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use std::io::Read; | ||
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fn get_word() -> String { | ||
let stdin = std::io::stdin(); | ||
let mut stdin=stdin.lock(); | ||
let mut u8b: [u8; 1] = [0]; | ||
loop { | ||
let mut buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(16); | ||
loop { | ||
let res = stdin.read(&mut u8b); | ||
if res.unwrap_or(0) == 0 || u8b[0] <= b' ' { | ||
break; | ||
} else { | ||
buf.push(u8b[0]); | ||
} | ||
} | ||
if buf.len() >= 1 { | ||
let ret = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap(); | ||
return ret; | ||
} | ||
} | ||
} | ||
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fn get<T: std::str::FromStr>() -> T { get_word().parse().ok().unwrap() } | ||
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/// Verified by https://atcoder.jp/contests/abc198/submissions/21774342 | ||
mod mod_int { | ||
use std::ops::*; | ||
pub trait Mod: Copy { fn m() -> i64; } | ||
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)] | ||
pub struct ModInt<M> { pub x: i64, phantom: ::std::marker::PhantomData<M> } | ||
impl<M: Mod> ModInt<M> { | ||
// x >= 0 | ||
pub fn new(x: i64) -> Self { ModInt::new_internal(x % M::m()) } | ||
fn new_internal(x: i64) -> Self { | ||
ModInt { x: x, phantom: ::std::marker::PhantomData } | ||
} | ||
pub fn pow(self, mut e: i64) -> Self { | ||
debug_assert!(e >= 0); | ||
let mut sum = ModInt::new_internal(1); | ||
let mut cur = self; | ||
while e > 0 { | ||
if e % 2 != 0 { sum *= cur; } | ||
cur *= cur; | ||
e /= 2; | ||
} | ||
sum | ||
} | ||
#[allow(dead_code)] | ||
pub fn inv(self) -> Self { self.pow(M::m() - 2) } | ||
} | ||
impl<M: Mod> Default for ModInt<M> { | ||
fn default() -> Self { Self::new_internal(0) } | ||
} | ||
impl<M: Mod, T: Into<ModInt<M>>> Add<T> for ModInt<M> { | ||
type Output = Self; | ||
fn add(self, other: T) -> Self { | ||
let other = other.into(); | ||
let mut sum = self.x + other.x; | ||
if sum >= M::m() { sum -= M::m(); } | ||
ModInt::new_internal(sum) | ||
} | ||
} | ||
impl<M: Mod, T: Into<ModInt<M>>> Sub<T> for ModInt<M> { | ||
type Output = Self; | ||
fn sub(self, other: T) -> Self { | ||
let other = other.into(); | ||
let mut sum = self.x - other.x; | ||
if sum < 0 { sum += M::m(); } | ||
ModInt::new_internal(sum) | ||
} | ||
} | ||
impl<M: Mod, T: Into<ModInt<M>>> Mul<T> for ModInt<M> { | ||
type Output = Self; | ||
fn mul(self, other: T) -> Self { ModInt::new(self.x * other.into().x % M::m()) } | ||
} | ||
impl<M: Mod, T: Into<ModInt<M>>> AddAssign<T> for ModInt<M> { | ||
fn add_assign(&mut self, other: T) { *self = *self + other; } | ||
} | ||
impl<M: Mod, T: Into<ModInt<M>>> SubAssign<T> for ModInt<M> { | ||
fn sub_assign(&mut self, other: T) { *self = *self - other; } | ||
} | ||
impl<M: Mod, T: Into<ModInt<M>>> MulAssign<T> for ModInt<M> { | ||
fn mul_assign(&mut self, other: T) { *self = *self * other; } | ||
} | ||
impl<M: Mod> Neg for ModInt<M> { | ||
type Output = Self; | ||
fn neg(self) -> Self { ModInt::new(0) - self } | ||
} | ||
impl<M> ::std::fmt::Display for ModInt<M> { | ||
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result { | ||
self.x.fmt(f) | ||
} | ||
} | ||
impl<M: Mod> From<i64> for ModInt<M> { | ||
fn from(x: i64) -> Self { Self::new(x) } | ||
} | ||
} // mod mod_int | ||
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macro_rules! define_mod { | ||
($struct_name: ident, $modulo: expr) => { | ||
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)] | ||
pub struct $struct_name {} | ||
impl mod_int::Mod for $struct_name { fn m() -> i64 { $modulo } } | ||
} | ||
} | ||
const MOD: i64 = 998_244_353; | ||
define_mod!(P, MOD); | ||
type MInt = mod_int::ModInt<P>; | ||
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fn gcd(mut a: i64, mut b: i64) -> i64 { | ||
while b != 0 { | ||
let r = a % b; | ||
a = b; | ||
b = r; | ||
} | ||
a | ||
} | ||
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// https://yukicoder.me/problems/no/2487 (3.5) | ||
// 包除原理を使う。f(S) := (0 <= A_i <= M-1, ただし x in S のとき A_x = 0 が確定としたときの値) とする。 | ||
// m = min U\S としたとき、その m に対する f(S)(-1)^{|S|} の和は (-1)^m(M-1)^{N-1-m}M/x_m である。 | ||
// ただし x_i は x_0 = M, x_{i+1} = x_i/gcd(x_i, K) で定まる数列である。 | ||
// ほとんどの x_m の値は等しく、x_m の値がすべて等しいと仮定すれば | ||
// \sum_{0 <= m <= N-1} (-1)^m(M-1)^{N-1-m}M は (M-2)^{N-1}M として簡単に計算できる。 | ||
// よってこれを利用し、x_m の値が定常状態と違うもの全てに対して (-1)^m(M-1)^{N-1-m}M/x_m を計算すれば良い。 | ||
// なお、S = U のときは min U\S は存在しないので、これも数えなければならない。f(U) = 1 である。 | ||
// -> (-1)^m(M-1)^{N-1-m} の和は (M-2)^{N-1} ではない。(二項係数がかかっていないので) | ||
// (M-1)^{N-1}(1 - (-1/(M-1))^N)/(1 + 1/(M-1)) = ((M-1)^N - (-1)^N) / M | ||
// -> 実装由来のコーナーケースとして |x| > n の場合に n 番目以降を見ないのをやり忘れていた。直して AC。 | ||
fn main() { | ||
let n: i64 = get(); | ||
let m: i64 = get(); | ||
let k: i64 = get(); | ||
let mut x = vec![m]; | ||
let mut c = m; | ||
loop { | ||
let oldc = c; | ||
c = c / gcd(c, k); | ||
if oldc == c { break; } | ||
x.push(c); | ||
} | ||
let mut tot = (MInt::new(m - 1).pow(n) - MInt::new(MOD - 1).pow(n)) * MInt::new(c).inv(); | ||
for i in 0..std::cmp::min(x.len() as i64, n) { | ||
let mut num = MInt::new(m - 1).pow(n - 1 - i) * m; | ||
if i % 2 != 0 { | ||
num = -num; | ||
} | ||
tot += num * MInt::new(x[i as usize]).inv(); | ||
tot -= num * MInt::new(c).inv(); | ||
} | ||
if n % 2 != 0 { | ||
tot -= 1; | ||
} else { | ||
tot += 1; | ||
} | ||
println!("{}", tot); | ||
} |