Add a page on decals

tutorials/3d/index.rst

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ Rendering
    3d_rendering_limitations
    standard_material_3d
    lights_and_shadows
+   using_decals
    physical_light_and_camera_units
    high_dynamic_range
    global_illumination/index

tutorials/3d/using_decals.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+.. _doc_using_decals:
+
+Using decals
+============
+
+.. note::
+
+    Decals are only supported in the Clustered Forward and Forward Mobile
+    rendering backends, not the Compatibility backend.
+
+    If using the Compatibility backend, consider using Sprite3D as an alternative
+    for projecting decals onto (mostly) flat surfaces.
+
+Decals are projected textures that apply on opaque or transparent surfaces in
+3D. This projection happens in real-time and doesn't rely on mesh generation.
+This allows you to move decals every frame with only a small performance impact,
+even when applied on complex meshes.
+
+While decals cannot add actual geometry detail onto the projected surface,
+decals can still make use of physically-based rendering to provide similar
+properties to full-blown :abbr:`PBR (Physically-Based Rendering)` materials.
+
+On this page, you'll learn:
+
+- How to set up decals in the 3D editor.
+- How to create decals during gameplay in a 3D scene (such as bullet impacts).
+- How to balance decal configuration between performance and quality.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    The Godot demo projects repository contains a
+    `3D decals demo <https://github.com/godotengine/godot-demo-projects/tree/4.0-dev/3d/decals>`__.
+
+    If you're looking to write arbitrary 3D text on top of a surface, use
+    :ref:`doc_3d_text` placed close to a surface instead of a Decal node.
+
+Use cases
+---------
+
+Static decoration
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Sometimes, the fastest way to add texture detail to a scene is to use decals.
+This is especially the case for organic detail, such as patches of dirt or sand
+scattered on a large surface. Decals can help break up texture repetition in
+scenes and make patterns look more natural. On a smaller scale, decals can also
+be used to create detail variations for objects. For example, decals can be used
+to add nuts and bolts on top of hard-surface geometry.
+
+Since decals can inject their own :abbr:`PBR (Physically-Based Rendering)`
+properties on top of the projected surfaces, they can also be used to create
+footprints or wet puddles.
+
+.. figure:: img/decals_dirt.webp
+   :align: center
+   :alt: Dirt added on top of level geometry using decals
+
+   Dirt added on top of level geometry using decals
+
+Dynamic gameplay elements
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Decals can represent temporary or persistent gameplay effects such as bullet
+impacts and explosion scorches.
+
+Using an AnimationPlayer node or a script, decals can be made to fade over time
+(and then be removed using ``queue_free()``) to improve performance.
+
+Blob shadows
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Blob shadows are frequently used in mobile projects (or to follow a retro art
+style), as real-time lighting tends to be too expensive on low-end mobile
+devices. However, when relying on baked lightmaps with fully baked lights,
+dynamic objects will not cast *any* shadow from those lights. This makes dynamic
+objects in lightmapped scenes look flat in comparison to real-time lighting,
+with dynamic objects almost looking like they're floating.
+
+Thanks to blob shadows, dynamic objects can still cast an approximative shadow.
+Not only this helps with depth perception in the scene, but this can also be a
+gameplay element, especially in 3D platformers. The blob shadow's length can be
+extended to let the player know where they will land if they fall straight down.
+
+Even with real-time lighting, blob shadows can still be useful as a form of
+ambient occlusion for situations where SSAO is too expensive or too unstable due
+to its screen-space nature. For example, vehicles' underside shadows are
+well-represented using blob shadows.
+
+.. figure:: img/decals_blob_shadow.webp
+   :align: center
+   :alt: Blob shadow under object comparison
+
+   Blob shadow under object comparison
+
+Quick start guide
+-----------------
+
+Creating decals in the editor
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+1. Create a Decal node in the 3D editor.
+2. In the inspector, expand the **Textures** section and load a texture in
+   **Textures > Albedo**.
+3. Move the Decal node towards an object, then rotate it so the decal is visible
+   (and in the right orientation). If the decal appears mirrored, try to rotate
+   it by 180 degrees. You can double-check whether it's in the right orientation
+   by increasing **Parameters > Normal Fade** to 0.5. This will prevent the Decal
+   from being projected on surfaces that are not facing the decal.
+4. If your decal is meant to affect static objects only, configure it to prevent
+   affecting dynamic objects (or vice versa). To do so, change the decal's
+   **Cull Mask** property to exclude certain layers. After doing this, modify
+   your dynamic objects' MeshInstance3D nodes to change their visibility layers.
+   For instance, you can move them from layer 1 to layer 2, then disable layer 2
+   in the decal's **Cull Mask** property.
+
+Decal node properties
+---------------------
+
+- **Extents:** The size of the decal. The Y axis determines the length of the
+  decal's projection. Keep the projection length as short as possible to improve
+  culling opportunities, therefore improving performance.
+
+Textures
+^^^^^^^^
+
+- **Albedo:** The albedo (diffuse/color) map to use for the decal. In
+  most situations, this is the texture you want to set first. If using a normal
+  or ORM map, an albedo map *must* be set to provide an alpha channel. This
+  alpha channel will be used as a mask to determine how much the normal/ORM maps
+  will affect the underlying surface.
+- **Normal:** The normal map to use for the decal. This can be used
+  to increase perceived detail on the decal by modifying how light reacts to it.
+  The impact of this texture is multiplied by the albedo texture's alpha channel
+  (but not **Albedo Mix**).
+- **ORM:** The Occlusion/Roughness/Metallic map to use for the decal.
+  This is an optimized format for storing PBR material maps. Ambient Occlusion
+  map is stored in the red channel, roughness map in the green channel, metallic
+  map in the blue channel. The impact of this texture is multiplied by the
+  albedo texture's alpha channel (but not **Albedo Mix**).
+- **Emission:** The emission texture to use for the decal. Unlike
+  **Albedo**, this texture will appear to glow in the dark.
+
+Parameters
+^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- **Emission Energy:** The brightness of the emission texture.
+- **Modulate:** Multiplies the color of the albedo and emission textures. Use
+  this to tint decals (e.g. for paint decals, or to increase variation by
+  randomizing each decal's modulation).
+- **Albedo Mix:** The opacity of the albedo texture. Unlike using an albedo
+  texture with a more transparent alpha channel, decreasing this value below
+  ``1.0`` does *not* reduce the impact of the normal/ORM texture on the
+  underlying surface. Set this to ``0.0`` when creating normal/ORM-only decals
+  such as footsteps or wet puddles.
+- **Normal Fade:** Fades the Decal if the angle between the Decal's
+  :abbr:`AABB (Axis-Aligned Bounding Box)` and the target surface becomes too large.
+  A value of ``0.0`` projects the decal regardless of angle, while a value of ``0.999``
+  limits the decal to surfaces that are nearly perpendicular. Setting **Normal
+  Fade** to a value greater than ``0.0`` has a small performance cost due to the
+  added normal angle computations.
+
+Vertical Fade
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- **Upper Fade:** The curve over which the decal will fade as the surface gets
+  further from the center of the :abbr:`AABB (Axis-Aligned Bounding Box)`
+  (towards the decal's projection angle). Only positive values are valid.
+- **Lower Fade:** The curve over which the decal will fade as the surface gets
+  further from the center of the :abbr:`AABB (Axis-Aligned Bounding Box)` (away
+  from the decal's projection angle). Only positive values are valid.
+
+Distance Fade
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- **Enabled:** Controls whether distance fade (a form of :abbr:`LOD (Level of Detail)`)
+  is enabled. The decal will fade out over **Begin + Length**, after which it
+  will be culled and not sent to the shader at all. Use this to reduce the number
+  of active decals in a scene and thus improve performance.
+- **Begin:** The distance from the camera at which the decal begins to fade away
+  (in 3D units).
+- **Length:** The distance over which the decal fades (in 3D units). The decal
+  becomes slowly more transparent over this distance and is completely invisible
+  at the end. Higher values result in a smoother fade-out transition, which is
+  more suited when the camera moves fast.
+
+Cull Mask
+^^^^^^^^^
+
+- **Cull Mask:** Specifies which VisualInstance3D layers this decal will project
+  on. By default, decals affect all layers. This is used so you can specify which
+  types of objects receive the decal and which do not. This is especially useful
+  so you can ensure that dynamic objects don't accidentally receive a Decal
+  intended for the terrain under them.
+
+Tweaking performance and quality
+--------------------------------
+
+Decal rendering performance is mostly determined by their screen coverage, but
+also their number. In general, a few large decals that cover up most of the
+screen will be more expensive to render than many small decals that are
+scattered around.
+
+To improve rendering performance, you can enable the **Distance Fade** property
+as described above. This will make distant decals fade out when they are far
+away from the camera (and may have little to no impact on the final scene
+rendering). Using node groups, you can also prevent non-essential decorative
+decals from spawning based on user configuration.
+
+The way decals are rendered also has an impact on performance. The **Rendering >
+Textures > Decals > Filter** advanced project setting lets you control how decal
+textures should be filtered. **Nearest/Linear** does not use mipmaps. However,
+decals will look grainy at a distance. **Nearest/Linear Mipmaps** will look
+smoother at a distance, but decals will look blurry when viewed from oblique
+angles. This can be resolved by using **Nearest/Linear Mipmaps Anisotropic**,
+which provides the highest quality but is also slower to render.
+
+If your project has a pixel art style, consider setting the filter to one of the
+**Nearest** values so that decals use nearest-neighbor filtering. Otherwise,
+stick to **Linear**.
+
+Limitations
+-----------
+
+Decals cannot affect material properties other than the ones listed above,
+such as height (for parallax mapping).
+
+For performance reasons, decals use purely fixed rendering logic. This means
+decals cannot use custom shaders. However, custom shaders on the projected
+surfaces are able to read the information that is overridden by decals on top of
+them, such as roughness and metallic.
+
+When using the Forward Mobile backend, only 8 decals can be applied on each
+individual Mesh *resource*. If there are more decals affecting a single mesh,
+not all of them will be rendered on the mesh.