Fix the wrong result bug when casting string as datetime with time zone or illegal chars (#9255)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #9255

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #8754

Problem Summary:

What is changed and how it works?

Fix the wrong result bug when casting string as datetime with time zone or illegal chars
- func `getFracIndex` ignore time zone.
- func `parseFrac` ignore illegal suffix after microsecond format.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No code

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains syntax changes
• Contains variable changes
• Contains experimental features
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Fix the wrong result bug when casting string as datetime with time zone or illegal chars

[solotzg]

/run-all-tests

[windtalker]

lgtm

[ti-chi-bot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: solotzg, windtalker

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• OWNERS [solotzg,windtalker]

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[ti-chi-bot]

[LGTM Timeline notifier]

Timeline:

• 2024-09-02 05:59:47.54952452 +0000 UTC m=+251312.067577446: ☑️ agreed by solotzg.
• 2024-10-31 08:26:29.734264822 +0000 UTC m=+511102.573420363: ☑️ agreed by windtalker.