<future>: Make packaged_task accept move-only functors

[frederick-vs-ja]

Fixes #321.

The issue was considered ABI-breaking, but I think it can be resolved in an ABI-preserving way like #2568. This PR adds internal constructors to function to accept non-copy-constructible functors and add static_assert to keep the copyability checking for standard constructors. Valid user codes won't be able to call these internal constructors.

Also implements the previously missing Mandates in [futures.task.members]/3, and switches to use move construction in reset per [futures.task.members]/26.

Notes:

• The internal constructors are made constrained templates to avoid affecting overload resolution unexpectedly, see LLVM-103409.
• The involved allocator-extended constructors were removed in C++17 by WG21-P0302R1 and LWG-2921, so this PR cites WG21-N4140 in the C++17-removed constructors.
• The fix should work for most move-only types. Although there can be classes whose copy constructor are only invalid in instantation. In vNext we should completely get rid of function.
• If the function<R(Args...)> is a program-defined specialization, this approach doesn't work. I don't think any user should specialize std::function, but this is allowed by the standard.
• Three _Packaged_state specializations are merged into one. I believe this can ease maintenance.

[AlexGuteniev]

• In vNext we should completely get rid of function.

I think it worth creating vNext issue.

move_only_function might be helpful for vNext implementation.

[AlexGuteniev]

I think it worth creating vNext issue.

Or maybe TRANSITION, ABI comment(s)

[jwakely]

• The involved allocator-extended constructors were removed in C++17 by WG21-P0302R1 and LWG-2921, so this PR cites WG21-N4140 in the C++17-removed constructors.

N.B. I'm proposing to restore packaged_task(allocator_arg_t, const Allocator&, F&&)

[jwakely]

N.B. I'm proposing to restore packaged_task(allocator_arg_t, const Allocator&, F&&)

See LWG3003.

And I've just created LWG4158 which is also about packaged_task.

[StephanTLavavej]

Thanks @jwakely! BTW, in this repo's issues you can say LWG-4158 with a dash to use the autolink syntax we've set up - no need to manually craft hyperlinks. (https://github.com/microsoft/STL/wiki/Custom-Autolinks has the full list.)

[StephanTLavavej]

Thanks for the extremely careful work! 😻

[StephanTLavavej]

I'm mirroring this to the MSVC-internal repo - please notify me if any further changes are pushed.

[StephanTLavavej]

I pushed a commit to perma-workaround VSO-2279389 "/clr C++20 can't handle struct MoveOnlyFunctor defined in a function template, emitting fatal error C1193: an error expected in yyaction.cpp(2899) not reached". Moving it out of the function template is sufficient and reasonable to do permanently.

[StephanTLavavej]

Thanks for fixing this impossible bug! 🐞 ✅ 😻

[frederick-vs-ja]

I think it worth creating vNext issue.

Or maybe TRANSITION, ABI comment(s)

#5009 is created for tracking.