manageable by ontology novices. The ontology subset is directly mapped to the overall EMMO ontology, so that it is possible to place the domain knowledge base within the larger and more logically complex EMMO framework.
In the following sections, the EMMO concepts that constitute the TBox foundations are introduced.
The EMMO is intrinsically four-dimensional, meaning that real-world entities are represented as always extending in 4D. The reasons for this choice are related to the intrinsically evolutionary nature of physical phenomena, just like the concept of bond (which is behind every object definition) which requires the establishment in time of persistent interactions between the bonded entities.
Without entering in the details, a generic entity is represented using a graphical representation like the one in Figure 4, where the evolution in time is expressed by the horizontal extension, while the spatial extension is expressed by the vertical extension, and different entities are represented by polygons that may or may not overlap.
In the EMMO the object/process distinction is simply a matter of convenience since in a 4D conceptualisation everything is unfolding in time, and stationarity depends upon observer time scale. However, it is still convenient to retain an object-process distinction since it is naturally rooted in the common sensical way to discuss about the world and may facilitate the comprehension of the concepts by domain experts.
More specifically, an entity is called a process if its defining class (or type) is expressed according to how it extends in time (focus on temporal evolution), or an object if its defining class is expressed according to how it persists in time (focus on spatial configuration). The same individual may then be a process or an object, or both, depending on the class to which it belongs. For example, the same 4D entity representing a human being, which is an object, can represent the process of aging, which is of course a process.
The OWL 2 DL classes Object and Process are then the fundamental classes used in constructing the initial domain or application ontology, as shown in Figure 5.
The mereocausality relationships are the backbone of the EMMO, being the union of a mereology and a causal theory. Mereology is the theory formalising the relations between a whole and its parts, through the fundamental concept of parthood. In constructing the domain or application ontology we make use of a simple subset of mereological relations: overlap, parthood, and spatial/temporal parthood, expressing intuitively their meaning through the above introduced graphical representation.
The relation of proper overlap occurs between two entities that share some of their parts, but they both still retain some parts that are not shared. Proper overlap is formalized by the symmetric object property isProperOverlapOf and provides several sub-relations as shown in Figure 6, when the object/process distinction is used to classify the related entities.
(continuous line standing for objects, dashed line for processes, and relations going from the grey to the white boxes)
The isAddedTo and isRemovedTo relations are used to represent user cases when a generic entity overlaps an object, within which its temporal evolution starts or ends. For example, it can be used to represent the injection of powders into a HVOF jet, or the ejection of molten particles from the same jet.
The isOutputOf and isInputOf relations are used to represent user cases when a generic entity overlaps a process, within which its temporal evolution starts or ends. These are the typical relations used to represent the sample coming out from an experimental procedure, or the gas feed used for a spraying process.
The affects and partakesIn relations are used to represent user cases when a generic entity overlaps an object, and it persists before and after the overlap. For example, these relations can be used to represent a component that is used into a device and then extracted and reused into another device.
The contributesTo and participatesTo relations are used to represent user cases when a generic entity overlaps a process, and it persists before and after the overlap. These are the typical relations used to represent a device such a HVOF torch that participates to an experimental procedure.
Parthood occurs when two entities overlap but one is completely comprised within the other. By combining the concepts of process and object, we can introduce different types of sub-relations. The fact that the part covers (or not) the overall spatial extension of the whole leads us to the concepts of spatial and temporal parts, which are of paramount importance for the representation of actual real-world user cases. A summary of the parthood sub-relations (always antisymmetric) is shown in Figure 7.
The isConstituentOf and isSubjectOf relations are used to represent user cases when an object is spatial or temporal part of another object respectively. For example, they can be used to represent the constituent parts of a device (e.g., the components of a characterisation system), or a particular configuration expressed by an object.
The isConstitutiveProcessOf and isBehaviourOf relations are used to represent user cases when a process is spatial of temporal part of an object respectively. For example, they can be used to represent the constituent processes that makes a device work (e.g., heat exchange), or a particular behaviour of a device (e.g., the pre-heating phase).
The isProperParticipantOf and isStatusOf relations are used to represent user cases when an object is spatial of temporal part of a process respectively. For example, they can be used to represent an entity that participates in a process for the duration of the process itself (i.e., a role such as the experimentalist on a particular test), or a particular state of a process (e.g., a young man as temporal part of the overall human aging process).
The isSubProcessOf and isStageOf relations are used to represent user cases when a process is spatial of temporal part of another process respectively. For example, they can be used to represent the constituent processes that make a process occur (e.g., heat exchange in a HVOF deposition), or a particular stage of process.
Causality in the EMMO is an extremely powerful relation that extends from the elementary particle level, including the representation of quantum systems, up to the macroscopic level. A detailed discussion on Causality in EMMO can be found here. However, in most practical applications of EMMO it is sufficient to work with a reduced level of complexity, and in particular with a subset of relations that are more closely related to applications. The causal relations that have been included in the EMMO subset discussed below hence refer only to macroscopic entities, and are summarized in Figure 8 and Figure 9. Causality between macroscopic entities is expressed by two relations families:
- Temporal causation, which is always asymmetric and expresses the evolution of entities distinguishing between causing entity and effected entity. Direct causation, without intermediaries, is expressed by hasNext or hasNextStep relations, while causation with intermediate entities is expressed by precedes or hasSubsequentStep relations.
- Spatial causation, which is always symmetric and expresses the mutual influence between entities. The isAdjacentTo and communicatesWith relations express a direct interaction between entities, without intermediaries. The indirectlyAffects and indirectlyCommunicatesWith relations express an indirect interaction, with intermediaries. Spatial causation can be used to represent spatial configurations.
The EMMO is designed to formalise the way in which a property (e.g., physical quantity, names, pictures) is generated according to a particular procedure (e.g., observation, modelling, characterisation) by means of a semiotic based approach.
The semiotic triangle is shown in Figure 10, where the semiotic process (in the centre) hosts the semiotic object (the observed entity), the sign (the entity that stands for it) and the interpreter (the agent responsible for the generation of the sign). This general schema can represent modelling and characterisation activities, keeping track of the details of the generation process.
For example, a cold spray process (semiotic object) can be observed (semiosis) by an experimentalist (interpreter) to keep track of the running time (sign). A SEM (interpreter) can scan (semiosis) a coated substrate (semiotic object) and provide an image (sign). A microstructure (semiotic object) can be modelled (semiosis) by a simulation software (interpreter) to provide a prediction for its mechanical properties (sign).
More than one sign can be used to refer to the same entity, reflecting the fact that an entity can be the subject of several measurement or modelling investigations, that can also be in contradiction. In fact, things like physical properties, names, attributes, location, time, or any data in general, are signs generated through a subjective semiotic process, that holds only for a particular class of interpreters. In the EMMO a sign is always related to the agent beyond the semiotic statement, and the process of generation of the sign is always documented, as shown in Figure 11.
In most domains and applications, we are interested in a particular subclass of signs, called properties, which are the ones obtained through a well-defined procedure of interaction (e.g., a characterisation procedure, a modelling workflow, using a physical model such as Fourier law for heat conduction). Among all possible properties, we are more likely interested in the subclass of quantities, which are the properties that can be quantified and that are represented using units of measurement.
To provide a comprehensive representational framework, that can be shared between different domains, the EMMO includes:
- the quantities formalised by the International System of Quantities ISO 80000[1], as shown in Figure 12
- a general metrological framework based on the International Vocabulary of Metrology[2], as shown in Figure 13
- a framework for the system of units based in the International System of Units (SI)[3], as shown in Figure 14
These EMMO modules, based on semiotics, enable the domain and application ontology to represent in a comprehensive way all the methodologies that can be used to generate information about a particular entity. The network of entities and information collected within the project (i.e., the mereocausally represented states of things and the semiotic processes used to observe them) is the knowledge base.
[
[1] https://www.iso.org/standard/76921.html
[2] https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/54295284/VIM4_CD_210111c.pdf
[3] https://www.bipm.org/en/measurement-units
The combination of mereocausality relations and semiotic processes enables the representation of workflows that can be simulation workflows (MODA) or characterisation workflows (CHADA), or more generally any potential procedure that generates information about a system. The process of knowledge generation can be represented in the EMMO as shown in Figure 15, where the input (if present), the output and the subject of the observation are related together using mereocausal relationships.
This approach can be used to represent complex workflows, such the ones that results from the concatenation of more than on MODA, as shown in Figure 16, and it is possible to focus on the data flow or the task flow representations. Moreover, it can go beyond the MODA, and represent meta-modelling activities such as the usage of data-based models, when AI approach is used to create surrogate models starting from experimental data or physics-based modelling data, as shown in Figure 17.
One of the most important challenges in developing a domain ontology for a specific community of users is to enable the community to express the concepts that make up their overall knowledge framework in a way that can be easily understood by them and by other potential users with similar or different backgrounds.
Gathering and formalising a domain knowledge is done through the process of conceptualisation, i.e., by identifying ontological concepts in the form of classes, relations, and axiomatic constraints that cover the domain of interest. To overcome the barriers coming from the lack of expertise in ontology engineering, the OntoTrans project has developed a methodology for the interaction between the translator and the industrial stakeholders, aimed to facilitate collective contributions to the conceptualization effort.
Prior to starting with ontology implementation in semantic web technologies, domain and ontology experts are advised to collaboratively agree on the concepts and relations that need to be represented in order to achieve the desired objectives of the ontology. For further details on ontology design, including competency questions, see Reference: Poveda-Villalón, M.; Fernández-Izquierdo, A.; Fernández-López, M.; García-Castro, R. LOT: An Industrial Oriented Ontology Engineering Framework. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 2022, 111, 104755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2022.104755.
The conceptualisation board has been designed to be used in a collaborative online platform (such as MIRO[4] ) to enable participants to contribute to the conceptualisation development and is shown in Figure 18. It guides participants from left to right to:
- Introduce the class concepts needed to describe the user case
- expressing axioms to better define what classes represent relating them using mereocausal relations
- introduce the properties used to determine (or characterise) the entities
- introduce the datatypes used to express the properties (e.g., double, string)
- define the serialisation for each datatype (e.g., file format)
- express how the properties are obtained by introducing the concept of knowledge generators
- formalise the workflows (e.g. materials process, manufacturing, modelling, characterisation) using the concepts introduced in the previous blocks
Besides that, it provides a place to list the references to domain literature (e.g., standards) and to propose labels and definitions. The board has been populated through a collaborative effort, involving all WP1 partners.
This deliverable focuses on the points from 1 to 3. T1.4 activities will cover the serialisation of the datatypes, and the populating of the knowledge base.
[4] https://miro.com
As an example, the first block has been populated by classes expressing relevant concepts in the field of thermal spraying technology from the CoBRAIN project, classifying them as object or process. The results are shown in Figure 19. For each class a set of labels, a definition, a comment, and a list of domain literature sources has been provided to better clarify the concept behind the class.
The second block has been populated by expressing the relations between classes using axioms in the Subject/Predicate/Quantifier/Object form (e.g., COATING isOutputOf some THERMALSPRAYING). The mereocausal relations are summarised on the left of the block, to facilitate the users, as shown in Figure 20. An example of user case in 4D diagram has also been provided and shown in detail in Figure 21. The example represents the temporal parts that constitute the sub-objects of a substrate going through the preparation stages (i.e., roughening, cleaning, tooling, and masking) and the thermal spraying deposition process. Besides that, it describes related devices (e.g., the thermal spraying system) and processes (e.g., gas feeding).
It is important to understand the representation of the user case itself is a form of knowledge without data, since it documents in a formal way the state of things occurring during a specific run. This arrangement of things can also be analysed using AI tools to find recurring patterns according to a specific KPI (e.g., to find the user case structure that provides samples with highest hardness values).
Figure 20 - Relate block, expressing the mereocausality relations between classes as axioms (Subject/Predicate/Quantifier/Object)
The third block has been populated by listing all the properties that are relevant for the thermal spraying process, and then connecting the properties to each respective entity. For each property a reference to the ISQ, to the unit of measurement and to the literature sources has been provided, as documentation.
An example of a workflow, a simple simulation is represented using the CoBRAIN subset in Figure 23, including the connection between the material and the model, the simulation input and output, the data structures, the individuals (i.e., the ABox) that stands for a specific simulation run, and the actual data serialisation.
Following the conceptualisation expressed in the conceptualisation board, an OWL 2 DL ontology has been created, to be used as model in a graph database . As an example, the CoBRAIN ontology will be made public as soon as the final version will be achieved), with IRI https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying.
The ontology has been developed using the Protégé tool for OWL 2 DL ontology development[5] as shown in Figure 24. The ontology provides a taxonomy of classes that can be used to represent the thermal spraying process, as shown in Figure 25, together with the subset of EMMO mereocausality and semiotic relationships, as shown in Figure 26. It provides also a taxonomy of classes for the representation of datatypes and properties, as shown in Figure 27.
The OWL 2 DL serialisation of the CoBRAIN ontology is provided as Annex I.
[5] https://protege.stanford.edu/
As an example, a dataset for nanoindentation is shown in Figure 28, listing the data and metadata foreseen by this application. The Excel table collecting all the dataset entries is shown in Figure 29, where each row is representing a specific nanoindentation characterisation process. The mapping between the dataset Excel serialisation and the graph database is shown in Figure 30, where each column has been interpreted semantically according to the CoBRAIN ontology concepts and related to the other columns using the relations provided by the EMMO subset, using in a Subject/Predicate/Object schema.
Using this approach, it is possible for the end users to store the data using traditional, easy to use tools (such as Excel spreadsheets), without the need for training in ontology engineering or data management. The spreadsheet will be imported into the knowledge graph thanks to the related mapping.
1 @prefix : <https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/> .
2 @prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
3 @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
4 @prefix xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace> .
5 @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
6 @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
7 @base <https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/> .
8
9 <https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying> rdf:type owl:Ontology ;
10 <http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor> """Alvise Bianchin
11 Matres scrl
12 [email protected]""" ,
13 """Giovanni Bolelli
14 Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia
15 [email protected]""" ;
16 <
http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator> """Emanuele Ghedini`
`17 Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna
18 [email protected]""" ;
19 <
http://purl.org/dc/terms/license> """This work is licensed under CC BY 4.0
20 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/""" ;
21 rdfs:comment """Work performed
in the framework of CoBRAIN Project
22 Funded under European Commission Horizon Europe: Digital, Industry and Space
23 Grant agreement ID: 101092211
24 https://doi.org/10.3030/101092211""" .
25`
26 #################################################################
27 # Annotation properties
28 #################################################################
29
30 ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor
31 <http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor> rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty .
32
33
34 ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator
35 <http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator> rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty .
36
37
38 ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/license
39 <http://purl.org/dc/terms/license> rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty .
40
41
42 ### http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel
43 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty ;
44 rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:label .
45
46
47 ### http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel
48 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty ;
49 rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:label .
50
51
52 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/elucidation
53 :elucidation rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty .
54
55
56 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/productionInformation
57 :productionInformation rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty ;
58 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "
Production Information" .
59
60
61 #################################################################
62 # Object Properties
63 #################################################################
64
65 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/affects
66 :affects rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
67 rdfs:subPropertyOf :properOverlaps ;
68 rdfs:domain :Process ;
69 rdfs:range :Object .
70
71
72 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/communicatesWith
73 :communicatesWith rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
74 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isCausalRelatedTo .
75
76
77 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/contributesTo
78 :contributesTo rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
79 rdfs:subPropertyOf :properOverlaps ;
80 rdfs:domain :Process ;
81 rdfs:range :Process .
82
83
84 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/disappearsInto
85 :disappearsInto rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
86 rdfs:subPropertyOf :properOverlaps ;
87 rdfs:domain :Process ;
88 rdfs:range :Object .
89
90
91 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/emergesFrom
92 :emergesFrom rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
93 rdfs:subPropertyOf :properOverlaps ;
94 rdfs:domain :Process ;
95 rdfs:range :Object .
96
97
98 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/hasNext
99 :hasNext rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
100 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isCausalRelatedTo .
101
102
103 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/hasNextStep
104 :hasNextStep rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
105 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isCausalRelatedTo .
106
107
108 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/hasProperty
109 :hasProperty rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
110 rdfs:subPropertyOf owl:topObjectProperty ;
111 rdfs:range :Property .
112
113
114 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/hasSubsequentStep
115 :hasSubsequentStep rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
116 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isCausalRelatedTo .
117
118
119 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/indirectlyAffects
120 :indirectlyAffects rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
121 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isCausalRelatedTo .
122
123
124 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/indirectlyCommunicatesWith
125 :indirectlyCommunicatesWith rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
126 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isCausalRelatedTo .
127
128
129 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isAddedTo
130 :isAddedTo rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
131 rdfs:subPropertyOf :properOverlaps ;
132 rdfs:domain :Object ;
133 rdfs:range :Object .
134
135
136 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isAdjacentTo
137 :isAdjacentTo rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
138 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isCausalRelatedTo .
139
140
141 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isBehaviourOf
142 :isBehaviourOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
143 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isTemporalPartOf ;
144 rdfs:domain :Process ;
145 rdfs:range :Object .
146
147
148 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isCausalRelatedTo
149 :isCausalRelatedTo rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
150 rdfs:subPropertyOf owl:topObjectProperty ;
151 rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty .
152
153
154 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isCharacterizedIn
155 :isCharacterizedIn rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
156 rdfs:subPropertyOf :participatesTo ;
157 rdfs:range :Characterization .
158
159
160 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isComponentOf
161 :isComponentOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
162 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isConstituentOf ;
163 rdfs:domain :Component ;
164 rdfs:range :System .
165
166
167 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isConstituentOf
168 :isConstituentOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
169 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isSpatialPartOf ;
170 rdfs:domain :Object ;
171 rdfs:range :Object .
172
173
174 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isConstitutiveProcessOf
175 :isConstitutiveProcessOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
176 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isSpatialPartOf ;
177 rdfs:domain :Process ;
178 rdfs:range :Object .
179
180
181 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isIndenterFor
182 :isIndenterFor rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
183 rdfs:subPropertyOf :participatesTo ;
184 rdfs:domain :Indenter ;
185 rdfs:range :Nanoindentation .
186
187
188 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isInputOf
189 :isInputOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
190 rdfs:subPropertyOf :properOverlaps ;
191 rdfs:range :Process .
192
193
194 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isInstrumentOf
195 :isInstrumentOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
196 rdfs:subPropertyOf :participatesTo .
197
198
199 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isMereologicalRelatedTo
200 :isMereologicalRelatedTo rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
201 rdfs:subPropertyOf owl:topObjectProperty .
202
203
204 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isOutputOf
205 :isOutputOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
206 rdfs:subPropertyOf :properOverlaps ;
207 rdfs:range :Process .
208
209
210 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isPartOf
211 :isPartOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
212 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isMereologicalRelatedTo .
213
214
215 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isProperParticipantOf
216 :isProperParticipantOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
217 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isSpatialPartOf ;
218 rdfs:domain :Object ;
219 rdfs:range :Process .
220
221
222 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isRemovedfrom
223 :isRemovedfrom rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
224 rdfs:subPropertyOf :properOverlaps ;
225 rdfs:domain :Object ;
226 rdfs:range :Object .
227
228
229 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isSampleOf
230 :isSampleOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
231 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isRemovedfrom ;
232 rdfs:domain :Sample .
233
234
235 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isSpatialPartOf
236 :isSpatialPartOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
237 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isPartOf .
238
239
240 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isStageOf
241 :isStageOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
242 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isTemporalPartOf ;
243 rdfs:domain :Process ;
244 rdfs:range :Process .
245
246
247 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isStatusOf
248 :isStatusOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
249 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isTemporalPartOf ;
250 rdfs:domain :Object ;
251 rdfs:range :Process .
252
253
254 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isSubObjectOf
255 :isSubObjectOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
256 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isTemporalPartOf ;
257 rdfs:domain :Object ;
258 rdfs:range :Object .
259
260
261 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isSubProcessOf
262 :isSubProcessOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
263 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isSpatialPartOf ;
264 rdfs:domain :Process ;
265 rdfs:range :Process .
266
267
268 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/isTemporalPartOf
269 :isTemporalPartOf rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
270 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isPartOf .
271
272
273 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/partakesIn
274 :partakesIn rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
275 rdfs:subPropertyOf :properOverlaps ;
276 rdfs:domain :Object ;
277 rdfs:range :Object .
278
279
280 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/participatesTo
281 :participatesTo rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
282 rdfs:subPropertyOf :properOverlaps ;
283 rdfs:domain :Object ;
284 rdfs:range :Process .
285
286
287 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/precedes
288 :precedes rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
289 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isCausalRelatedTo .
290
291
292 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/properOverlaps
293 :properOverlaps rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ;
294 rdfs:subPropertyOf :isMereologicalRelatedTo .
295
296
297 #################################################################
298 # Data properties
299 #################################################################
300
301 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/hasDataValue
302 :hasDataValue rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ;
303 rdfs:subPropertyOf owl:topDataProperty ;
304 rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty ;
305 rdfs:domain :Property .
306
307
308 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/hasDatetime
309 :hasDatetime rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ;
310 rdfs:subPropertyOf owl:topDataProperty ;
311 rdfs:range xsd:dateTime .
312
313
314 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/hasSOPFile
315 :hasSOPFile rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ;
316 rdfs:subPropertyOf owl:topDataProperty ;
317 rdfs:range xsd:anyURI .
318
319
320 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/hasSerialNumber
321 :hasSerialNumber rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty .
322
323
324 #################################################################
325 # Classes
326 #################################################################
327
328 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Adhesion
329 :Adhesion rdf:type owl:Class ;
330 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
331 rdfs:seeAlso "ASTM C633-13 (2017)" ,
332 """ISO 4618:2023, 3.7
333 phenomenon of attachment at the interface between a solid surface and another
material caused by molecular forces""" ;
334 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Adhesion" ;
335 :elucidation """(ASTM D907) \"The state in which two surfaces are held
together by interphase forces which may consist of chemical forces or
interlocking action, or both\"
336 Tensile adhesion is obtained by a pull-off test.""" .
337
338 [ rdf:type owl:Axiom ;
339 owl:annotatedSource :Adhesion ;
340 owl:annotatedProperty rdfs:seeAlso ;
341 owl:annotatedTarget """ISO 4618:2023, 3.7
342 phenomenon of attachment at the interface between a solid surface and another
material caused by molecular forces""" ;
343 rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:4618:ed-3:v1:en:term:3.7"
344 ] .
345
346
347 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/AirSupplysystem
348 :AirSupplysystem rdf:type owl:Class ;
349 rdfs:subClassOf :GasSupplySystem ;
350 rdfs:comment "This system is designed to provide a consistent,
safe, and high-quality supply of compressed air to the thermal spray system. The
system can be pressure- and/or volume flow-controlled. Compressed air is usually
produced on-site with a suitably sized compressor." ;
351 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Process Control and Control
Equipment, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
352 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Air Supply
System" ;
353 :elucidation "The air supply system feeds and regulates the flow
of air to the thermal spray system, including as process gas, as torch cooling
medium, and as substrate cooling medium" .
354
355
356 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ArrayData
357 :ArrayData rdf:type owl:Class ;
358 rdfs:subClassOf :SymbolicData .
359
360
361 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/BooleanData
362 :BooleanData rdf:type owl:Class ;
363 rdfs:subClassOf :SymbolicData .
364
365
366 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ByteData
367 :ByteData rdf:type owl:Class ;
368 rdfs:subClassOf :ShortData .
369
370
371 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Characterization
372 :Characterization rdf:type owl:Class ;
373 rdfs:subClassOf :Process .
374
375
376 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Cleaning
377 :Cleaning rdf:type owl:Class ;
378 rdfs:subClassOf :SubstratePreparation ;
379 rdfs:comment """This is the first step for the substrate preparation.
380 After removing all contaminants, parts should be protected from airborne debris
and fingerprints and should be handled with clean fixtures and materials.""" ;
381 rdfs:isDefinedBy "Anon. (2013), Introduction to Coating Design and
Processing, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ,
382 "EN 13507:2018: Thermal Spraying - Pre-treatment of
surfaces of metallic parts and components for thermal spraying." ;
383 rdfs:seeAlso "Fauchais, Pierre L.; Heberlein, Joachim VR; Boulos, Maher
I. Thermal spray fundamentals: from powder to part. Springer Science & Business
Media, 2014." ,
384 "J. Knapp, D. Lemen (2013), Precoating Operations, in:
R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
385 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Cleaning" ;
386 :elucidation "The process removes all contaminants, such as scale, oil,
grease, and paint, from the surface to be roughened and coated." .
387
388
389 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Coating
390 :Coating rdf:type owl:Class ;
391 rdfs:subClassOf :Object ;
392 rdfs:comment "Definition adapted from ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying -
Terminology, classification." ;
393 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
394 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Deposit" ,
395 "Layer" ;
396 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Coating" ;
397 :elucidation "A layer of material built up onto the substrate by a
thermal spray process" .
398
399
400 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ColdSpray
401 :ColdSpray rdf:type owl:Class ;
402 rdfs:subClassOf :Spraying ;
403 rdfs:comment """There are three variants of cold spraying:
404 - Low-pressure cold spray utilizes compressed air at pressures up to 10 bar and
temperatures up to 600 °C. The powder is injected radially in the divergent part
of the nozzle, using a pressureless powder feeder.
405 - High-pressure cold-spray utilizes nitrogen or helium at pressures up to 6 MPa
and temperatures up to 1100 °C. The powder is injected axially in the cold spray
torch, upstream of the nozzle, using a pressurized powder feeder.
406 - Medium-pressure cold spray operates with compressed air at intermediate
pressure levels, usually in the range of 7 - 35 bar, with temperatures up to 550
°C - 600 °C. The powder is injected radially in the convergent part of the nozzle
using a presureless powder feeder.""" ;
407 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
408 rdfs:seeAlso "Gartner F, Stoltenhoff T, Schmidt T, Kreye H (2006) The
cold spray process and its potential for industrial applications. J Therm Spray
Technol 15(2):223–232" ,
409 "J. Karthikeyan (2013), Cold Spray Process, in: R.C.
Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
410 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "
ColdGasDynamicSpraying" ,
411 "ColdGasSpraying" ,
412 "KineticSpraying" ;
413 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Cold Spraying" ;
414 :elucidation "A thermal spray process utilizing a supersonic jet of
produced by the expansion of a compressed through a converging/diverging nozzle
gas to accelerate, at or near room temperature, powder particles to high
velocities. The solid particles traveling at speeds often above 500 m/s
plastically deform and consolidate on impact with their substrate to create a
coating." .
415
416
417 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ColdSprayTorch
418 :ColdSprayTorch rdf:type owl:Class ;
419 rdfs:subClassOf :SprayTorch ;
420 rdfs:comment """The torch has no combustion chamber.
421 The gas is pre-heated with electrical resistance systems that are located in the
torch itself and/or in external heating units.
422 Nozzles are convergent/divergent; they are usually interchangeable and vary in
shape, size, and material, to achieve specific spray patterns and avoid clogging.
423 Cold Spray torches can either have a water-cooled nozzle or (especially in low-pressure models) no nozzle cooling system.""" ;
424 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
425 rdfs:seeAlso "J. Karthikeyan (2013), Cold Spray Process, in: R.C.
Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
426 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Cold Spray Gun" ;
427 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Cold Spray
Torch" ;
428 :elucidation "A thermal spray torch specifically designed to
perform the Cold Spray process" .
429
430
431 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/CombustionChamber
432 :CombustionChamber rdf:type owl:Class ;
433 rdfs:subClassOf :TorchComponent ;
434 rdfs:comment """Fuel and comburent can be pre-mixed before
entering the combustion chamber, as in most gas-fuelled HVOF and HVAF torch
types, or they can be mixed in the combustion chamber, as in most liquid-fuelled
HVOF torches.
435 Sometimes, the convergent part of the nozzle can also act as a combustion
chamber.""" ;
436 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Thermal Spray Processes,
in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
437 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Combustion
Chamber" ;
438 :elucidation "The combustion chamber is the location within a
HVOF or HVAF torch where a confined fuel-comburent combustion takes place at
pressures above ambient pressure." .
439
440
441 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Component
442 :Component rdf:type owl:Class ;
443 rdfs:subClassOf :Object .
444
445
446 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Composition
447 :Composition rdf:type owl:Class ;
448 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
449 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Composition" .
450
451
452 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ControlSystem
453 :ControlSystem rdf:type owl:Class ;
454 rdfs:subClassOf :System ;
455 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Control System" .
456
457
458 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ControlUnit
459 :ControlUnit rdf:type owl:Class ;
460 rdfs:subClassOf :ControlSystem ,
461 :ThermalSprayingComponent ;
462 rdfs:comment """The control unit is the main user interface to
control the process and ensures safety, control and repeatability.
463 It can feature analogue and/or digital controls and can feature various degrees
of automation. It can optionally record and store the measured quantities.
464 It can operate on open- or closed-loop principles.""" ;
465 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Process Control and Control
Equipment, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
466 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Command Panel" ,
467 "Command Unit" ,
468 "Control Panel" ;
469 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Control Unit" ;
470 :elucidation "The control unit is a system that controls the
operation of the thermal spray system, specifically managing gas flows, powder
feed, torch startup/shutdown, turntable and manipulator/robot movements, gun
cooling system." .
471
472
473 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/CoolingSystem
474 :CoolingSystem rdf:type owl:Class ;
475 rdfs:subClassOf :System ;
476 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Cooling System" .
477
478
479 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/CorrosionCurrentDensity
480 :CorrosionCurrentDensity rdf:type owl:Class ;
481 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
482 rdfs:seeAlso "Pierre R. Roberge (2000), Handbook of
Corrosion Engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York. D.J. De Renzo (1985), CORROSION
RESISTANT MATERIALS HANDBOOK, Fourth Edition. NOYES DATA CORPORATION Park Ridge,
New Jersey, U.S.A." ;
483 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "
Corrosion Current Density" ;
484 :elucidation "The current corrosion density value
represents the rate at which a metal or alloy is corroding in a specific
environment. It is a measure of the amount of metal ions that are being released
from the material due to the corrosion process." .
485
486
487 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/CorrosionPotential
488 :CorrosionPotential rdf:type owl:Class ;
489 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
490 rdfs:seeAlso "Pierre R. Roberge (2000), Handbook of Corrosion
Engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York. D.J. De Renzo (1985), CORROSION RESISTANT
MATERIALS HANDBOOK, Fourth Edition. NOYES DATA CORPORATION Park Ridge, New
Jersey, U.S.A." ;
491 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Corrosion
Potential" ;
492 :elucidation "The corrosion potential value represents the
tendency of a metal or alloy to corrode in a specific environment. It is a
measure of the electrochemical potential difference between the metal and its
environment, which is the driving force for the corrosion process." .
493
494
495 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/CriticalLoad
496 :CriticalLoad rdf:type owl:Class ;
497 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
498 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Critical Load" .
499
500
501 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/DateTimeData
502 :DateTimeData rdf:type owl:Class ;
503 rdfs:subClassOf :SymbolicData .
504
505
506 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/DateTimeStampData
507 :DateTimeStampData rdf:type owl:Class ;
508 rdfs:subClassOf :DateTimeData .
509
510
511 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/DecimalData
512 :DecimalData rdf:type owl:Class ;
513 rdfs:subClassOf :RationalData .
514
515
516 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Deposition
517 :Deposition rdf:type owl:Class ;
518 rdfs:subClassOf :SprayingStage ;
519 rdfs:comment """During this stage, the torch is moved in front of the
substrates with a specified kinematics and for a specified number of cycles by
using the coordinated motion of the turntable and the manipulator or robot.
520 The substrate can be cooled during the deposition stage to prevent excessive rise
in temperatures that would result in high residual stress levels being generated
both during and after the deposition process.""" ;
521 rdfs:seeAlso "Anon. (2013), Introduction to Coating Design and
Processing, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
522 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Build-up" ,
523 "Coating" ,
524 "Spraying" ;
525 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Deposition" ;
526 :elucidation "Deposition is the stage of the thermal spray process
during which the coating is built up onto the substrate." .
527
528
529 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Device
530 :Device rdf:type owl:Class ;
531 rdfs:subClassOf :Object .
532
533
534 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Division
535 :Division rdf:type owl:Class ;
536 rdfs:subClassOf :NormalizedStringData ,
537 :TokenData .
538
539
540 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ElasticModulus
541 :ElasticModulus rdf:type owl:Class ;
542 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
543 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14577 (Instrumented indentation test)" ,
544 "ISO 80000-4:2019" ;
545 rdfs:seeAlso "F. Cardarelli (2008), Materials Handbook: A Concise
Desktop Reference, second edition. Springer, London. G.T. Murray (1997), Handbook
of Materials Selection for Engineering Applications. CRC Press." ;
546 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Elastic Modulus"
;
547 :elucidation "The proportionality coefficient between the stress
applied to a material and the resulting strain within the linear reversible
deformation regime." .
548
549
550 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Equals
551 :Equals rdf:type owl:Class ;
552 rdfs:subClassOf :NormalizedStringData ,
553 :TokenData .
554
555
556 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ErosiveWearRate
557 :ErosiveWearRate rdf:type owl:Class ;
558 rdfs:subClassOf :WearRate ;
559 rdfs:seeAlso """ASTM G76-18: Erosion Test by Solid Particle
Impingement Using Gas Jet
560 ASTM G211-14(2020): Elevated Temperature Erosion Test by Solid Particle
Impingement Using Gas Jet""" ;
561 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Erosive Wear
Rate" ;
562 :elucidation """The erosive wear rate (or erosion rate) is a
measure of the loss of material from a surface due to erosion by solid particles
carried by a compressible (gas) or incompressible (water) fluid flow.
563 The erosive wear rate is expressed as the volume of material removed per unit
mass of impinging solid particles.""" .
564
565
566 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/FIB
567 :FIB rdf:type owl:Class ;
568 rdfs:subClassOf :Characterization ;
569 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Focused Ion Beam" .
570
571
572 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/FeedRate
573 :FeedRate rdf:type owl:Class ;
574 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
575 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 80000-4:2019" ;
576 rdfs:seeAlso "Glossary of Terms, in: R.C. Tucker Jr. (Ed.), ASM
Handbook Vol. 5A, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA, 2013, pp. 351-381."
;
577 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Feed Rate" ;
578 :elucidation "The mass of material thatpasses through a given section
of a conduit per unit time." .
579
580
581 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Fixture
582 :Fixture rdf:type owl:Class ;
583 rdfs:subClassOf :HoldingSystem ,
584 :ThermalSprayingComponent ;
585 rdfs:comment """The fixture must be designed to hold the substrates in a
proper configuration so that, in combination with the motion imparted by the
turntable and the manipulator, the thermal spray jet is perpendicular to the
substrate surface for as long as possible, and should also allow to achieve the
desired relative linear velocity and trajectories.
586 Shadow masks can be integrated in the fixture.
587 Fixtures are usually permanent but may need periodic regeneration to remove
deposits that build up in areas of the fixture exposed to the thermal spray jet."
"" ;
588 rdfs:seeAlso "J. Knapp, D. Lemen (2013), Precoating Operations, in: R.C.
Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
589 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Tool" ,
590 "Tooling" ;
591 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Fixture" ;
592 :elucidation "The fixture is a suitably designed system to hold one or
more substrates allowing their mounting on a turntable with a suitable
geometrical configuration with respect to the thermal spray torch and the
manipulator." .
593
594
595 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/FloatingPointData
596 :FloatingPointData rdf:type owl:Class ;
597 rdfs:subClassOf :NumericData .
598
599
600 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/FlowRate
601 :FlowRate rdf:type owl:Class ;
602 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
603 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 80000-4:2019" ;
604 rdfs:seeAlso "Glossary of Terms, in: R.C. Tucker Jr. (Ed.), ASM
Handbook Vol. 5A, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA, 2013, pp. 351-381."
;
605 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Flow Rate" ;
606 :elucidation "The volume of a gas passing across the section of a
conduit per unit time" .
607
608
609 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/FractureToughness
610 :FractureToughness rdf:type owl:Class ;
611 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
612 rdfs:seeAlso "F. Cardarelli (2008), Materials Handbook: A
Concise Desktop Reference, second edition. Springer, London. G.T. Murray (1997),
Handbook of Materials Selection for Engineering Applications. CRC Press." ;
613 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Fracture
Toughness" ;
614 :elucidation "Toughness is the ability of a material to resist
fracture or failure when subjected to stress, shock, or impact. It is a property
of a material that combines its strength and its ability to absorb energy without
breaking." .
615
616
617 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/FrictionCoefficient
618 :FrictionCoefficient rdf:type owl:Class ;
619 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
620 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 80000-4:2019" ;
621 rdfs:seeAlso """ASTM G99-17: Pin-on-Disc Sliding Test
622 ASTM G133-05(2016): Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Test
623 ASTM G77-17: Block-on-Ring Sliding Test""" ,
624 "Gwidon W. Stachowiak (2006), WEAR–MATERIALS,
MECHANISMSAND PRACTICE, JohnWiley&SonsLtd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
West Sussex, England" ;
625 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Friction
Coefficient" ;
626 :elucidation """Proportionality factor between the magnitude
of the tangential friction force applied to contacting bodies to maintain
(kinetic friction coefficient) or initiate (static friction coefficient) relative
motion, and the magnitude of the normal contact force between the bodies.
627 The friction coefficient is a dimensionless value that measures the resistance to
relative motion, caused by dissipative effects such as asperity-level adhesion,
abrasion, (visco)elastic hysteresis, third-body effects.""" .
628
629
630 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/G200NanoIndenter
631 :G200NanoIndenter rdf:type owl:Class ;
632 rdfs:subClassOf :NanoIndenter ;
633 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Nano Indenter
G200" .
634
635
636 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/GasFeeding
637 :GasFeeding rdf:type owl:Class ;
638 rdfs:subClassOf :SprayingSubProcess ;
639 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Gas Feeding" .
640
641
642 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/GasFuelledHVOFTorch
643 :GasFuelledHVOFTorch rdf:type owl:Class ;
644 rdfs:subClassOf :HVOFTorch ;
645 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Gas-Fuelled
HVOF torch" .
646
647
648 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/GasSupplySystem
649 :GasSupplySystem rdf:type owl:Class ;
650 rdfs:subClassOf :SupplySystem ;
651 rdfs:comment "This system is designed to provide consistent,
safe, and high-quality supply of gases to the thermal spray system. Gases other
than air are usually taken from compressed gas bottles, although other sources
are possible (e.g. in-situ hydrogen generators). The flow can be pressure- and/or
volume-flow controlled." ;
652 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Process Control and Control
Equipment, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
653 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Gas Supply
System" ;
654 :elucidation "The gas supply system feeds and regulates the flow
of the various process gases to the thermal spray system" .
655
656
657 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Gradient
658 :Gradient rdf:type owl:Class ;
659 rdfs:subClassOf :NormalizedStringData ,
660 :TokenData .
661
662
663 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/GunCoolingSystem
664 :GunCoolingSystem rdf:type owl:Class ;
665 rdfs:subClassOf :CoolingSystem ;
666 rdfs:comment """The gun cooling system can use either liquids
(deionized water), gases (compressed air), or a mixture or both.
667 The system can feature flow meters and temperature sensors to monitor the flow
rate of cooling medium and its inlet and outlet temperature, thereby allowing a
quantification of the thermal power lost by the torch to the cooling system.""" ;
668 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Process Control and Control
Equipment, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
669 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Cooling
Circuit" ;
670 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Gun Cooling
System" ;
671 :elucidation "A system that delivers a liquid or gaseous
cooling fluid to the thermal spray torch to prevent overheating of critical
parts" .
672
673
674 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/HVAF
675 :HVAF rdf:type owl:Class ;
676 rdfs:subClassOf :ThermalSpraying ;
677 rdfs:comment """HVAF (High Velocity Air Fuel) is a thermal spray process
similar to HVOF but using compressed air instead of pure oxygen as the comburent.
Fuels are typically gaseous (propane, propylene); powder injection is typically
axial in the combustion chamber. Nozzles may feature a secondary air-fuel
injection. Fuel mixtures, e.g. propane+hydrogen, can sometimes be employed.
678 Compressed air is also used to cool the torch before being injected into the
combustion chamber, thus achieving regenerative pre-heating.""" ;
679 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
680 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Thermal Spray Processes, in: R.C. Tucker
jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM International,
Materials Park, OH, USA." ,
681 "Fauchais, Pierre L.; Heberlein, Joachim VR; Boulos, Maher I.
Thermal spray fundamentals: from powder to part. Springer Science & Business
Media, 2014." ;
682 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "HVAF Spraying" ,
683 "High Velocity Air Fuel" ,
684 "High Velocity Air Fuel
Spraying" ;
685 :elucidation "A thermal spray process that involves accelerating and
heating a feedstock material in powder form by feeding it into a stream of
exhaust gases originating from the confined combustion of air and fuel(s) at high
pressure and the subsequent expansion of the combustion products through a
nozzle." .
686
687
688 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/HVAFTorch
689 :HVAFTorch rdf:type owl:Class ;
690 rdfs:subClassOf :ThermalSprayTorch ;
691 rdfs:comment """HVAF torches can usually be fit with multiple,
interchangeable, and separate combustion chambers and nozzles, offering more
hardware variety in a single device than do HVOF torches. Often, the combustion
chamber ends with a converging/diverging nozzle and a separate, secondary nozzle
is installed downstream of the chamber-integrated nozzle.
692 Process gas flows are usually regulated by adjusting their inlet pressure, whilst
volume flow rates can be optionally measured but are not directly controlled."""
;
693 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
694 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Thermal Spray Processes, in: R.C.
Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
695 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "HVAF Gun" ;
696 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "HVAF Torch" ;
697 :elucidation "A thermal spray torch specifically designed to perform
the HVAF process" .
698
699
700 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/HVOF
701 :HVOF rdf:type owl:Class ;
702 rdfs:subClassOf :ThermalSpraying ;
703 rdfs:comment """Fuels can be liquid (e.g. kerosene), gaesous (e.g.
hydrogen, propane, prolpylene, ethene, ecc.)
704 Powders can be injected axially in the combustion chamber or radially downstream
of the combustion chamber, which affects their heating and acceleration history
705 Expansion nozzles can be converging or converging/diverging (De Laval type) and
can have a straight barrel downstream""" ;
706 rdfs:isDefinedBy "EN 1395-2:2007: Thermal Spraying - Acceptance inspection
of thermal spraying equipment - Part 2: Flame spraying including HVOF" ,
707 "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
708 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Thermal Spray Processes, in: R.C. Tucker
jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM International,
Materials Park, OH, USA." ,
709 "Fauchais, Pierre L.; Heberlein, Joachim VR; Boulos, Maher I.
Thermal spray fundamentals: from powder to part. Springer Science & Business
Media, 2014." ;
710 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "HVOF Spraying" ,
711 "High Velocity Oxygen Fuel"
,
712 "High Velocity Oxygen Fuel
Spraying" ;
713 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "HVOF" ;
714 :elucidation "A thermal spray process that involves accelerating and
heating a feedstock material in powder form by feeding it into a stream of
exhaust gases originating from the confined combustion of oxygen and fuel(s) at
high pressure and the subsequent expansion of the combustion products through a
nozzle." .
715
716
717 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/HVOFTorch
718 :HVOFTorch rdf:type owl:Class ;
719 rdfs:subClassOf :ThermalSprayTorch ;
720 rdfs:comment """HVOF torches are available in multiple variants that
differ in construction details such as presence/absence of a distinct combustion
chamber, type of nozzle, presence or absence of interchangeable barrels after the
nozzle, powder injection location, fuel type, which result in different particle
velocity/temperature combinations:
721
722 - Gas-fuelled HVOF torch with hybrid air/water cooling: no separate combustion
chamber, the powder is injected axially in the convergent nozzle section and the
pre-mixed oxygen-fuel flow is delivered co-axially, with compressed air flowing
along the convergent nozzle wall for cooling. The divergent part of the nozzle is
water-cooled. The nozzle has fixed geometry and is not replaceable.
723
724 - Gas-fuelled HVOF torch with single-piece combustion chamber, convergent nozzle,
and cylindrical barrel. The powder is injected axially in the combustion chamber
and the entire torch is water-cooled
725
726 - Gas-fuelled HVOF torch with combustion chamber at 90° with respect to the
convergent-straight nozzle and axial powder injection at the nozzle inlet.
727
728 - HVOF torch with atomization of liquid fuel in a combustion chamber where
combustion with oxygen is triggered by a spark plug; the chamber ends with a
convergent-divergent nozzle followed by an interchangeable straight barrel;
powder is injected radially at the barrel inlet.
729
730 Process gases are usually fed at constant pressure with a volume flow rate-control system.""" ;
731 rdfs:isDefinedBy "EN 1395-2:2007: Thermal Spraying - Acceptance
inspection of thermal spraying equipment - Part 2: Flame spraying including HVOF"
,
732 "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
733 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Thermal Spray Processes, in: R.C.
Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
734 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "HVOF Gun" ;
735 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "HVOF Torch" ;
736 :elucidation "A thermal spray torch specifically designed to perform
the HVOF process" .
737
738
739 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/HighPressureColdSpraying
740 :HighPressureColdSpraying rdf:type owl:Class ;
741 rdfs:subClassOf :ColdSpray ;
742 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "High
Pressure Cold Spraying" .
743
744
745 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/HighSpeed3DMapping
746 :HighSpeed3DMapping rdf:type owl:Class ;
747 rdfs:subClassOf :Nanoindentation ;
748 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "High-Speed
3D Mapping" .
749
750
751 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/HoldingSystem
752 :HoldingSystem rdf:type owl:Class ;
753 rdfs:subClassOf :System ;
754 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Holding System" .
755
756
757 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/IRI
758 :IRI rdf:type owl:Class ;
759 rdfs:subClassOf :URI .
760
761
762 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/IndentationCurve
763 :IndentationCurve rdf:type owl:Class ;
764 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
765 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Indentation
Curve" .
766
767
768 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/IndentationHardness
769 :IndentationHardness rdf:type owl:Class ;
770 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
771 rdfs:seeAlso """SO 14577-1:2015
772 ISO 14577-2:2015
773 ISO 14577-3:2015
774 ISO 14577-4:2016""" ;
775 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Indentation
Hardness" ;
776 :elucidation """Hardness is the resistance of a material to
permanent penetration by another material.
777 The indentation hardness (HIT) is specifically defined as the average contact
pressure between the indenter and the indented material, i.e. HIT = Fmax/Ap, were
Fmax = maximum applied load and Ap = contact area projected into the plane of the
sample surface (\"projected contact area\").
778 It is obtained by a depth-sensing indentation measure, where the applied load (F)
and indenter penetration (h) are recorded continuously during penetration and
retraction.
779 Fmax is directly obtained by the load recording; Ap is obtained by processing the
load-penetration curve according to the Oliver-Pharr procedure.
780 A Vickers or Berkovich indenter can be used interchangeably.
781 Indentation hardness is specifically told into:
782 - Macro-hardness: 2 N ≤ Fmax ≤ 30 kN
783 - Micro-hardness: Fmax < 2 N; h > 0.2 μm
784 - Nano-hardness: h ≤ 0.2 μm""" .
785
786
787 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Indenter
788 :Indenter rdf:type owl:Class ;
789 rdfs:subClassOf :NanoIndenterComponent ;
790 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Indenter" .
791
792
793 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/IntData
794 :IntData rdf:type owl:Class ;
795 rdfs:subClassOf :LongData .
796
797
798 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/IntegerData
799 :IntegerData rdf:type owl:Class ;
800 rdfs:subClassOf :DecimalData .
801
802
803 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/JSONData
804 :JSONData rdf:type owl:Class ;
805 rdfs:subClassOf :SymbolicData .
806
807
808 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/LanguageData
809 :LanguageData rdf:type owl:Class ;
810 rdfs:subClassOf :NameData .
811
812
813 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Laplacian
814 :Laplacian rdf:type owl:Class ;
815 rdfs:subClassOf :NCNameData .
816
817
818 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/LinearThermalExpansionCoefficient
819 :LinearThermalExpansionCoefficient rdf:type owl:Class ;
820 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
821 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 80000-5:2019" ;
822 <
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Linear Thermal Expansion
Coefficient" ;
823 :elucidation "Relative change of length of a
material with temperature." .
824
825
826 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/LiquidFuelSupplySystem
827 :LiquidFuelSupplySystem rdf:type owl:Class ;
828 rdfs:subClassOf :SupplySystem ;
829 rdfs:comment "The system is typically based on a
volumetric pump. Fuels such as kerosene or paraffin are taken from tanks. This
system is usually equipped only in thermal spray system intended to operate with
a liquid-fuelled HVOF torch." ;
830 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Process Control and
Control Equipment, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
831 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Fuel
Pump" ;
832 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Liquid
Fuel Supply System" ;
833 :elucidation "The liquid fuel supply system feeds and
regulated the flow of liquid fuels to a thermal spray system" .
834
835
836 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/LiquidFuelledHVOFTorch
837 :LiquidFuelledHVOFTorch rdf:type owl:Class ;
838 rdfs:subClassOf :HVOFTorch ;
839 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Liquid-Fuelled HVOF torch" .
840
841
842 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/LongData
843 :LongData rdf:type owl:Class ;
844 rdfs:subClassOf :IntegerData .
845
846
847 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/LowPressureColdSpraying
848 :LowPressureColdSpraying rdf:type owl:Class ;
849 rdfs:subClassOf :ColdSpray ;
850 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Low
Pressure Cold Spraying" .
851
852
853 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Manipulator
854 :Manipulator rdf:type owl:Class ;
855 rdfs:subClassOf :Device ;
856 rdfs:comment """Definition adapted from EN 1395-6:2007: Thermal
spraying - Acceptance inspection of thermal spraying equipment - Part 6:
Manipulator systems.
857
858 Typically, two types of manipulators can be employed:
859 - X-Y or X-Y-Z manipulators that perform linear movements along the respective
axes
860 - Industrial robots, often with 5 or 6 degrees of freedom.
861
862 Robots are needed to coat geometrically complex substrates and to achieve higher
linear velocities, whilst X-Y or X-Y-Z manipulators are suitable for simple
planar or cylindrical substrates.
863 The manipulator can optionally be synchronized with the turntable to add one more
controlled degree of freedom and increase the ability to follow geometrically
complex substrates.""" ;
864 rdfs:isDefinedBy "EN 1395-6:2007: Thermal spraying - Acceptance
inspection of thermal spraying equipment - Part 6: Manipulator systems." ;
865 rdfs:seeAlso "Anon. (2013), Introduction to Coating Design and
Processing, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ,
866 "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Process Control and Control
Equipment, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
867 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Axes Control" ,
868 "Robot" ,
869 "Translator" ;
870 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Manipulator" ;
871 :elucidation "Manipulators are employed to move the thermal spray
torch with respect to the substrate or, more infrequently, to move the substrate
with respect to a stationary thermal spray torch." .
872
873
874 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Masking
875 :Masking rdf:type owl:Class ;
876 rdfs:subClassOf :SubstratePreparation ;
877 rdfs:comment """This process is necessary to prevent deposit formation
on areas where it is not wanted. It also improves the uniformity of the deposit
when coating limited areas.
878 Three types of masks are used depending on the number of parts to be coated.
879 Three types of mask can be employed.
880 A contact mask consists of a tape wrapped onto areas where the substrate must be
protected. The tape is withdrawn after grit blasting and, to get rid of residual
glue, the area where it covered the surface must be cleaned with a solvent.
Masking tapes can be made of: glass fabric plus adhesive or aluminium foil
laminated to glass fabric with silicone plus adhesive or similar combinations.
881 A shadow mask consists of a metal sheet, sometimes being an integral part of the
tool, which is placed in front of the area not to be coated and in physical
proximity to the surface, typically two to three coating thicknesses away.
882 A paint-on mask is a paint or slurry that is applied onto the area to be
protected and dried or cured.
883 Masks can be applied before or after grit-blasting because, in some cases, they
are required to protect both against grit-blasting and against coating
deposition. Tapes and paints are removed and scrapped after the thermal spray
process. Shadow masks are used multiple times and can be regenerated by removing
the excess material deposited onto them e.g. by grit-blasting or chemical
stripping.""" ;
884 rdfs:isDefinedBy "EN 13507:2018: Thermal Spraying - Pre-treatment of
surfaces of metallic parts and components for thermal spraying." ,
885 "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
886 rdfs:seeAlso "Anon. (2013), Introduction to Coating Design and
Processing, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ,
887 "J. Knapp, D. Lemen (2013), Precoating Operations, in: R.C.
Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
888 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Fixturing" ;
889 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Masking" ;
890 :elucidation "The process consists of applying a physical protection to
prevent deposit adhesion to areas of the substrate not to be coated" .
891
892
893 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/MassFlowFeeder
894 :MassFlowFeeder rdf:type owl:Class ;
895 rdfs:subClassOf :PowderFeeder ;
896 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Mass Flow
Feeder" .
897
898
899 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/MatrixData
900 :MatrixData rdf:type owl:Class ;
901 rdfs:subClassOf :ArrayData .
902
903
904 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/MediumPressureColdSpraying
905 :MediumPressureColdSpraying rdf:type owl:Class ;
906 rdfs:subClassOf :ColdSpray ;
907 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "
Medium Pressure Cold Spraying" .
908
909
910 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Minus
911 :Minus rdf:type owl:Class ;
912 rdfs:subClassOf :NMTOKENData ,
913 :NormalizedStringData ,
914 :TokenData .
915
916
917 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Multiplication
918 :Multiplication rdf:type owl:Class ;
919 rdfs:subClassOf :NormalizedStringData ,
920 :TokenData .
921
922
923 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/NCNameData
924 :NCNameData rdf:type owl:Class ;
925 rdfs:subClassOf :NameData ,
926 :NormalizedStringData ,
927 :TokenData .
928
929
930 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/NMTOKENData
931 :NMTOKENData rdf:type owl:Class ;
932 rdfs:subClassOf :StringData .
933
934
935 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/NameData
936 :NameData rdf:type owl:Class ;
937 rdfs:subClassOf :NMTOKENData .
938
939
940 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/NanoIndenter
941 :NanoIndenter rdf:type owl:Class ;
942 rdfs:subClassOf :Device ;
943 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Nano Indenter" ;
944 :elucidation "The Nano Indenter G200 indentation testing system,
designed for nanoscale measurements during characterization and development of a
wide range of materials." .
945
946
947 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/NanoIndenterComponent
948 :NanoIndenterComponent rdf:type owl:Class ;
949 rdfs:subClassOf :Component ;
950 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Nano
Indenter Component" .
951
952
953 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Nanoindentation
954 :Nanoindentation rdf:type owl:Class ;
955 rdfs:subClassOf :Characterization ;
956 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "
Nanoindentation" .
957
958
959 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/NegativeIntegerData
960 :NegativeIntegerData rdf:type owl:Class ;
961 rdfs:subClassOf :NonPositiveIntegerData .
962
963
964 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/NonNegativeIntegerData
965 :NonNegativeIntegerData rdf:type owl:Class ;
966 rdfs:subClassOf :IntegerData .
967
968
969 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/NonPositiveIntegerData
970 :NonPositiveIntegerData rdf:type owl:Class ;
971 rdfs:subClassOf :IntegerData .
972
973
974 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/NormalizedStringData
975 :NormalizedStringData rdf:type owl:Class ;
976 rdfs:subClassOf :StringData .
977
978
979 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Nozzle
980 :Nozzle rdf:type owl:Class ;
981 rdfs:subClassOf :TorchComponent ;
982 rdfs:comment """Definition adapted from ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying
- Terminology, classification.
983 The geometry of the nozzle is responsible for shaping and accelerating the gas
flow into a high-velocity stream entraining the particles.""" ;
984 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
985 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Spray Nozzle" ;
986 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Nozzle" ;
987 :elucidation "The nozzle is the part of a thermal spray gun that contains
the outlet opening for the spray jet" .
988
989
990 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/NumericData
991 :NumericData rdf:type owl:Class ;
992 rdfs:subClassOf :SymbolicData .
993
994
995 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Object
996 :Object rdf:type owl:Class ;
997 rdfs:comment "EMMO Object Concept" .
998
999
1000 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ParticleSizeDistribution
1001 :ParticleSizeDistribution rdf:type owl:Class ;
1002 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
1003 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 13320:2020 - Particle size
analysis — Laser diffraction method" ,
1004 "ISO 9276-1" ,
1005 "ISO 9276-2" ;
1006 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "
Particle Size Distribution" ;
1007 :elucidation """This term designates the distribution
of sizes of the particles composing a powder.
1008 The size is expressed as equivalent diameter, i.e. the diameter of a sphere of
equivalent volume to the actual particle.
1009 The distribution is expressed as a volume distribution, i.e. the fraction of the
overall volume of the powder comprised within each size range. A particle size
distribution is understood as a volume distribution unless otherwise specified.
1010 Alternatively, it can be expressed as a number distribution, i.e. the fraction of
the overall number of particles comprised within each size range. It should be
expressly indicated whether the distribution is expressed as a number
distribution. Usually, a number distribution results in an over-representation of
the finer size ranges.
1011 It is measured by laser scattering, sieving, or image analysis on optical or SEM
micrographs of a powder sample.
1012 The distribution is summarized by the 10th, 50th and 90th quantiles or by average
and standard deviation.""" .
1013
1014
1015 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/PhaseComposition
1016 :PhaseComposition rdf:type owl:Class ;
1017 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
1018 rdfs:seeAlso """EN 13925-1:2003
1019 EN 13925-2:2003
1020 EN 13925-3:2005""" ;
1021 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Phase
Composition" ;
1022 :elucidation """Phase composition refers to the type and
relative amount of distinct phases composing a sample.
1023 Phase composition is measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).
1024 The pattern obtained by diffraction of a monochromatic beam of X-rays from a
sample allows qualitative identification of its crystalline phases by (computer-
assisted) matching to reference databases of diffraction patterns like the ICDD
JCPDF-2 or JCPDF-4 databases.
1025 Fitting of the experimental pattern with suitable mathematical functions and
integration of peaks' areas allows quantitative assessment of the relative mass
fraction of phases by suitable techniques such as the external standard method,
internal standard method, or the reference intensity ratio method.""" .
1026
1027
1028 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/PillarSplitting
1029 :PillarSplitting rdf:type owl:Class ;
1030 rdfs:subClassOf :Nanoindentation ;
1031 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Pillar
Splitting" .
1032
1033
1034 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Plus
1035 :Plus rdf:type owl:Class ;
1036 rdfs:subClassOf :NormalizedStringData ,
1037 :TokenData .
1038
1039
1040 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/PoreSize
1041 :PoreSize rdf:type owl:Class ;
1042 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
1043 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 15901-1:2016 (mercury intrusion porosimetry)" ;
1044 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Pore Size" ;
1045 :elucidation """Pore size is the equivalent diameter of a pore, i.e.
the diameter of a sphere with a volume equivalent to that of the pore.
1046 The pore size in a material can be conveyed either through a complete
distribution curve or through an average value. It is measured either by image
analysis on optical or scanning electron micrographs, or by mercury intrusion
porosimetry.""" .
1047
1048
1049 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Porosity
1050 :Porosity rdf:type owl:Class ;
1051 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
1052 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ASTM E2109-01(2021) - Porosity of thermal spray
coatings by image analysis" ,
1053 "ISO 15901-1:2016 - Mercury intrusion porosimetry" ;
1054 rdfs:seeAlso "F. Cardarelli (2008), Materials Handbook: A Concise
Desktop Reference, second edition. Springer, London. G.T. Murray (1997), Handbook
of Materials Selection for Engineering Applications. CRC Press." ;
1055 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Porosity" ;
1056 :elucidation "Porosity refers to the volume percentage of void space in
a material. It is defined as the ratio of the volume of pores or voids in a
material to the total volume of the material. . It is measured either by image
analysis on optical or scanning electron micrographs, or by mercury intrusion
porosimetry." .
1057
1058
1059 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/PositiveIntegerData
1060 :PositiveIntegerData rdf:type owl:Class ;
1061 rdfs:subClassOf :NonNegativeIntegerData .
1062
1063
1064 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/PowderFeeder
1065 :PowderFeeder rdf:type owl:Class ;
1066 rdfs:subClassOf :SupplySystem ;
1067 owl:disjointUnionOf ( :MassFlowFeeder
1068 :VolumeFlowFeeder
1069 ) ,
1070 ( :PressurelessFeeder
1071 :PressurizedFeeder
1072 ) ;
1073 rdfs:comment """The definition is adapted from ISO 14917:2017:
Thermal Spraying - Terminology, classification.
1074
1075 There are various types of powder feeders that can be distinguished into:
1076 - Pressurized/pressureless feeders - the former type is needed when powder must
be fed into a high-pressure region of a thermal spray jet.
1077 - Volume flow controlled/mass flow controlled feeders. The former typically have
simpler construction with systems such as rotating grooved discs or endless
screws to feed meters volumes of material. The latter are usually based on an
electronic balance with an output-based, closed-loop control and can be based on
principles such as fluidized bed systems.
1078
1079 The power is usually uptaken with a flow of carrier gas then trnasports it
through a tube toward the torch.""" ;
1080 rdfs:isDefinedBy "EN 1395-7:2007: Thermal Spraying - Acceptance
inspection of thermal spraying equipment - Part 7: Powder feed systems" ,
1081 "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
1082 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Process Control and Control
Equipment, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ,
1083 "N. Sanpo, J. Wang, C.C. Berndt (2013), Feedstock
Material Considerations for Thermal Spray, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook
Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
1084 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Powder Feeder" ;
1085 :elucidation "The powder feeder is a system for a controlled supply
of powder feedstock to a thermal spray torch" .
1086
1087
1088 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/PowderFeeding
1089 :PowderFeeding rdf:type owl:Class ;
1090 rdfs:subClassOf :SprayingSubProcess ;
1091 rdfs:comment "Powder feeding is done using either gravimetric or
volumetric powder feeders. The feed rate is usually measured as a mass flow rate.
The powder is usually carried with a flow of inert gas (nitrogen, argon)." ;
1092 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Process Control and Control
Equipment, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
1093 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Powder Feeding" ;
1094 :elucidation "Powder feeding is the process of supplying the
powder feedstock to a thermal spray torch at a controlled rate." .
1095
1096
1097 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/PowderFeedstock
1098 :PowderFeedstock rdf:type owl:Class ;
1099 rdfs:subClassOf :ThermalSprayingComponent ;
1100 rdfs:comment "Particle sizes are usually between 5 and 100
microns in size, and can be made from a variety of materials, such as metals,
ceramics, polymers, and composites. The exact particle size distribution is an
important process parameter and mist be tailored to the specific thermal spray
process, the type of material, and the desired outcome/intended application." ;
1101 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying -
Terminology, classification." ;
1102 rdfs:seeAlso "N. Sanpo, J. Wang, C.C. Berndt (2013), Feedstock
Material Considerations for Thermal Spray, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook
Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
1103 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Feedstock" ,
1104 "Powder" ;
1105 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Powder
Feedstock" ;
1106 :elucidation "Powder feedstock is a material in powder form used
produce a coating on a substrate by feeding into a thermal spray torch" .
1107
1108
1109 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/PreHeating
1110 :PreHeating rdf:type owl:Class ;
1111 rdfs:subClassOf :SprayingStage ;
1112 rdfs:comment """Pre-heating can be achieved either by using a
separate heating system or, more frequently, by performing one or more passes of
the torch onto the substrate without powder feed to increase the substrate
temperature using the heat of the gas jet itself.
1113 Pre-heating serves multiple purposes: it removed adsorbates and condensates (e.g.
moisture, volatile organic compounds, etc.); it improves the wettability between
the deposited material and the substrate; it prevents excessive temperature
gradients across the coating/substrate system during the thermal spray process,
which might otherwise result in transverse cracking of the coating due to
excessive tensile stresses accumulated in its outer layers.""" ;
1114 rdfs:seeAlso "J. Knapp, D. Lemen (2013), Precoating Operations, in:
R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
1115 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Heating" ;
1116 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Pre-Heating" ;
1117 :elucidation "Pre-heating is a sub-process of thermal spray whereby
the temperature of the substrate is increased above room temperature shortly
before deposition so that the substrate temperature is higher than room
temperature when deposition begins." .
1118
1119
1120 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Pressure
1121 :Pressure rdf:type owl:Class ;
1122 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
1123 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 80000-4:2019" ;
1124 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Pressure" ;
1125 :elucidation "Quotient of the component of a force normal to a surface
and its area" .
1126
1127
1128 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/PressurelessFeeder
1129 :PressurelessFeeder rdf:type owl:Class ;
1130 rdfs:subClassOf :PowderFeeder ;
1131 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Pressureless
Feeder" .
1132
1133
1134 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/PressurizedFeeder
1135 :PressurizedFeeder rdf:type owl:Class ;
1136 rdfs:subClassOf :PowderFeeder ;
1137 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Pressurized
Feeder" .
1138
1139
1140 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Process
1141 :Process rdf:type owl:Class ;
1142 rdfs:comment "EMMO Process Concept" .
1143
1144
1145 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ProcessMonitoring
1146 :ProcessMonitoring rdf:type owl:Class ;
1147 rdfs:subClassOf :SprayingSubProcess ;
1148 rdfs:comment """Process monitoring includes both parameters
directly measured by the control unit, and measures from additional sensors such
as pyrometers/thermocameras for substrate temperature, in-flight process
diagnostics for particle velocities/temperatures, etc.
1149 These can be or not be integrated into a single monitoring system.""" ;
1150 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Process Control and Control
Equipment, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
1151 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Process
Control" ;
1152 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Process
Monitoring" ;
1153 :elucidation "Measuring and controlling key parameters of the
thermal spray process in real-time, such as gas flow rates, powder feed rate,
substrate temperature, robot movements, etc." .
1154
1155
1156 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Property
1157 :Property rdf:type owl:Class ;
1158 rdfs:comment "EMMO Property Concept" .
1159
1160
1161 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/RationalData
1162 :RationalData rdf:type owl:Class ;
1163 rdfs:subClassOf :RealData .
1164
1165
1166 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/RealData
1167 :RealData rdf:type owl:Class ;
1168 rdfs:subClassOf :NumericData .
1169
1170
1171 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ResidualStress
1172 :ResidualStress rdf:type owl:Class ;
1173 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
1174 rdfs:isDefinedBy "EN 15305:2018 - Residual stress measurement by
XRD" ;
1175 rdfs:seeAlso "NPL Good Practice Guide 143: Residual stress
measurement by FIB+DIC" ,
1176 """V. Hauk, Structural and Residual Stress Analysis
by Nondestructive Methods. Evaluation - Application - Assessment, Elsevier, 1997
1177 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-82476-9.X5000-2""" ;
1178 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Residual Stress"
;
1179 :elucidation """A self-equilibrated system of stresses (with
resulting strains) existing in a part in the absence of any externally applied
action. These are usually the consequence of technological processes carried out
on a part, such as machining; thermal, thermochemical or mechanical treatments;
coating deposition; etc.
1180 Residual stresses can be measured non-destructively by X-ray diffraction or (less
frequently) neutron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence
piezospectroscopy, or they can be measured destructively by hole-drilling.
1181 Micro-scale measurements of residual stresses are carried out by Focused Ion
Beam (FIB) milling coupled with Digital Image Correlation (DIC).""" .
1182
1183
1184 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/RobotManipulator
1185 :RobotManipulator rdf:type owl:Class ;
1186 rdfs:subClassOf :Manipulator ;
1187 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Robot
Manipulator" .
1188
1189
1190 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Roughening
1191 :Roughening rdf:type owl:Class ;
1192 rdfs:subClassOf :SubstratePreparation ;
1193 rdfs:comment "The substrate roughening in most cases is achieved by
grit blasting: a compressed air stream containing abrasive particles is directed,
through a nozzle, toward the part to be treated. It is also possible to use water
jets with pressures, or to machine with suitably profiled tools (e.g. dove-tail
profiles). Grit blasting or water jet roughening also induces compressive stress
in the first tenths of mm below the substrate-roughened surface." ;
1194 rdfs:isDefinedBy "EN 13507:2018: Thermal Spraying - Pre-treatment of
surfaces of metallic parts and components for thermal spraying." ,
1195 "J. Knapp, D. Lemen (2013), Precoating Operations,
in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
1196 rdfs:seeAlso "Anon. (2013), Introduction to Coating Design and
Processing, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
1197 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "GritBlasting" ,
1198 "SandBlasting" ;
1199 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Roughening" ;
1200 :elucidation "Roughening the surface to provide asperities or
irregularities to enhance coating adhesion and provide a larger effective
surface." .
1201
1202
1203 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Roughness
1204 :Roughness rdf:type owl:Class ;
1205 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
1206 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 21920-2:2021 (profile surface texture)" ,
1207 "ISO 25178-2:2021 (areal surface texture)" ;
1208 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Roughness" ;
1209 :elucidation """Deviation of the detected profile/surface of an object
(mechanical/electromagnetic/auxiliary profile/surface, depending on whether it is
detected through mechanical interaction, electromagnetic interactions including
optical methods, or other methods including atomic force microscopy/scanning
tunnelling microscopy) from the reference line/surface after removal of (1) the
smallest lateral scale components caused by noise in the acquisition system, (2)
the macro-scale form, by suitable fitting e.g. to polynomial or spline functions,
and (3) the large-scale lateral component (waviness) with a suitable filtering
operation (e.g. Gaussian or robust Gaussian filters).
1210 The roughness of a profile/surface can be conveyed by calculating one or more of
a series of scalar parameters on the basis of a data matrix containing the
complete roughness profile/surface.""" .
1211
1212
1213 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Sample
1214 :Sample rdf:type owl:Class ;
1215 rdfs:subClassOf :Object ,
1216 [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
1217 owl:onProperty :isSampleOf ;
1218 owl:someValuesFrom owl:Thing
1219 ] .
1220
1221
1222 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ShortData
1223 :ShortData rdf:type owl:Class ;
1224 rdfs:subClassOf :IntData .
1225
1226
1227 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/SpecificWearRate
1228 :SpecificWearRate rdf:type owl:Class ;
1229 rdfs:subClassOf :WearRate ;
1230 rdfs:seeAlso """ASTM G99-17: Pin-on-Disc Sliding Test
1231 ASTM G133-05(2016): Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Test
1232 ASTM G77-17: Block-on-Ring Sliding Test
1233 ASTM G65-16(2021): Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Test
1234 ASTM D4060-19: Taber Abrasion Test""" ;
1235 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Specific Wear
Rate" ;
1236 :elucidation """The specific wear rate is a measure of the loss
of material from a surface due to mechanical wear. It represents the specific
rate (i.e. rate per unit load) at which a material loses mass when subjected to
wear.
1237 It can be measured for sliding, rolling/sliding, and abrasive wear processes."""
.
1238
1239
1240 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/SprayJet
1241 :SprayJet rdf:type owl:Class ;
1242 rdfs:subClassOf :ThermalSprayingComponent ;
1243 rdfs:comment """The definition is taken from ISO 14917:2017: Thermal
Spraying - Terminology, classification.
1244 The characteristics of the particles in the spray jet, i.e. their velocity and
their temperature, depend on the process parameters, the thermophysical
properties of the particles themselves and their size distribution. The velocity
and temperature of the particles, on the other hand, are the key features that
determine the properties of the coating (porosity, adhesive and cohesive
strength, etc.).""" ;
1245 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
1246 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Particle Jet" ,
1247 "Particle Stream" ,
1248 "Spray Stream" ;
1249 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Spray Jet" ;
1250 :elucidation "The stream of particles emerging from the thermal spray
torch." .
1251
1252
1253 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/SprayTorch
1254 :SprayTorch rdf:type owl:Class ;
1255 rdfs:subClassOf :Device ;
1256 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
1257 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Thermal Spray Processes, in: R.C.
Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
1258 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Gun" ,
1259 "Spraying Gun" ,
1260 "Torch" ;
1261 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Spray Torch" .
1262
1263
1264 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Spraying
1265 :Spraying rdf:type owl:Class ;
1266 rdfs:subClassOf :Process ,
1267 [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
1268 owl:onProperty [ owl:inverseOf :isStageOf
1269 ] ;
1270 owl:someValuesFrom :SprayingStage
1271 ] ,
1272 [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
1273 owl:onProperty [ owl:inverseOf :isSubProcessOf
1274 ] ;
1275 owl:someValuesFrom :Spraying
1276 ] ;
1277 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Spraying Process" .
1278
1279
1280 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/SprayingStage
1281 :SprayingStage rdf:type owl:Class ;
1282 rdfs:subClassOf :Process ,
1283 [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
1284 owl:onProperty :isStageOf ;
1285 owl:someValuesFrom :Spraying
1286 ] ;
1287 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Spraying Stage" .
1288
1289
1290 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/SprayingSubProcess
1291 :SprayingSubProcess rdf:type owl:Class ;
1292 rdfs:subClassOf :Process ,
1293 [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
1294 owl:onProperty :isSubProcessOf ;
1295 owl:someValuesFrom :Spraying
1296 ] ;
1297 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Spraying Sub
Process" .
1298
1299
1300 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Stabilization
1301 :Stabilization rdf:type owl:Class ;
1302 rdfs:subClassOf :SprayingStage ;
1303 rdfs:comment "Powder feeders usually take a brief time, from some
tens of seconds to a few minutes, to deliver a constant feed rate upon first
startup. The powder feeding must be allowed to stabilize before the torch is
moved onto the substrate to avoid irregularities and poor deposit quality which
would happen if the feed rate is not constant. The stabilization stage also
allows to prevent issues that might arise from feeder malfunction, as this would
be detected during the stabilization period and the substrate would not be
compromised by an irregular deposition from a malfunctioning feeder." ;
1304 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Stabilization" ;
1305 :elucidation "Stabilization is a sub-process of thermal spray
during which the powder feed rate is made to stabilize while the torch is not
depositing material onto the substrate" .
1306
1307
1308 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/StringData
1309 :StringData rdf:type owl:Class ;
1310 rdfs:subClassOf :SymbolicData .
1311
1312
1313 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Substrate
1314 :Substrate rdf:type owl:Class ;
1315 rdfs:subClassOf :ThermalSprayingComponent ;
1316 rdfs:comment "Definition adapted from ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying
- Terminology, classification." ;
1317 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
1318 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Component" ,
1319 "Part" ,
1320 "Workpiece" ;
1321 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Substrate" ;
1322 :elucidation "The object to be coated (entirely or in part) in a
thermal spray process" .
1323
1324
1325 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/SubstrateCoolingSystem
1326 :SubstrateCoolingSystem rdf:type owl:Class ;
1327 rdfs:subClassOf :CoolingSystem ;
1328 rdfs:comment """Compressed air is the most typical
coolant, but CO2, liquid nitrogen, or even liquid Ar can also be used in special
cases.
1329 The system can be stationary, i.e. fixed nozzles deliver the cooling jet to the
substrate surface, and/or movable, i.e. nozzles are installed on the manipulator
and move together with the thermal spray torch to cool the substrate surface
immediately before and/or after the passage of the thermal spray jet.
1330 In addition to cooling, the jet also serves the purpose of limiting the amount of
overspray particles attaching to the surface of the growing deposit layer.""" ;
1331 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Cooling
Jets" ;
1332 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "
Substrate Cooling System" ;
1333 :elucidation "A system that delivers a stream of coolant
to the substrate surface" .
1334
1335
1336 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/SubstratePreparation
1337 :SubstratePreparation rdf:type owl:Class ;
1338 rdfs:subClassOf :Process ;
1339 rdfs:comment """The sequence of operations during substrate
preparation can vary.
1340 Cleaning can be done before and/or after roughening, the latter also exerting a
cleaning action. Masking is optional and not necessary in every case, and it can
be done before or after roughening, before or after tooling, or the tool itself
can include a shadow mask.""" ;
1341 rdfs:isDefinedBy "EN 13507:2018: Thermal Spraying - Pre-treatment of surfaces of metallic parts and components for thermal spraying" ;
1342 rdfs:seeAlso "Fauchais, Pierre L.; Heberlein, Joachim VR;
Boulos, Maher I. Thermal spray fundamentals: from powder to part. Springer
Science & Business Media, 2014." ,
1343 "J. Knapp, D. Lemen (2013), Precoating
Operations, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
1344 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Substrate
Preparation" ;
1345 :elucidation "The purpose of substrate preparation is to
allow deposition on selected substrate areas and ensure adequate adhesion of the
sprayed material. This process comprises the sub-processes of cleaning,
roughening, masking, and tooling." .
1346
1347
1348 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/SupplySystem
1349 :SupplySystem rdf:type owl:Class ;
1350 rdfs:subClassOf :System ;
1351 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Supply System" .
1352
1353
1354 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/SymbolicData
1355 :SymbolicData rdf:type owl:Class ;
1356 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Symbolic Data"@en
.
1357
1358
1359 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/System
1360 :System rdf:type owl:Class ;
1361 rdfs:subClassOf :Object ,
1362 [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
1363 owl:onProperty [ owl:inverseOf :isConstituentOf
1364 ] ;
1365 owl:someValuesFrom :Component
1366 ] ;
1367 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "System" .
1368
1369
1370 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Temperature
1371 :Temperature rdf:type owl:Class ;
1372 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
1373 rdfs:seeAlso "ISO 80000-5:2019" ;
1374 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Temperature" ;
1375 :elucidation "Partial derivative of internal energy of a system with
respect to entropy at constant volume and constant number of particles in the
system." .
1376
1377
1378 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ThermalSpraySystem
1379 :ThermalSpraySystem rdf:type owl:Class ;
1380 rdfs:subClassOf :System ;
1381 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Thermal
Spray System" .
1382
1383
1384 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ThermalSprayTorch
1385 :ThermalSprayTorch rdf:type owl:Class ;
1386 rdfs:subClassOf :SprayTorch ;
1387 rdfs:comment """Definition taken with slight adaptation from
ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology, classification.
1388 The torch can be operated manually or automatically, and the process parameters,
such as the gas flow rates and powder feed rate, can be adjusted to control the
properties of the resulting coating.
1389 The combustion-based torch design typically consists of a combustion chamber, a
powder injector, and a nozzle. Other types of torches can differ slightly in
their main constituents but all encompass a nozzle from which the gas flow
emerges.""" ;
1390 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying -
Terminology, classification." ;
1391 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Thermal Spray Processes,
in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
1392 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Thermal Spray
Torch" ;
1393 :elucidation "The unit with which the feedstock is heated to
the plastic or molten state, accelerated and projected onto the prepared
substrate surface." .
1394
1395
1396 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ThermalSpraying
1397 :ThermalSpraying rdf:type owl:Class ;
1398 rdfs:subClassOf :Spraying ;
1399 rdfs:comment """Thermal spraying is distinguished by cladding
processes by the lack of substrate melting during the process.
1400 The feedstock material may be in the form of powder, ceramic rod, wire, or molten
materials.
1401 The definition is adapted from ISO 14917:2017""" ;
1402 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying -
Terminology, classification." ;
1403 rdfs:seeAlso "D.E. Crawmer (2013), Thermal Spray Processes, in:
R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.),ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ,
1404 "Hermanek FJ (2001) Thermal spray terminology and
company origins. ASM International, Materials Park, OH" ;
1405 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Thermal
Spraying" ;
1406 :elucidation "Thermal spray comprises a group of coating
processes in which finely divided materials are heated to a molten, semi-molten
or plastic condition and propelled onto solid substrate surface by means of a
Thermal Spray Torch, forming a coating." .
1407
1408 [ rdf:type owl:Axiom ;
1409 owl:annotatedSource :ThermalSpraying ;
1410 owl:annotatedProperty rdfs:isDefinedBy ;
1411 owl:annotatedTarget "ISO 14917:2017: Thermal Spraying - Terminology,
classification." ;
1412 rdfs:comment "https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:14917:ed-2:v1:en:term:3.1"^^xsd:anyURI
1413 ] .
1414
1415
1416 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/ThermalSprayingComponent
1417 :ThermalSprayingComponent rdf:type owl:Class ;
1418 rdfs:subClassOf :Component ;
1419 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "
Thermal Spraying System Component"@en .
1420
1421
1422 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Thickness
1423 :Thickness rdf:type owl:Class ;
1424 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
1425 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 80000-3:2019" ;
1426 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Thickness" ;
1427 :elucidation "Minimum length of a straight line segment between two
parallel planes enclosing an object" .
1428
1429
1430 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/TokenData
1431 :TokenData rdf:type owl:Class ;
1432 rdfs:subClassOf :StringData .
1433
1434
1435 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Tooling
1436 :Tooling rdf:type owl:Class ;
1437 rdfs:subClassOf :SubstratePreparation ;
1438 rdfs:comment """The tool must be suitable for coupling with the
turntable and, together with the turntable and the manipulators/robot, must
ensure suitable part configuration and motion with respect to the thermal spray
torch.
1439 The sample holder (\"tool\") might include shadow masks. In this case, the
process of tooling also coincides with masking.""" ;
1440 rdfs:seeAlso "J. Knapp, D. Lemen (2013), Precoating Operations, in: R.C.
Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray Technology, ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
1441 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Tooling" ;
1442 :elucidation "Substrates are attached to a suitable sample holder e.g.
through screws or springs." .
1443
1444
1445 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/TorchComponent
1446 :TorchComponent rdf:type owl:Class ;
1447 rdfs:subClassOf :Component ;
1448 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Torch Component"
.
1449
1450
1451 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Turntable
1452 :Turntable rdf:type owl:Class ;
1453 rdfs:subClassOf :Device ;
1454 rdfs:comment """Turntables can feature simple continuous rotation or
be synchronized with the manipulator.
1455 Turntables can also be used to coat planar substrates of limited lateral width to
achieve higher relative torch/substrate linear velocities than woukd be possible
through the linear motion of the manipulator in front of a stationary substrate."
"" ;
1456 rdfs:isDefinedBy "EN 1395-6:2007: Thermal spraying - Acceptance
inspection of thermal spraying equipment - Part 6: Manipulator systems." ;
1457 rdfs:seeAlso "Anon. (2013), Introduction to Coating Design and
Processing, in: R.C. Tucker jr. (Ed.), ASM Handbook Vol. 5A: Thermal Spray
Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, USA." ;
1458 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel> "Mandrel" ;
1459 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Turntable" ;
1460 :elucidation "The turntable is a rotating device in a thermal spray
system onto which the tool holding the substrate(s) is mounted." .
1461
1462
1463 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/URI
1464 :URI rdf:type owl:Class ;
1465 rdfs:subClassOf :SymbolicData .
1466
1467
1468 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/URL
1469 :URL rdf:type owl:Class ;
1470 rdfs:subClassOf :URI .
1471
1472
1473 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/URN
1474 :URN rdf:type owl:Class ;
1475 rdfs:subClassOf :URI .
1476
1477
1478 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/UnsignedByteData
1479 :UnsignedByteData rdf:type owl:Class ;
1480 rdfs:subClassOf :ShortData ,
1481 :UnsignedShortData .
1482
1483
1484 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/UnsignedIntData
1485 :UnsignedIntData rdf:type owl:Class ;
1486 rdfs:subClassOf :LongData ,
1487 :UnsignedLongData .
1488
1489
1490 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/UnsignedLongData
1491 :UnsignedLongData rdf:type owl:Class ;
1492 rdfs:subClassOf :NonNegativeIntegerData .
1493
1494
1495 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/UnsignedShortData
1496 :UnsignedShortData rdf:type owl:Class ;
1497 rdfs:subClassOf :IntData ,
1498 :UnsignedIntData .
1499
1500
1501 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/VectorData
1502 :VectorData rdf:type owl:Class ;
1503 rdfs:subClassOf :ArrayData .
1504
1505
1506 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/Velocity
1507 :Velocity rdf:type owl:Class ;
1508 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
1509 rdfs:isDefinedBy "ISO 80000-3:2019" ;
1510 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Velocity" ;
1511 :elucidation "Vector quantity corresponding to the rate of change of
position" .
1512
1513
1514 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/VickersHardness
1515 :VickersHardness rdf:type owl:Class ;
1516 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
1517 rdfs:seeAlso """ISO 6507-1:2018
1518 ISO 6507-2:2018
1519 ISO 6507-3:2018
1520 ISO 6507-4:2018
1521 ISO 4516:2002""" ;
1522 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Vickers
Hardness" ;
1523 :elucidation """Hardness is the resistance of a material to
permanent penetration by another material.
1524 Vickers microhardness is specifically defined as the ratio between the maximum
load (F, expressed in kgf) applied onto a Vickers indenter and the lateral
surface area (Ar) of the residual impression left in the indented material after
complete unloading (in mm2). The latter is computed from the length of the
diagonals of the residual impression, measured with an optical microscope.
1525 Vickers hardness is specifically told into:
1526 - Vickers hardness: F ≥ 49.03 N (5 kgf)
1527 - Low-force Vickers hardness: 1.961 N (200 gf) ≤ F < 49.03 N (5 kgf)
1528 - Vickers micro-hardness: 0.009807 N (1 gf) ≤ F < 1.961 N (200 gf)""" .
1529
1530
1531 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/VolumeFlowFeeder
1532 :VolumeFlowFeeder rdf:type owl:Class ;
1533 rdfs:subClassOf :PowderFeeder ;
1534 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Volume Flow
Feeder" .
1535
1536
1537 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/WearRate
1538 :WearRate rdf:type owl:Class ;
1539 rdfs:subClassOf :Property ;
1540 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Wear Rate" .
1541
1542
1543 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/XYManipulator
1544 :XYManipulator rdf:type owl:Class ;
1545 rdfs:subClassOf :Manipulator ;
1546 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "X-Y Manipulator"
.
1547
1548
1549 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/XYZManipulator
1550 :XYZManipulator rdf:type owl:Class ;
1551 rdfs:subClassOf :Manipulator ;
1552 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "X-Y-Z
Manipulator" .
1553
1554
1555 #################################################################
1556 # Individuals
1557 #################################################################
1558
1559 ### https://www.cobrain-project.eu/thermalspraying/MTSG200-1
1560 :MTSG200-1 rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual ,
1561 :G200NanoIndenter ;
1562 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "MTS G200 UR3" ;
1563 :elucidation "The MTS G200 system available at the University of Rome
laboratory." .
1564
1565
1566 ### Generated by the OWL API (version 4.5.26.2023-07-17T20:34:13Z)
https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi
1567