[Remote Store] Add segment transfer timeout dynamic setting

[linuxpi]

Description

• Segment uploads for Remote Store happen without any timeout and can hold the thread on latch.await() for ever if there is an error which is swallowed silently by the code.
• Since the future is never completed, the shard is stuck and is never able to retry the upload
• This leads to remote time lag to increase and never come down until we restart the process
• This PR adds the timeout to segment uploads to recover automatically from such situations after the timeout.

Related Issues

Resolves #13783

Check List

• New functionality includes testing.
  • All tests pass
• New functionality has been documented.
  • New functionality has javadoc added
• API changes companion pull request created.
• Failing checks are inspected and point to the corresponding known issue(s) (See: Troubleshooting Failing Builds)
• Commits are signed per the DCO using --signoff
• Commit changes are listed out in CHANGELOG.md file (See: Changelog)
• Public documentation issue/PR created [DOC] [Remote Store] Add documentation for segment upload timeout settings documentation-website#7227

By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license.
For more information on following Developer Certificate of Origin and signing off your commits, please check here.

[github-actions]

❌ Gradle check result for 8f59a8d: FAILURE

Please examine the workflow log, locate, and copy-paste the failure(s) below, then iterate to green. Is the failure a flaky test unrelated to your change?

[github-actions]

❌ Gradle check result for 85416eb: FAILURE

Please examine the workflow log, locate, and copy-paste the failure(s) below, then iterate to green. Is the failure a flaky test unrelated to your change?

[github-actions]

❌ Gradle check result for a4ac198: FAILURE

Please examine the workflow log, locate, and copy-paste the failure(s) below, then iterate to green. Is the failure a flaky test unrelated to your change?

[linuxpi]

Please add changelog entry, fix the gradle build and complete the check-list in PR description.

Thanks @sachinpkale for approving. I've added the necessary details and addressed your comment.

[github-actions]

❕ Gradle check result for 251ecd0: UNSTABLE

Please review all flaky tests that succeeded after retry and create an issue if one does not already exist to track the flaky failure.

[opensearch-trigger-bot]

The backport to 2.x failed:

The process '/usr/bin/git' failed with exit code 128

To backport manually, run these commands in your terminal:

# Navigate to the root of your repository
cd $(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)
# Fetch latest updates from GitHub
git fetch
# Create a new working tree
git worktree add ../.worktrees/OpenSearch/backport-2.x 2.x
# Navigate to the new working tree
pushd ../.worktrees/OpenSearch/backport-2.x
# Create a new branch
git switch --create backport/backport-13679-to-2.x
# Cherry-pick the merged commit of this pull request and resolve the conflicts
git cherry-pick -x --mainline 1 b3049fb5ec860f63fdfe33c5b176869b1e4255e6
# Push it to GitHub
git push --set-upstream origin backport/backport-13679-to-2.x
# Go back to the original working tree
popd
# Delete the working tree
git worktree remove ../.worktrees/OpenSearch/backport-2.x

Then, create a pull request where the base branch is 2.x and the compare/head branch is backport/backport-13679-to-2.x.