doc: add guide for backporting PRs

COLLABORATOR_GUIDE.md

@@ -337,7 +337,8 @@ LTS release.
 
 When you send your pull request, consider including information about
 whether your change is breaking. If you think your patch can be backported,
-please feel free to include that information in the PR thread.
+please feel free to include that information in the PR thread. For more
+information on backporting, please see the [backporting guide][].
 
 Several LTS related issue and PR labels have been provided:
 
@@ -364,3 +365,5 @@ When the LTS working group determines that a new LTS release is required,
 selected commits will be picked from the staging branch to be included in the
 release. This process of making a release will be a collaboration between the
 LTS working group and the Release team.
+
+[backporting guide]: doc/guides/backporting-to-release-lines.md

doc/guides/backporting-to-release-lines.md

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# How to Backport a Pull Request to a Release Line
+
+## Staging branches
+
+Each release line has a staging branch that the releaser will use as a scratch
+pad while preparing a release. The branch name is formatted as follows:
+`vN.x-staging` where `N` is the major release number.
+
+### Active staging branches
+
+| Release Line | Staging Branch |
+| ------------ | -------------- |
+| `v7.x`       | `v7.x-staging` |
+| `v6.x`       | `v6.x-staging` |
+| `v4.x`       | `v4.x-staging` |
+
+## What needs to be backported?
+
+If a cherry-pick from master does not land cleanly on a staging branch, the
+releaser will mark the pull request with a particular label for that release
+line, specifying to our tooling that this pull request should not be included.
+The releaser will then add a comment that a backport is needed.
+
+## What can be backported?
+
+The "Current" release line is much more lenient than the LTS release lines in
+what can be landed. Our LTS release lines require that commits live in a Current
+release for at least 2 weeks before backporting. Please see the [LTS Plan][]
+for more information. After that time, if the commit can be cherry-picked
+cleanly from master, then nothing needs to be done. If not, a backport pull
+request will need to be submitted.
+
+## How to submit a backport pull request
+
+For these steps, let's assume that a backport is needed for the v7.x release
+line. All commands will use the v7.x-staging branch as the target branch.
+In order to submit a backport pull request to another branch, simply replace
+that with the staging branch for the targeted release line.
+
+* Checkout the staging branch for the targeted release line
+* Make sure that the local staging branch is up to date with the remote
+* Create a new branch off of the staging branch
+
+```shell
+# Assuming your fork of Node.js is checked out in $NODE_DIR,
+# the origin remote points to your fork, and the upstream remote points
+# to git://github.com/nodejs/node
+cd $NODE_DIR
+# Fails if you already have a v7.x-staging
+git branch v7.x-staging upstream/v7.x-staging
+git checkout v7.x-staging
+git reset --hard upstream/v7.x-staging
+# We want to backport pr #10157
+git checkout -b backport-10157-to-v7.x
+```
+
+* After creating the branch, apply the changes to the branch. The cherry-pick
+  will likely fail due to conflicts. In that case, you will see something this:
+
+```shell
+# Say the $SHA is 773cdc31ef
+$ git cherry-pick $SHA # Use your commit hash
+error: could not apply 773cdc3... <commit title>
+hint: after resolving the conflicts, mark the corrected paths
+hint: with 'git add <paths>' or 'git rm <paths>'
+hint: and commit the result with 'git commit'
+```
+
+* Make the required changes to remove the conflicts, add the files to the index
+  using `git add`, and then commit the changes. That can be done with
+  `git commit`.
+* The commit message should be as close as possible to the commit message on the
+  master branch, unless the commit has to be different due to dependencies that
+  are not present in the targeted release line. The only exception is that the
+  metadata from the original commit should be removed. If a backport is
+  required, it should go through the same review steps as a commit landing
+  in the master branch.
+* Make sure `make -j4 test` passes
+* Push the changes to your fork and open a pull request.
+* Be sure to target the `v7.x-staging` branch in the pull request.
+
+Below are examples of an original commit message and a backport commit message.
+
+In this example, https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/1234 is the original pull
+request and https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/5678 is the backport.
+
+Original:
+
+```
+lib: make something faster
+
+Switch to using String#repeat to improve performance.
+
+PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/1234
+```
+
+Backport:
+
+```
+lib: make something faster
+
+Switch to using String#repeat to improve performance.
+
+PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/5678
+```
+
+### Helpful Hints
+
+* Please include the backport target in the pull request title in the following
+  format: `(v7.x backport) <commit title>`
+  * Ex. `(v4.x backport) process: improve performance of nextTick`
+* Please check the checkbox labelled "Allow edits from maintainers".
+  This is the easiest way to to avoid constant rebases.
+
+In the event the backport pull request is different than the original,
+the backport pull request should be reviewed the same way a new pull request
+is reviewed. When each commit is landed, the new reviewers and the new PR-URL
+should be used.
+
+[LTS Plan]: https://github.com/nodejs/LTS#lts-plan