sessionctx/variable: fix range check for @@timestamp

[bb7133]

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #31585

Problem Summary:

What is changed and how it works?

This PR generally follows the suggestion from @morgo in #31585.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
  As shown in Tidb SET TIMESTAMP=3147483698 out of range is not compatible with mysql. #31585:

mysql> SET TIMESTAMP=3147483698;
ERROR 1231 (42000): Variable 'timestamp' can't be set to the value of '3147483698'
-- Retain previously set  timestamp

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains variable changes
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

Fix the issue that when setting a timestamp that is larger than `MAXINT32`, TiDB doesn't report an error like MySQL.

[ti-chi-bot]

[REVIEW NOTIFICATION]

This pull request has been approved by:

• CbcWestwolf
• ngaut

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[sre-bot]

Code Coverage Details: https://codecov.io/github/pingcap/tidb/commit/ef78378b6bf18b789483e707d02ff0c54401cad4

[bb7133]

PTAL @morgo @CbcWestwolf @xhebox

[hawkingrei]

/run-mysql-test

[hawkingrei]

/run-mysql-test

[xhebox]

/run-mysql-test tidb-test=pr/1937

[xhebox]

/run-mysql-test tidb-test=pr/1937

[xhebox]

/run-mysql-test tidb-test=pr/1937

[xhebox]

/run-mysql-test tidb-test=pr/1937

[bb7133]

/merge

[ti-chi-bot]

This pull request has been accepted and is ready to merge.

Commit hash: ef78378

[jackysp]

/merge

[xhebox]

/run-mysql-test tidb-test=pr/1937

[sre-bot]

TiDB MergeCI notify

🔴 Bad News! New failing [1] after this pr merged.
These new failed integration tests seem to be caused by the current PR, please try to fix these new failed integration tests, thanks!

CI Name	Result	Duration	Compare with Parent commit
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/common-test	🟥 failed 1, success 10, total 11	13 min	New failing
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/integration-common-test	🔴 failed 4, success 13, total 17	17 min	Existing failure
idc-jenkins-ci/integration-cdc-test	🟢 all 36 tests passed	32 min	Existing passed
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/tics-test	🟢 all 1 tests passed	7 min 34 sec	Existing passed
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/sqllogic-test-2	🟢 all 28 tests passed	5 min 49 sec	Existing passed
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/integration-ddl-test	🟢 all 6 tests passed	5 min 35 sec	Existing passed
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/sqllogic-test-1	🟢 all 26 tests passed	5 min 3 sec	Existing passed
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/mybatis-test	🟢 all 1 tests passed	3 min 34 sec	Existing passed
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/integration-compatibility-test	🟢 all 1 tests passed	2 min 56 sec	Existing passed
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/plugin-test	🟢 build success, plugin test success	4min	Existing passed