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Add partial support for SSH known hosts markers #11635

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merged 7 commits into from
Feb 1, 2023

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hds
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@hds hds commented Jan 27, 2023

What does this PR try to resolve?

The SSH known_hosts file parsing in Cargo did not previously support
markers. Markers are modifiers on the lines (@cert-authority and
@revoked) which denote special behavior for the details on that line.
Lines were skipped entirely.

This silent skipping of marker lines can be confusing to a user, who
sees that their command line Git/SSH client works for some repository,
but Cargo reports that no host key is found.

This change adds support for the @revoked marker. This marker denotes
that a key should be rejected outright. It is of limited use without
@cert-authority marker support. However, if it is present in a user's
known_hosts file, then Cargo definitely shouldn't accept that key and
probably shouldn't suggest that the user add it to their known_hosts
either.

The change also adds support for detecting @cert-authority markers in
known_hosts files. These lines cannot yet be used for host key
verification, but if one is found for a matching host, the user will be
informed that Cargo doesn't support @cert-authority markers in the
error message. Additionally, the user will be advised to use the
net.git-fetch-with-cli config option to use the command line git
client for fetching crates from Git.

Refs: #11577

How should we test and review this PR?

The changes in this PR are covered by unit tests, all within
src/cargo/sources/git/known_hosts.rs.

Additionally, manual testing can be performed. For this you will need
an OpenSSH server (it doesn't need to be a Git server). I'll assume
that you have one running on your local machine at 127.0.0.1.

Setup

  1. Create a new Cargo project and add the following line to [dependencies]:
fake-crate = { git = "ssh://127.0.0.1/fake-crate.git" }

Test missing host key: HostKeyNotFound (existing functionality)

  1. Back up your known_hosts file and then remove any lines for 127.0.0.1.
  2. Verify host key not present: ssh 127.0.0.1. SSH should tell you The authenticity of host '127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1)' can't be established.
  3. Run cargo build
  4. Expect error from Cargo: error: unknown SSH host key

Test @revoked key: HostKeyRevoked

  1. Back up your known_hosts file and then remove any lines for 127.0.0.1.
  2. Add host key: ssh 127.0.0.1 answer yes
  3. Find all lines in known_hosts beginning with 127.0.0.1 (there may be multiple).
  4. Add @revoked to the beginning of all lines in (3)
  5. Run cargo build
  6. Expect error from Cargo: error: Key has been revoked for 127.0.0.1

Test @cert-authority(not being supported):HostHasOnlyCertAuthority`

  1. Back up your known_hosts file and then remove any lines for 127.0.0.1.
  2. Run cargo build
  3. Expect error from Cargo: error: unknown SSH host key
  4. Check the line after The key to add is: in the error message and copy the key type (e.g. ecdsa-sha2-nistp256)
  5. Add a line to known_hosts: @cert-authority 127.0.0.1 <key-type> AAAAB5Wm (e.g. @cert-authority 127.0.0.1 ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 AAAAB5Wm)
  6. Run cargo build
  7. Expect error from Cargo: error: Found a @cert-authority marker for 127.0.0.1

Additional information

Cargo doesn't currently support a few things when checking host keys. This may affect the testing described above.

  • Multiple host key types (OpenSSH negotiates the host key type and can support matching the one present in the known_hosts file even when it's not the preferred type of the server).
  • Wildcard matching of host patterns (there's a FIXME for this)

More information about SSH known host markers can be found
on #11577.

The SSH `known_hosts` file parsing in Cargo did not previously support
markers. Markers are modifiers on the lines (`@cert-authority` and
`@revoked`) which denote special behavior for the details on that line.
Lines were skipped entirely.

This silent skipping of marker lines can be confusing to a user, who
sees that their command line Git/SSH client works for some repository,
but Cargo reports that no host key is found.

This change adds support for the `@revoked` marker. This marker denotes
that a key should be rejected outright. It is of limited use without
`@cert-authority` marker support. However, if it is present in a user's
`known_hosts` file, then Cargo definitely shouldn't accept that key and
probably shouldn't suggest that the user add it to their `known_hosts`
either.

The change also adds support for detecting `@cert-authority` markers in
`known_hosts` files. These lines cannot yet be used for host key
verification, but if one is found for a matching host, the user will be
informed that Cargo doesn't support `@cert-authority` markers in the
error message. Additionally, the user will be advised to use the
`net.git-fetch-with-cli` config option to use the command line git
client for fetching crates from Git.

Refs: rust-lang#11577
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r? @ehuss

(rustbot has picked a reviewer for you, use r? to override)

@rustbot rustbot added the S-waiting-on-review Status: Awaiting review from the assignee but also interested parties. label Jan 27, 2023
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Thanks, this looks great! I only have some very minor style nits.

src/cargo/sources/git/known_hosts.rs Outdated Show resolved Hide resolved
src/cargo/sources/git/known_hosts.rs Outdated Show resolved Hide resolved
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ehuss commented Jan 28, 2023

BTW, regarding this:

Multiple host key types (OpenSSH negotiates the host key type and can support matching the one present in the known_hosts file even when it's not the preferred type of the server).

We're working on that on the git2 side.

@hds
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hds commented Jan 30, 2023

We're working on that on the git2 side.

That's fantastic!

Comment on lines 391 to 393
if key_matches {
return Ok(());
}
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I believe there is an issue here. This should not early return on a key match. Otherwise the known_hosts file becomes order-dependent, particularly if the revoked key is found later in a file. I think this should only return until after all entries have been processed.

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You're completely right. Nice catch!

I've fixed the issue and added a test for this case for good measure.

…n processed

Since a @Revoked line might deny access to a key which would otherwise
be accepted, we need to process all lines before we decide that a host
key should be accepted.
Comment on lines 396 to 410
if key_matches {
accepted_known_host_found = true;
}

// The host and key type matched, but the key itself did not.
// This indicates the key has changed.
// This is only reported as an error if no subsequent lines have a
// correct key.
latent_errors.push(KnownHostError::HostKeyHasChanged {
hostname: host.to_string(),
key_type: remote_key_type,
old_known_host: known_host.clone(),
remote_host_key: remote_host_key_encoded.clone(),
remote_fingerprint: remote_fingerprint.clone(),
});
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I think the latent_errors part should be in an else block. Otherwise a matching entry will always add a latent error. Although that won't cause any harm as it is written now, I think it would be good to avoid adding an incorrect error object.

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You're right. I'm sorry about that, I made that last change without thinking enough it seems. I've fixed this as suggested now.

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ehuss commented Feb 1, 2023

Thanks!

@bors r+

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bors commented Feb 1, 2023

📌 Commit 0acf2bf has been approved by ehuss

It is now in the queue for this repository.

@bors bors added S-waiting-on-bors Status: Waiting on bors to run and complete tests. Bors will change the label on completion. and removed S-waiting-on-review Status: Awaiting review from the assignee but also interested parties. labels Feb 1, 2023
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bors commented Feb 1, 2023

⌛ Testing commit 0acf2bf with merge 582246c...

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bors commented Feb 1, 2023

☀️ Test successful - checks-actions
Approved by: ehuss
Pushing 582246c to master...

@bors bors merged commit 582246c into rust-lang:master Feb 1, 2023
weihanglo added a commit to weihanglo/rust that referenced this pull request Feb 7, 2023
12 commits in e84a7928d93a31f284b497c214a2ece69b4d7719..82c3bb79e3a19a5164e33819ef81bfc2c984bc56
2023-01-31 22:18:09 +0000 to 2023-02-04 22:52:16 +0000

- util toml targets: Do not infer directory as a file (rust-lang/cargo#11678)
- Add more guidance on how to implement unstable features (rust-lang/cargo#11675)
- Fix unstable chapter layout for codegen-backend (rust-lang/cargo#11676)
- refactor: mod.rs over "name".rs for consistency (rust-lang/cargo#11673)
- Verify source before recompile (rust-lang/cargo#11672)
- doc: more doc comments and intra-doc links (rust-lang/cargo#11669)
- Turn off debuginfo for build dependencies v2 (rust-lang/cargo#11252)
- config: Deny CARGO_HOME in [env] table (fixes rust-lang/cargo#11590) (rust-lang/cargo#11644)
- Fix the wrong comment (rust-lang/cargo#11651)
- Add partial support for SSH known hosts markers (rust-lang/cargo#11635)
- Replace `winapi` with `windows-sys` crate. (rust-lang/cargo#11656)
- Handle .cargo-ok being truncated (rust-lang/cargo#11665)
bors added a commit to rust-lang-ci/rust that referenced this pull request Feb 8, 2023
Update cargo

12 commits in e84a7928d93a31f284b497c214a2ece69b4d7719..82c3bb79e3a19a5164e33819ef81bfc2c984bc56 2023-01-31 22:18:09 +0000 to 2023-02-04 22:52:16 +0000

- util toml targets: Do not infer directory as a file (rust-lang/cargo#11678)
- Add more guidance on how to implement unstable features (rust-lang/cargo#11675)
- Fix unstable chapter layout for codegen-backend (rust-lang/cargo#11676)
- refactor: mod.rs over "name".rs for consistency (rust-lang/cargo#11673)
- Verify source before recompile (rust-lang/cargo#11672)
- doc: more doc comments and intra-doc links (rust-lang/cargo#11669)
- Turn off debuginfo for build dependencies v2 (rust-lang/cargo#11252)
- config: Deny CARGO_HOME in [env] table (fixes rust-lang/cargo#11590) (rust-lang/cargo#11644)
- Fix the wrong comment (rust-lang/cargo#11651)
- Add partial support for SSH known hosts markers (rust-lang/cargo#11635)
- Replace `winapi` with `windows-sys` crate. (rust-lang/cargo#11656)
- Handle .cargo-ok being truncated (rust-lang/cargo#11665)

r? `@ghost`
RalfJung pushed a commit to RalfJung/miri that referenced this pull request Feb 9, 2023
Update cargo

12 commits in e84a7928d93a31f284b497c214a2ece69b4d7719..82c3bb79e3a19a5164e33819ef81bfc2c984bc56 2023-01-31 22:18:09 +0000 to 2023-02-04 22:52:16 +0000

- util toml targets: Do not infer directory as a file (rust-lang/cargo#11678)
- Add more guidance on how to implement unstable features (rust-lang/cargo#11675)
- Fix unstable chapter layout for codegen-backend (rust-lang/cargo#11676)
- refactor: mod.rs over "name".rs for consistency (rust-lang/cargo#11673)
- Verify source before recompile (rust-lang/cargo#11672)
- doc: more doc comments and intra-doc links (rust-lang/cargo#11669)
- Turn off debuginfo for build dependencies v2 (rust-lang/cargo#11252)
- config: Deny CARGO_HOME in [env] table (fixes rust-lang/cargo#11590) (rust-lang/cargo#11644)
- Fix the wrong comment (rust-lang/cargo#11651)
- Add partial support for SSH known hosts markers (rust-lang/cargo#11635)
- Replace `winapi` with `windows-sys` crate. (rust-lang/cargo#11656)
- Handle .cargo-ok being truncated (rust-lang/cargo#11665)

r? `@ghost`
@ehuss ehuss added this to the 1.69.0 milestone Mar 9, 2023
ehuss pushed a commit to ehuss/cargo that referenced this pull request Mar 26, 2023
Add partial support for SSH known hosts markers

### What does this PR try to resolve?

The SSH `known_hosts` file parsing in Cargo did not previously support
markers. Markers are modifiers on the lines (``@cert-authority`` and
``@revoked`)` which denote special behavior for the details on that line.
Lines were skipped entirely.

This silent skipping of marker lines can be confusing to a user, who
sees that their command line Git/SSH client works for some repository,
but Cargo reports that no host key is found.

This change adds support for the ``@revoked`` marker. This marker denotes
that a key should be rejected outright. It is of limited use without
``@cert-authority`` marker support. However, if it is present in a user's
`known_hosts` file, then Cargo definitely shouldn't accept that key and
probably shouldn't suggest that the user add it to their `known_hosts`
either.

The change also adds support for detecting ``@cert-authority`` markers in
`known_hosts` files. These lines cannot yet be used for host key
verification, but if one is found for a matching host, the user will be
informed that Cargo doesn't support ``@cert-authority`` markers in the
error message. Additionally, the user will be advised to use the
`net.git-fetch-with-cli` config option to use the command line git
client for fetching crates from Git.

Refs: rust-lang#11577

### How should we test and review this PR?

The changes in this PR are covered by unit tests, all within
`src/cargo/sources/git/known_hosts.rs`.

Additionally, manual testing can be performed. For this you will need
an OpenSSH server (it doesn't need to be a Git server). I'll assume
that you have one running on your local machine at `127.0.0.1`.

#### Setup

1. Create a new Cargo project and add the following line to `[dependencies]`:
```toml
fake-crate = { git = "ssh://127.0.0.1/fake-crate.git" }
```

#### Test missing host key: `HostKeyNotFound` (existing functionality)

1. Back up your `known_hosts` file and then remove any lines for `127.0.0.1`.
2. Verify host key not present: `ssh 127.0.0.1`. SSH should tell you `The authenticity of host '127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1)' can't be established.`
3. Run `cargo build`
4. Expect error from Cargo: `error: unknown SSH host key`

#### Test ``@revoked`` key: `HostKeyRevoked`

1. Back up your `known_hosts` file and then remove any lines for `127.0.0.1`.
2. Add host key: `ssh 127.0.0.1` answer `yes`
3. Find all lines in `known_hosts` beginning with `127.0.0.1` (there may be multiple).
4. Add ``@revoked` ` to the beginning of all lines in (3)
5. Run `cargo build`
6. Expect error from Cargo: error: Key has been revoked for `127.0.0.1`

#### Test `@cert-authority`` (not being supported): `HostHasOnlyCertAuthority`

1. Back up your `known_hosts` file and then remove any lines for `127.0.0.1`.
2. Run `cargo build`
3. Expect error from Cargo: `error: unknown SSH host key`
4. Check the line after ` The key to add is:` in the error message and copy the key type (e.g. `ecdsa-sha2-nistp256`)
5. Add a line to `known_hosts`: ``@cert-authority` 127.0.0.1 <key-type> AAAAB5Wm` (e.g. ``@cert-authority` 127.0.0.1 ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 AAAAB5Wm`)
7. Run `cargo build`
8. Expect error from Cargo: error: Found a ``@cert-authority`` marker for `127.0.0.1`

### Additional information

Cargo doesn't currently support a few things when checking host keys. This may affect the testing described above.
* Multiple host key types (OpenSSH negotiates the host key type and can support matching the one present in the `known_hosts` file even when it's not the preferred type of the server).
* Wildcard matching of host patterns (there's a FIXME for this)

More information about SSH known host markers can be found
on rust-lang#11577.
@pietroalbini
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Note that this will be included in the upcoming Rust 1.68.2 point release, scheduled for 2023-03-28, as it's a prerequisite for #11889.

bors added a commit that referenced this pull request Mar 26, 2023
[stable] Backport GitHub RSA key revocation

Backports for 1.68.2 patch release:

- Use the new GitHub key: #11883
- Bump the stable version number
- Fix semver check (to pass CI): #11817
- Support revocation markers: #11635
- Revoke the previous GitHub RSA key: #11889
@ehuss ehuss modified the milestones: 1.69.0, 1.68.2 Mar 26, 2023
bors added a commit to rust-lang-ci/rust that referenced this pull request Mar 27, 2023
[stable] Prepare Rust 1.68.2

This PR prepares the 1.68.2 point release, including the following Cargo PRs:

* rust-lang/cargo#11883
* rust-lang/cargo#11889

The following PR was also included as a pre-requisite for backporting:

* rust-lang/cargo#11635

cc `@rust-lang/release`
r? `@ghost`
netbsd-srcmastr pushed a commit to NetBSD/pkgsrc that referenced this pull request Apr 8, 2023
Pkgsrc changes:
 * Adjust patches (add & remove) and cargo checksums to new versions.
 * It's conceivable that the workaround for LLVM based NetBSD works
   even less in this version (ref. PKGSRC_HAVE_LIBCPP not having a
   corresponding patch anymore).

Upstream changes:

Version 1.68.2 (2023-03-28)
===========================

- [Update the GitHub RSA host key bundled within Cargo]
  (rust-lang/cargo#11883).
  The key was [rotated by GitHub]
  (https://github.blog/2023-03-23-we-updated-our-rsa-ssh-host-key/)
  on 2023-03-24 after the old one leaked.
- [Mark the old GitHub RSA host key as revoked]
  (rust-lang/cargo#11889).
  This will prevent Cargo from accepting the leaked key even when
  trusted by the system.
- [Add support for `@revoked` and a better error message for
  `@cert-authority` in Cargo's SSH host key verification]
  (rust-lang/cargo#11635)

Version 1.68.1 (2023-03-23)
===========================

- [Fix miscompilation in produced Windows MSVC artifacts]
  (rust-lang/rust#109094)
  This was introduced by enabling ThinLTO for the distributed rustc
  which led to miscompilations in the resulting binary. Currently
  this is believed to be limited to the -Zdylib-lto flag used for
  rustc compilation, rather than a general bug in ThinLTO, so only
  rustc artifacts should be affected.
- [Fix --enable-local-rust builds]
  (rust-lang/rust#109111)
- [Treat `$prefix-clang` as `clang` in linker detection code]
  (rust-lang/rust#109156)
- [Fix panic in compiler code]
  (rust-lang/rust#108162)

Version 1.68.0 (2023-03-09)
===========================

Language
--------

- [Stabilize default_alloc_error_handler]
  (rust-lang/rust#102318)
  This allows usage of `alloc` on stable without requiring the
  definition of a handler for allocation failure. Defining custom
  handlers is still unstable.
- [Stabilize `efiapi` calling convention.]
  (rust-lang/rust#105795)
- [Remove implicit promotion for types with drop glue]
  (rust-lang/rust#105085)

Compiler
--------

- [Change `bindings_with_variant_name` to deny-by-default]
  (rust-lang/rust#104154)
- [Allow .. to be parsed as let initializer]
  (rust-lang/rust#105701)
- [Add `armv7-sony-vita-newlibeabihf` as a tier 3 target]
  (rust-lang/rust#105712)
- [Always check alignment during compile-time const evaluation]
  (rust-lang/rust#104616)
- [Disable "split dwarf inlining" by default.]
  (rust-lang/rust#106709)
- [Add vendor to Fuchsia's target triple]
  (rust-lang/rust#106429)
- [Enable sanitizers for s390x-linux]
  (rust-lang/rust#107127)

Libraries
---------

- [Loosen the bound on the Debug implementation of Weak.]
  (rust-lang/rust#90291)
- [Make `std::task::Context` !Send and !Sync]
  (rust-lang/rust#95985)
- [PhantomData layout guarantees]
  (rust-lang/rust#104081)
- [Don't derive Debug for `OnceWith` & `RepeatWith`]
  (rust-lang/rust#104163)
- [Implement DerefMut for PathBuf]
  (rust-lang/rust#105018)
- [Add O(1) `Vec -> VecDeque` conversion guarantee]
  (rust-lang/rust#105128)
- [Leak amplification for peek_mut() to ensure BinaryHeap's invariant
  is always met]
  (rust-lang/rust#105851)

Stabilized APIs
---------------

- [`{core,std}::pin::pin!`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/pin/macro.pin.html)
- [`impl From<bool> for {f32,f64}`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.f32.html#impl-From%3Cbool%3E-for-f32)
- [`std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/path/constant.MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR.html)
- [`impl DerefMut for PathBuf`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/path/struct.PathBuf.html#impl-DerefMut-for-PathBuf)

These APIs are now stable in const contexts:

- [`VecDeque::new`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/collections/struct.VecDeque.html#method.new)

Cargo
-----

- [Stabilize sparse registry support for crates.io]
  (rust-lang/cargo#11224)
- [`cargo build --verbose` tells you more about why it recompiles.]
  (rust-lang/cargo#11407)
- [Show progress of crates.io index update even `net.git-fetch-with-cli`
  option enabled]
  (rust-lang/cargo#11579)

Misc
----

Compatibility Notes
-------------------

- [Add `SEMICOLON_IN_EXPRESSIONS_FROM_MACROS` to future-incompat report]
  (rust-lang/rust#103418)
- [Only specify `--target` by default for `-Zgcc-ld=lld` on wasm]
  (rust-lang/rust#101792)
- [Bump `IMPLIED_BOUNDS_ENTAILMENT` to Deny + ReportNow]
  (rust-lang/rust#106465)
- [`std::task::Context` no longer implements Send and Sync]
  (rust-lang/rust#95985)

nternal Changes
----------------

These changes do not affect any public interfaces of Rust, but they represent
significant improvements to the performance or internals of rustc and related
tools.

- [Encode spans relative to the enclosing item]
  (rust-lang/rust#84762)
- [Don't normalize in AstConv]
  (rust-lang/rust#101947)
- [Find the right lower bound region in the scenario of partial order relations]
  (rust-lang/rust#104765)
- [Fix impl block in const expr]
  (rust-lang/rust#104889)
- [Check ADT fields for copy implementations considering regions]
  (rust-lang/rust#105102)
- [rustdoc: simplify JS search routine by not messing with lev distance]
  (rust-lang/rust#105796)
- [Enable ThinLTO for rustc on `x86_64-pc-windows-msvc`]
  (rust-lang/rust#103591)
- [Enable ThinLTO for rustc on `x86_64-apple-darwin`]
  (rust-lang/rust#103647)

Version 1.67.0 (2023-01-26)
==========================

Language
--------

- [Make `Sized` predicates coinductive, allowing cycles.]
  (rust-lang/rust#100386)
- [`#[must_use]` annotations on `async fn` also affect the
  `Future::Output`.] (rust-lang/rust#100633)
- [Elaborate supertrait obligations when deducing closure signatures.]
  (rust-lang/rust#101834)
- [Invalid literals are no longer an error under `cfg(FALSE)`.]
  (rust-lang/rust#102944)
- [Unreserve braced enum variants in value namespace.]
  (rust-lang/rust#103578)

Compiler
--------

- [Enable varargs support for calling conventions other than `C`
  or `cdecl`.] (rust-lang/rust#97971)
- [Add new MIR constant propagation based on dataflow analysis.]
  (rust-lang/rust#101168)
- [Optimize field ordering by grouping m\*2^n-sized fields with
  equivalently aligned ones.] (rust-lang/rust#102750)
- [Stabilize native library modifier `verbatim`.]
  (rust-lang/rust#104360)

Added and removed targets:

- [Add a tier 3 target for PowerPC on AIX]
  (rust-lang/rust#102293), `powerpc64-ibm-aix`.
- [Add a tier 3 target for the Sony PlayStation 1]
  (rust-lang/rust#102689), `mipsel-sony-psx`.
- [Add tier 3 `no_std` targets for the QNX Neutrino RTOS]
  (rust-lang/rust#102701),
  `aarch64-unknown-nto-qnx710` and `x86_64-pc-nto-qnx710`.
- [Remove tier 3 `linuxkernel` targets]
  (rust-lang/rust#104015) (not used by the
  actual kernel).

Refer to Rust's [platform support page][platform-support-doc]
for more information on Rust's tiered platform support.

Libraries
---------

- [Merge `crossbeam-channel` into `std::sync::mpsc`.]
  (rust-lang/rust#93563)
- [Fix inconsistent rounding of 0.5 when formatted to 0 decimal places.]
  (rust-lang/rust#102935)
- [Derive `Eq` and `Hash` for `ControlFlow`.]
  (rust-lang/rust#103084)
- [Don't build `compiler_builtins` with `-C panic=abort`.]
  (rust-lang/rust#103786)

Stabilized APIs
---------------

- [`{integer}::checked_ilog`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.i32.html#method.checked_ilog)
- [`{integer}::checked_ilog2`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.i32.html#method.checked_ilog2)
- [`{integer}::checked_ilog10`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.i32.html#method.checked_ilog10)
- [`{integer}::ilog`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.i32.html#method.ilog)
- [`{integer}::ilog2`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.i32.html#method.ilog2)
- [`{integer}::ilog10`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.i32.html#method.ilog10)
- [`NonZeroU*::ilog2`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/num/struct.NonZeroU32.html#method.ilog2)
- [`NonZeroU*::ilog10`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/num/struct.NonZeroU32.html#method.ilog10)
- [`NonZero*::BITS`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/num/struct.NonZeroU32.html#associatedconstant.BITS)

These APIs are now stable in const contexts:

- [`char::from_u32`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.char.html#method.from_u32)
- [`char::from_digit`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.char.html#method.from_digit)
- [`char::to_digit`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_digit)
- [`core::char::from_u32`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/core/char/fn.from_u32.html)
- [`core::char::from_digit`]
  (https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/core/char/fn.from_digit.html)

Compatibility Notes
-------------------

- [The layout of `repr(Rust)` types now groups m\*2^n-sized fields
  with equivalently aligned ones.]
  (rust-lang/rust#102750) This is intended
  to be an optimization, but it is also known to increase type
  sizes in a few cases for the placement of enum tags. As a reminder,
  the layout of `repr(Rust)` types is an implementation detail,
  subject to change.
- [0.5 now rounds to 0 when formatted to 0 decimal places.]
  (rust-lang/rust#102935)
  This makes it consistent with the rest of floating point formatting that
  rounds ties toward even digits.
- [Chains of `&&` and `||` will now drop temporaries from their
  sub-expressions in evaluation order, left-to-right.]
  (rust-lang/rust#103293) Previously, it
  was "twisted" such that the _first_ expression dropped its
  temporaries _last_, after all of the other expressions dropped
  in order.
- [Underscore suffixes on string literals are now a hard error.]
  (rust-lang/rust#103914)
  This has been a future-compatibility warning since 1.20.0.
- [Stop passing `-export-dynamic` to `wasm-ld`.]
  (rust-lang/rust#105405)
- [`main` is now mangled as `__main_void` on `wasm32-wasi`.]
  (rust-lang/rust#105468)
- [Cargo now emits an error if there are multiple registries in
  the configuration with the same index URL.]
  (rust-lang/cargo#10592)

Internal Changes
----------------

These changes do not affect any public interfaces of Rust, but they
represent significant improvements to the performance or internals
of rustc and related tools.

- [Rewrite LLVM's archive writer in Rust.]
  (rust-lang/rust#97485)
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