Cleaned up tag encoding, now with clear chunk field

Before, the tag format's type field was limited to 9-bits. This sounds
like a lot, but this field needed to encode up to 256 user-specified
types. This limited the flexibility of the encoded types. As time went
on, more bits in the type field were repurposed for various things,
leaving a rather fragile type field.

Here we make the jump to full 11-bit type fields. This comes at the cost
of a smaller length field, however the use of the length field was
always going to come with a RAM limitation. Rather than putting pressure
on RAM for inline files, the new type field lets us encode a chunk
number, splitting up inline files into multiple updatable units. This
actually pushes the theoretical inline max from 8KiB to 256KiB! (Note
that we only allow a single 1KiB chunk for now, chunky inline files
is just a theoretical future improvement).

Here is the new 32-bit tag format, note that there are multiple levels
of types which break down into more info:

[----            32             ----]
[1|--  11   --|--  10  --|--  10  --]
 ^.     ^     .     ^          ^- entry length
 |.     |     .     \------------ file id chunk info
 |.     \-----.------------------ type info (type3)
 \.-----------.------------------ valid bit
  [-3-|-- 8 --]
    ^     ^- chunk info
    \------- type info (type1)

Additionally, I've split the CREATE tag into separate SPLICE and NAME
tags. This simplified the new compact logic a bit. For now, littlefs
still follows the rule that a NAME tag precedes any other tags related
to a file, but this can change in the future.