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WalkingPad controller

Simple python script that can control KingSmith WalkingPad A1. Others report the similar models, such as R1 PRO work on the same principle.

The belt communicates via Bluetooth LE GATT. Only one device can be connected to the belt at a time, i.e., if original app is connected, the controller won't be able to connect.

Controller features

  • Switch mode: Standby / Manual / Automatic
  • Start belt, stop belt
  • Change belt speed (0.5 - 6.0), all options work, e.g. 1.2 not originally usable with the native interface (permits only 0.5 step)
  • Change preferences of the belt
    • Max speed
    • Start speed
    • start type (intelli)
    • Sensitivity in automatic mode
    • Display
    • Child lock
    • Units (miles/km)
    • Target (time, distance, calories, steps)
  • Ask for current state (speed, time, distance, steps)
  • Ask for last stored state in the WalkingPad

Demo

For the best understanding start jupyter-notebook and take a look at belt_control.ipynb

# Install jupyter-notebook
pip3 install jupyter

# Start jupyter-notebook in this repository
jupyter-notebook .

# open belt_control.ipynb

Library use-case

The main controller class is Controller in pad.py

Controller

Controller enables to control the belt via CLI shell.

Install the library:

pip install -U ph4-walkingpad

Start controller:

# Note: use module notation to run the script, no direct script invocation.
python -m ph4_walkingpad.main --stats 750 --json-file ~/walking.json

Or alternatively, if package was installed with pip:

ph4-walkingpad-ctl --stats 750 --json-file ~/walking.json

The command asks for periodic statistics fetching at 750 ms, storing records to ~/walking.json.

Output

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    WalkingPad controller

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
$> help

Documented commands (use 'help -v' for verbose/'help <topic>' for details):
===========================================================================
alias      help     py  quit          set        speed   stop
ask_stats  history  Q   run_pyscript  shell      start   switch_mode
edit       macro    q   run_script    shortcuts  status  tasks

$> status
WalkingPadCurStatus(dist=0.0, time=0, steps=0, speed=0.0, state=5, mode=2, app_speed=0.06666666666666667, button=2, rest=0000)
$> start
$> speed 30
$> speed 15
$> status
WalkingPadCurStatus(dist=0.01, time=16, steps=18, speed=1.8, state=1, mode=1, app_speed=1.5, button=1, rest=0000)
$> status
WalkingPadCurStatus(dist=0.01, time=17, steps=20, speed=1.5, state=1, mode=1, app_speed=1.5, button=1, rest=0000)
$> speed 30
$> s
$> WalkingPadCurStatus(dist=0.98, time=670, steps=1195, speed=6.0, state=1, mode=1, app_speed=6.0, button=1, rest=0000), cal:  38.73, net:  30.89, total:  73.65, total net:  57.91
$> stop
$> start
$> speed 30
$> status

Due to nature of the BluetoothLE callbacks being executed on the main thread we cannot use readline to read from the console, so the shell CLI does not support auto-complete, ctrl-r, up-arrow for the last command, etc. Readline does not have async support at the moment.

OSX Troubleshooting

This project uses Bleak Bluetooth library. It was reported that OSX 12+ changed Bluetooth scanning logic, so it is not possible to connect to a device without scanning Bluetooth first. Moreover, it blocks for the whole timeout interval.

Thus, when using on OSX 12+:

  • do not use -a parameter
  • if there are more WalkingPads scanned, use --filter and specify device address prefix
  • to modify scanning timeout value use --scan-timeout

Minimal required version of Bleak is 0.14.1

If the process is still crashing, it may be it does not have permissions to access Bluetooth. To fix it, add your Terminal app (in my case iTerm2.app) to System Preferences -> Security & Privacy -> Bluetooth.

Related resources: hbldh/bleak#635, hbldh/bleak#692

Profile

If the -p profile.json argument is passed, profile of the person is loaded from the file, so the controller can count burned calories. Units are in a metric system.

{
  "id": "user1",
  "male": true,
  "age": 25,
  "weight": 80,
  "height": 1.80,
  "token": "JWT-token",
  "did": "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff",
  "email": "[email protected]",
  "password": "service-login-password",
  "password_md5": "or md5hash of password, hexcoded, to avoid plaintext password in config"
}
  • did is optional field, associates your records with pad MAC address when uploading to the service
  • email and (password or password_md5) are optional. If filled, you can call login to generate a fresh JWT usable for service auth.

Note that once you use login command, other JWTs become invalid, e.g., on your phone. If you want to use the service on both devices, login with mobile phone while logging output with adb and capture JWT from logs (works only for Android phones).

Stats file

The following arguments enable data collection to a statistic file:

--stats 750 --json-file ~/walking.json

In order to guarantee file consistency the format is one JSON record per file, so it is easy to append to a file at any time without need to read and rewrite it with each update (helps to prevent a data loss in cause of a crash).

Example:

{"time": 554, "dist": 79, "steps": 977, "speed": 60, "app_speed": 180, "belt_state": 1, "controller_button": 0, "manual_mode": 1, "raw": "f8a2013c0100022a00004f0003d1b4000000e3fd", "rec_time": 1615644982.5917802, "pid": "ph4r05", "ccal": 23.343, "ccal_net": 18.616, "ccal_sum": 58.267, "ccal_net_sum": 45.644}
{"time": 554, "dist": 79, "steps": 978, "speed": 60, "app_speed": 180, "belt_state": 1, "controller_button": 0, "manual_mode": 1, "raw": "f8a2013c0100022a00004f0003d2b4000000e4fd", "rec_time": 1615644983.345463, "pid": "ph4r05", "ccal": 23.343, "ccal_net": 18.616, "ccal_sum": 58.267, "ccal_net_sum": 45.644}
{"time": 555, "dist": 79, "steps": 980, "speed": 60, "app_speed": 180, "belt_state": 1, "controller_button": 0, "manual_mode": 1, "raw": "f8a2013c0100022b00004f0003d4b4000000e7fd", "rec_time": 1615644984.0991402, "pid": "ph4r05", "ccal": 23.476, "ccal_net": 18.722, "ccal_sum": 58.4, "ccal_net_sum": 45.749}
{"time": 556, "dist": 79, "steps": 981, "speed": 60, "app_speed": 180, "belt_state": 1, "controller_button": 0, "manual_mode": 1, "raw": "f8a2013c0100022c00004f0003d5b4000000e9fd", "rec_time": 1615644984.864169, "pid": "ph4r05", "ccal": 23.608, "ccal_net": 18.828, "ccal_sum": 58.533, "ccal_net_sum": 45.855}
{"time": 557, "dist": 80, "steps": 982, "speed": 60, "app_speed": 180, "belt_state": 1, "controller_button": 0, "manual_mode": 1, "raw": "f8a2013c0100022d0000500003d6b4000000ecfd", "rec_time": 1615644985.606997, "pid": "ph4r05", "ccal": 23.741, "ccal_net": 18.933, "ccal_sum": 58.665, "ccal_net_sum": 45.961}

The benefit of having detailed data is an option to analyze data from the whole run, e.g., how step size varies over the time during one session, collect preferred speeds, etc...

Also, if the original app fails to fetch the final state from the Belt, having continuous data stream is helpful to avoid data loss.

Reversing Belt API

Easy way - Android logs

I used the easiest way I found - the original Android application is quite generously logging all Bluetooth requests and responses; and network requests and responses (JWT included).

After few trial/error attempts I managed to reverse binary packet protocol format. See pad.py for protocol internals.

You can query from the belt a status message (app does so each 750 ms, approx). The status contains speed, distance, steps, and very simple CRC code (sum of the payload). Interestingly, calories are not part of the status message and cannot be queried either.

For obtaining logs just plug Android phone via USB, enable development mode on the phone, enable ADB connection and run:

adb logcat

(Or use AndroidStudio)

You then can see the app communication with the belt in real-time. When using the app, it logs also requests so you can figure out how commands for e.g., speed change look like.

Medium - Bluetooth logs

Should vendor remove the logging from the app and you are unable to find APK in archives with the logging, you can always enable Bluetooth logs in the Phone development settings.

This approach is not that straightforward as from logs as you cannot see belt responses in real-time. The Bluetooth log can be obtained from the device via adb and opened in Wireshark.

You may need to do own journal with times and commands you issued so you can experiment with the belt (e.g., change speeds), the commands get logged to the Bluetooth log. Then after the experiment, download the Bluetooth log and map your log entries to the packets from the log.

This is substantially difficult compared to the easy way - message logs.

Hard way - Flutter disassembly

The original application is implemented in Flutter, so direct application reversing is quite painful process. Flutter compiles the source language (TypeScript I guess) to a binary form. It runs on top of a Flutter virtual machine, thus compiled binary has only one primary entry point, a dispatch function. Disassembly does not yield anything sensible, it requires special tools. Also, decompilation tools require the Flutter version to precisely match the version used to compile the application.

For those willing to spend time on this: 1, 2, 3, 4.

Hack way - BLE sniffer

Manual sniffer capture:

./nrf_sniffer_ble.sh --extcap-interface /dev/cu.usbserial-0001 --capture --fifo /tmp/fi

Alternatives

I was using the WalkingPad app to reverse engineer packet formats:

Other reported apps may be less obfuscated and easier to analyze (didn't test):

Protocol basics

Protocol internals are implemented in pad.py.

  • Belt communicates over BT LE GATT messages.
  • Controlling app sends a simple binary message to the belt for control and status fetch (request)
  • App sends periodically status requests (~ 750 ms), belt responds with a binary message containing: current belt state, manual mode indicator, belt running time in seconds, distance in 10 meters (1km = 100 units), number of steps, last set speed, last button pressed on controller (calories are not reported by the belt)
  • Large numbers, such as distance, steps and time are encoded in 3 bytes in the following form: [x0, x1, x2], where integer form is x = x0*65536 + x1*256 + x0 (big endian on 3 bytes)
  • Packet contains a simple checksum. If the checksum is invalid, belt ignores the command. Let cmd be the whole received payload, checksum is computed as: cmd[-2] = sum(cmd[1:-2]) % 256. For more, check WalkingPadCurStatus
  • Belt stores the last run status in memory. On query from the app the belt returns it in a different status message form, check WalkingPadLastStatus. Another request from the app clears the last run status.
  • It seems that the belt stores the last run status only for a limited time and does not survive power cut, thus this might be the reason why users are reporting apps are not fetching the statistics completely from the belt. Final stats are fetched after the belt is stopped, thus if app is not running when belt stops (e.g., auto stop, or by controller), app sometimes does not make the status fetch in time and the run status is lost.

Example of a status message m:

f8a2010f01000fd10000ab0012ae3c0000003afd

When logged by the application, it is printed out as array if bytes:

[248, 162, 1, 15, 1, 0, 15, 209, 0, 0, 171, 0, 18, 174, 60, 0, 0, 0, 58, 253]
  • [248, 162] or f8a2 is a fixed prefix, probably the message ID.
  • m[2] == 1 is a belt state
  • m[3] == 15 is a belt speed * 10, here 1.5 kmph
  • m[4] == 1 is a flag signalizing manual mode (vs automatic = 0)
  • m[5:8] == [0, 15, 209] is encoded time in seconds, here 4049s = 67 min, 29s
  • m[8:11] == [0, 0, 171] is distance in 10 meters, here 171 = 1.71 km
  • m[11:14] == [0, 18, 174] is number of steps, here 4782
  • m[14] == 60 is the last set app speed, 60 units, 6 kmph
  • m[15] unknown
  • m[16] last controller button pressed
  • m[17] == 58 is the checksum
  • m[18] == 253 is a fixed suffix

Meaning of some fields are not known (15) or the value space was not explored. m[15] could be for example heart rate for those models measuring it.

Related work

Another reverse engineer of the protocol (under GPL, tldr): https://github.com/DorianRudolph/QWalkingPad/blob/master/Protocol.h

Thanks

Thanks to all contributors and to the community.

This project was awarded by the Google Open Source Peer Bonus in Feb 2022.

Development

Install pre-commit hooks defined by .pre-commit-config.yaml

pip3 install -U pre-commit pytest mypy types-requests
mypy --install-types
pre-commit install

Auto fix

pre-commit run --all-files

Plugin version update

pre-commit autoupdate

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WalkingPad python controller

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