address upcoming UP031 lint

examples/device/device.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def produce(url, ident):
     s.connect(url)
     print(f"Producing {ident}")
     for i in range(MSGS):
-        s.send(('%s: %i' % (ident, time.time())).encode('utf8'))
+        s.send((f'{ident}: {time.time()}').encode())
         time.sleep(1)
     print(f"Producer {ident} done")
     s.close()

examples/draft/client-server.py

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
 for i in range(10):
     client = ctx.socket(zmq.CLIENT)
     client.connect(url)
-    client.send(b'request %i' % i)
+    client.send(f'request {i}'.encode("ascii"))
     msg = server.recv(copy=False)
     print(f'server recvd {msg.bytes!r} from {msg.routing_id!r}')
-    server.send_string('reply %i' % i, routing_id=msg.routing_id)
+    server.send_string(f'reply {i}', routing_id=msg.routing_id)
     reply = client.recv_string()
     print(f'client recvd {reply!r}')
     time.sleep(0.1)

examples/eventloop/asyncweb.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def slow_responder() -> None:
         frame, msg = socket.recv_multipart()
         print(f"\nworker received {msg!r}\n", end='')
         time.sleep(random.randint(1, 5))
-        socket.send_multipart([frame, msg + b" to you too, #%i" % i])
+        socket.send_multipart([frame, msg + f" to you too, #{i}".encode()])
         i += 1
 
 

examples/gevent/poll.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ def sender():
     sender.connect('inproc://polltest2')
 
     for i in range(10):
-        sender.send('test %d' % i)
+        sender.send(f'test {i}')
         gevent.sleep(1)
 
 

examples/heartbeat/ping.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
     time.sleep(t)
     for i in range(4):
         n += 1
-        msg = 'ping %i' % n
+        msg = f'ping {n}'
         tic = time.time()
         req.send_string(msg)
         resp = req.recv_string()

examples/logger/zmqlogger.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 def sub_logger(port: int, level: int = logging.DEBUG) -> None:
     ctx = zmq.Context()
     sub = ctx.socket(zmq.SUB)
-    sub.bind('tcp://127.0.0.1:%i' % port)
+    sub.bind(f'tcp://127.0.0.1:{port}')
     sub.setsockopt(zmq.SUBSCRIBE, b"")
     logging.basicConfig(level=level)
 
@@ -46,17 +46,17 @@ def sub_logger(port: int, level: int = logging.DEBUG) -> None:
 def log_worker(port: int, interval: float = 1, level: int = logging.DEBUG) -> None:
     ctx = zmq.Context()
     pub = ctx.socket(zmq.PUB)
-    pub.connect('tcp://127.0.0.1:%i' % port)
+    pub.connect(f'tcp://127.0.0.1:{port}')
 
     logger = logging.getLogger(str(os.getpid()))
     logger.setLevel(level)
     handler: PUBHandler = PUBHandler(pub)
     logger.addHandler(handler)
-    print("starting logger at %i with level=%s" % (os.getpid(), level))
+    print(f"starting logger at {os.getpid()} with level={level}")
 
     while True:
         level = random.choice(LOG_LEVELS)
-        logger.log(level, "Hello from %i!" % os.getpid())
+        logger.log(level, f"Hello from {os.getpid()}!")
         time.sleep(interval)
 
 

examples/monitoring/simple_monitor.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def line() -> None:
 for name in dir(zmq):
     if name.startswith('EVENT_'):
         value = getattr(zmq, name)
-        print("%21s : %4i" % (name, value))
+        print(f"{name:21} : {value:4}")
         EVENT_MAP[value] = name
 
 

examples/monitoring/zmq_monitor_class.py

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def event_monitor_thread_async(
     for name in dir(zmq):
         if name.startswith('EVENT_'):
             value = getattr(zmq, name)
-            print("%21s : %4i" % (name, value))
+            print(f"{name:21} : {value:4}")
             EVENT_MAP[value] = name
 
     print("\n")
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def event_monitor_thread(monitor: zmq.Socket) -> None:
     for name in dir(zmq):
         if name.startswith('EVENT_'):
             value = getattr(zmq, name)
-            print("%21s : %4i" % (name, value))
+            print(f"{name:21} : {value:4}")
             EVENT_MAP[value] = name
 
     print()

examples/serialization/serialsocket.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def send_zipped_pickle(
         """pack and compress an object with pickle and zlib."""
         pobj = pickle.dumps(obj, protocol)
         zobj = zlib.compress(pobj)
-        print('zipped pickle is %i bytes' % len(zobj))
+        print(f'zipped pickle is {len(zobj)} bytes')
         return self.send(zobj, flags=flags)
 
     def recv_zipped_pickle(self, flags: int = 0) -> Any:
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def main() -> None:
     rep.bind('inproc://a')
     req.connect('inproc://a')
     A = numpy.ones((1024, 1024))
-    print("Array is %i bytes" % (A.nbytes))
+    print(f"Array is {A.nbytes} bytes")
 
     # send/recv with pickle+zip
     req.send_zipped_pickle(A)

perf/collect.py

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def compute_data_point(
     count = 2
     results = []
     print(f'copy={copy}, size={size}')
-    print('%8s %5s %7s' % ('count', 'dt', 'result'))
+    print(f"{'count':8} {'dt':5} {'result':7}")
     while duration < t_max:
         with timer() as get_duration:
             result = do_run(

perf/perf.py

@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ def latency(url, count, size, poll=False, copy=True, quiet=False):
     latency = 1e6 * elapsed / (count * 2.0)
 
     if not quiet:
-        print("message size   : %8i     [B]" % (size,))
-        print("roundtrip count: %8i     [msgs]" % (count,))
+        print(f"message size   : {size:8i}     [B]")
+        print(f"roundtrip count: {count:8i}     [msgs]")
         print(f"mean latency   : {latency:12.3f} [µs]")
         print(f"test time      : {elapsed:12.3f} [s]")
     ctx.destroy()
@@ -216,8 +216,8 @@ def throughput(url, count, size, poll=False, copy=True, quiet=False):
     megabits = throughput * size * 8 / 1e6
 
     if not quiet:
-        print("message size   : %8i     [B]" % size)
-        print("message count  : %8i     [msgs]" % count)
+        print(f"message size   : {size:8.0f}     [B]")
+        print(f"message count  : {count:8.0f}     [msgs]")
         print(f"send only      : {send_throughput:8.0f}     [msg/s]")
         print(f"mean throughput: {throughput:8.0f}     [msg/s]")
         print(f"mean throughput: {megabits:12.3f} [Mb/s]")

tests/test_auth.py

@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ async def can_connect(self, server, client, timeout=1000):
         result = False
         iface = 'tcp://127.0.0.1'
         port = server.bind_to_random_port(iface)
-        client.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port))
+        client.connect(f"{iface}:{port}")
         msg = [b"Hello World"]
         # run poll on server twice
         # to flush spurious events

tests/test_device.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def test_single_socket_forwarder_connect(self):
         dev = devices.ThreadDevice(zmq.QUEUE, zmq.REP, -1)
         req = self.context.socket(zmq.REQ)
         port = req.bind_to_random_port('tcp://127.0.0.1')
-        dev.connect_in('tcp://127.0.0.1:%i' % port)
+        dev.connect_in(f'tcp://127.0.0.1:{port}')
         dev.start()
         time.sleep(0.25)
         msg = b'hello'
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def test_single_socket_forwarder_connect(self):
         dev = devices.ThreadDevice(zmq.QUEUE, zmq.REP, -1)
         req = self.context.socket(zmq.REQ)
         port = req.bind_to_random_port('tcp://127.0.0.1')
-        dev.connect_out('tcp://127.0.0.1:%i' % port)
+        dev.connect_out(f'tcp://127.0.0.1:{port}')
         dev.start()
         time.sleep(0.25)
         msg = b'hello again'
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def test_single_socket_forwarder_bind(self):
         dev = devices.ThreadDevice(zmq.QUEUE, zmq.REP, -1)
         port = dev.bind_in_to_random_port('tcp://127.0.0.1')
         req = self.context.socket(zmq.REQ)
-        req.connect('tcp://127.0.0.1:%i' % port)
+        req.connect(f'tcp://127.0.0.1:{port}')
         dev.start()
         time.sleep(0.25)
         msg = b'hello'
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def test_single_socket_forwarder_bind(self):
         dev = devices.ThreadDevice(zmq.QUEUE, zmq.REP, -1)
         port = dev.bind_in_to_random_port('tcp://127.0.0.1')
         req = self.context.socket(zmq.REQ)
-        req.connect('tcp://127.0.0.1:%i' % port)
+        req.connect(f'tcp://127.0.0.1:{port}')
         dev.start()
         time.sleep(0.25)
         msg = b'hello again'
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def test_device_bind_to_random_with_args(self):
         )
         for port in ports:
             if port < min or port > max:
-                self.fail('Unexpected port number: %i' % port)
+                self.fail(f'Unexpected port number: {port}')
 
     def test_device_bind_to_random_binderror(self):
         dev = devices.ThreadDevice(zmq.PULL, zmq.PUSH, -1)
@@ -117,11 +117,11 @@ def test_proxy(self):
         time.sleep(0.25)
         msg = b'hello'
         push = self.context.socket(zmq.PUSH)
-        push.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port))
+        push.connect(f"{iface}:{port}")
         pull = self.context.socket(zmq.PULL)
-        pull.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port2))
+        pull.connect(f"{iface}:{port2}")
         mon = self.context.socket(zmq.PULL)
-        mon.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port3))
+        mon.connect(f"{iface}:{port3}")
         push.send(msg)
         self.sockets.extend([push, pull, mon])
         assert msg == self.recv(pull)
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ def test_proxy_bind_to_random_with_args(self):
         )
         for port in ports:
             if port < min or port > max:
-                self.fail('Unexpected port number: %i' % port)
+                self.fail(f'Unexpected port number: {port}')
 
 
 if have_gevent:
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ def test_green_device(self):
             self.sockets.extend([req, rep])
             port = rep.bind_to_random_port('tcp://127.0.0.1')
             g = gevent.spawn(zmq.green.device, zmq.QUEUE, rep, rep)
-            req.connect('tcp://127.0.0.1:%i' % port)
+            req.connect(f'tcp://127.0.0.1:{port}')
             req.send(b'hi')
             timeout = gevent.Timeout(3)
             timeout.start()

tests/test_monqueue.py

@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ def build_device(self, mon_sub=b"", in_prefix=b'in', out_prefix=b'out'):
         mport = mon.bind_to_random_port('tcp://127.0.0.1')
         mon.setsockopt(zmq.SUBSCRIBE, mon_sub)
 
-        self.device.connect_in("tcp://127.0.0.1:%i" % aport)
-        self.device.connect_out("tcp://127.0.0.1:%i" % bport)
-        self.device.connect_mon("tcp://127.0.0.1:%i" % mport)
+        self.device.connect_in(f"tcp://127.0.0.1:{aport}")
+        self.device.connect_out(f"tcp://127.0.0.1:{bport}")
+        self.device.connect_mon(f"tcp://127.0.0.1:{mport}")
         self.device.start()
         time.sleep(0.2)
         try:
@@ -191,8 +191,8 @@ def test_router_router(self):
         b.identity = b'b'
         self.sockets.extend([a, b])
 
-        a.connect('tcp://127.0.0.1:%i' % porta)
-        b.connect('tcp://127.0.0.1:%i' % portb)
+        a.connect(f'tcp://127.0.0.1:{porta}')
+        b.connect(f'tcp://127.0.0.1:{portb}')
         dev.start()
         time.sleep(1)
         if zmq.zmq_version_info() >= (3, 1, 0):

tests/test_proxy_steerable.py

@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ def test_proxy_steerable(self):
         time.sleep(0.25)
         msg = b'hello'
         push = self.context.socket(zmq.PUSH)
-        push.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port))
+        push.connect(f"{iface}:{port}")
         pull = self.context.socket(zmq.PULL)
-        pull.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port2))
+        pull.connect(f"{iface}:{port2}")
         mon = self.context.socket(zmq.PULL)
-        mon.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port3))
+        mon.connect(f"{iface}:{port3}")
         ctrl = self.context.socket(zmq.PAIR)
-        ctrl.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port4))
+        ctrl.connect(f"{iface}:{port4}")
         push.send(msg)
         self.sockets.extend([push, pull, mon, ctrl])
         assert msg == self.recv(pull)
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def test_proxy_steerable_bind_to_random_with_args(self):
         )
         for port in ports:
             if port < min or port > max:
-                self.fail('Unexpected port number: %i' % port)
+                self.fail(f'Unexpected port number: {port}')
 
     def test_proxy_steerable_statistics(self):
         if zmq.zmq_version_info() < (4, 3):
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ def test_proxy_steerable_statistics(self):
         time.sleep(0.25)
         msg = b'hello'
         push = self.context.socket(zmq.PUSH)
-        push.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port))
+        push.connect(f"{iface}:{port}")
         pull = self.context.socket(zmq.PULL)
-        pull.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port2))
+        pull.connect(f"{iface}:{port2}")
         mon = self.context.socket(zmq.PULL)
-        mon.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port3))
+        mon.connect(f"{iface}:{port3}")
         ctrl = self.context.socket(zmq.PAIR)
-        ctrl.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port4))
+        ctrl.connect(f"{iface}:{port4}")
         push.send(msg)
         self.sockets.extend([push, pull, mon, ctrl])
         assert msg == self.recv(pull)

tests/test_security.py

@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def test_null(self):
         assert server.plain_server == 0
         iface = 'tcp://127.0.0.1'
         port = server.bind_to_random_port(iface)
-        client.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port))
+        client.connect(f"{iface}:{port}")
         self.bounce(server, client, False)
 
     def test_plain(self):
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ def test_plain(self):
         with self.zap():
             iface = 'tcp://127.0.0.1'
             port = server.bind_to_random_port(iface)
-            client.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port))
+            client.connect(f"{iface}:{port}")
             self.bounce(server, client)
 
     def skip_plain_inauth(self):
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ def skip_plain_inauth(self):
         with self.zap():
             iface = 'tcp://127.0.0.1'
             port = server.bind_to_random_port(iface)
-            client.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port))
+            client.connect(f"{iface}:{port}")
             client.send(b'ping')
             server.rcvtimeo = 250
             self.assertRaisesErrno(zmq.EAGAIN, server.recv)
@@ -234,5 +234,5 @@ def test_curve(self):
         with self.zap():
             iface = 'tcp://127.0.0.1'
             port = server.bind_to_random_port(iface)
-            client.connect("%s:%i" % (iface, port))
+            client.connect(f"{iface}:{port}")
             self.bounce(server, client)

tests/test_socket.py

@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ def test_tracker(self):
         sock = socket.socket()
         sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 0))
         port = sock.getsockname()[1]
-        iface = "%s:%i" % (addr, port)
+        iface = f"{addr}:{port}"
         sock.close()
         time.sleep(0.1)
 

tests/test_zmqstream.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ async def push_pull(socket):
     push = zmqstream.ZMQStream(socket(zmq.PUSH))
     pull = zmqstream.ZMQStream(socket(zmq.PULL))
     port = push.bind_to_random_port('tcp://127.0.0.1')
-    pull.connect('tcp://127.0.0.1:%i' % port)
+    pull.connect(f'tcp://127.0.0.1:{port}')
     return (push, pull)
 
 

zmq/backend/cffi/socket.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def new_int_pointer():
 
 
 def new_binary_data(length):
-    return ffi.new('char[%d]' % length), nsp(ffi.sizeof('char') * length)
+    return ffi.new(f'char[{length:i}]'), nsp(ffi.sizeof('char') * length)
 
 
 def value_uint64_pointer(val):
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def value_int_pointer(val):
 
 
 def value_binary_data(val, length):
-    return ffi.new('char[%d]' % (length + 1), val), ffi.sizeof('char') * length
+    return ffi.new(f'char[{length + 1:i}]', val), ffi.sizeof('char') * length
 
 
 ZMQ_FD_64BIT = ffi.sizeof('ZMQ_FD_T') == 8