chore(linux) factorize JDK specification to docker bakefile

[dduportal]

Twin of jenkinsci/docker-agent#409

This pull request aims at factorizing the image definitions (Dockerfiles) to avoid duplicating code between JDK versions.

Until now, changing an element in any of the images which have both JDK11 and JDK17 definitions were subject to a risk of shift if the 2nd image is forgotten.

How does it work?

• The directories 11/ and 17/, representing the major JDK version, are removed
• There is only 1 directory per operating system at the root of the repository
• The major JDK version is passed through build arguments as only the image name (used by tge FROM directives) needs it to check the paraent image from jenkinsci/docker-agent
  • The Dockerfiles do have a default major version defined to ensure it's buildable "as it" (e.g. without Docker BuildX and its bake file). The proposed default is 17
• Applied the same "fixup" changes as described chore: factorize JDK specification to docker bakefile (linux) / compose file (windows) docker-agent#409 (comment) (slight differences: no dependabot Docker tracking and only 1 updatecli manifest to fix)
• Only a partial set of changes for the Windows build + tests (powershell/Pester tooling) was reused from chore: factorize JDK specification to docker bakefile (linux) / compose file (windows) docker-agent#409 as docker compose is not used for the Windows images (tooling is a bit different than jenkinsci/docker-agent). Subject of a future PR (or merging with jenkinsci/docker-agent)

Testing done

• Ran all cases on both macOS + Docker Desktop and Windows 11 + Docker Desktop
• Relying on the checks of course

Submitter checklist

• Make sure you are opening from a topic/feature/bugfix branch (right side) and not your main branch!
• Ensure that the pull request title represents the desired changelog entry
• Please describe what you did
• Link to relevant issues in GitHub or Jira
• Link to relevant pull requests, esp. upstream and downstream changes
• Ensure you have provided tests - that demonstrates feature works or fixes the issue

[MarkEWaite]

Thanks very much!