[component] Status Reporting Documentation

[mwear]

This PR adds documentation for the collector status reporting system. It describes the current state of the system and has a section for best practices that we intend to evolve as we develop them. The intended audience is future users of the system and anyone interested in getting a deeper look into how the system works without having to read all of the code. This is intended to be complementary to the in-progress RFC.

Here is a preview with the diagrams properly rendered.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 92.35%. Comparing base (aa31b27) to head (07e9961).
Report is 15 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main   #10422   +/-   ##
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  Coverage   92.35%   92.35%           
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  Files         386      386           
  Lines       18370    18408   +38     
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+ Hits        16965    17001   +36     
- Misses       1052     1053    +1     
- Partials      353      354    +1     

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[mx-psi]

I think we should link this from the godoc on component